co storage assessment in taiwan - iea greenhouse … and steel 2 secured...itri - regional mt and...

Copyright 2013 ITRI IEAGHG/IETS Iron and Steel Industry CCUS and Process Integration Workshop, Tokyo

Chi-Wen Liao

Industrial Technology Research Institute

2013 NOV 6th

1

CO2 Storage Assessment in Taiwan

IEAGHG/IETS Iron and Steel Industry

CCUS and Process Integration Workshop

Tokyo Tech Front, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

Copyright 2013 ITRI IEAGHG/IETS Iron and Steel Industry CCUS and Process Integration Workshop, Tokyo 2

Electronics and Optoelectronics

Green Energy and Environmental Technologies

Information and Communications

Material, Chemical and Nanotechnology

Medical Device and Biomedical Technologies

Mechanical and Systems Technologies



Geo-environmental Hazard

•Resource Assessment

•Reservoir Engineering

•Geothermal Power Generation System

•Organic Rankine Cycle Power Generator

•Industrial Waste Heat Recovery

•Calcium Looping CO2 Capture

•Chemical Looping

•Coal and Bio-mass Gasification

Geothermal

Geological Technology

Clean Coal Technology

•CO2 Geological Storage

•Deep Geological Repository

•Advanced Geo-fluid Sampling

•Advanced Geophysical Investigation

•Geo-hazard Assessment and Alert System

•Land Subsidence Monitoring and Mitigation

•Laser-based System for Wind Speed

Measurement

Wind Energy

•Wind-farm Resource Assessment and Planning

•Wind Turbine System Integration

•Intelligent Control and Maintenance

•Transmission System Design and Analysis

•Large-scale Wind Turbine Control System

Ocean Energy

•Wave Energy Harvesting / Conversion

•Point Source Wave Generator

•Structural and Mechanical Analysis

•Offshore Wind-farm Assessment and

Planning

•Marine Weather Information System

Natural Resources Technology Div.


Co-contributors

• Lun-Tao Tong, Pei-Shan Hsieh, Wayne Lin, Yan-Che Liao, Neng-Chuan Tien, Sung-Yang Huang, Yi-Heng Li, Wen-Shan Chen, Jeng-Ming Chien, Shoung Ouyang, Heng-Wen Hsu (Industrial Technology Research Institute)

• Andrew Tien-Shun Lin, Jih-Hao Hung, C.N. Yang, P.C. Yan (National Central University)

• Tsan-yao Frank Yang (National Taiwan University)

• Keni Zhang, Cai Li (Beijing Normal University)

• J.J. Ou, J.D. Chen, R.F. Shen (CSC Corporation)

• Shin-Tai Hu, Ta-Lin Chen, Chenners Chen-Hui Fan, Ch-Chung Tseng (CPC Corporation)

• Chung-Hui Chiao, Lian-Tong Hwang, Ming-Wei Yang (Taiwan Power Company)

4


Outline

• Background

• CO2 Storage Assessment in Taiwan

• CCS Pilot Projects

• Natural and Industrial Analogue

• Conclusion


Source：ITRI, 2012.10

> 98% of energy supply rely on imports

Energy Bill (% of GDP): 3.8%(2001) 13.6%(2012)

Emit approximately 270Mt CO2 in 2010, ~0.89% of global CO2 emission, ranked 20nd globally (IEA)

CCS will contribute 12% CO2 emission reduction, about 36.7 million tons CO2 per year in 2025 according to proposed NAMAs

Taiwan’s Nationally Appropriate

Mitigation Actions (NAMAs)

Taiwan’s Challenges


CO2 capture: Large and

stationary point emitters

CO2 storage: Deep saline

aquifers and Oil/gas structures

CO2 capture: technology and commercial-scale demo & verification

before 2025 with solid sorbents or chemical looping

CO2 storage: pilot injection projects, site characterization, storage

capacity assessment, simulation and prediction of CO2 plume

migration, MMV, and risk assessment

Injection/Storage

Monitoring

Simulations

Risk Assessment

CO2 Capture

Oil/Gas Structures

Saline Aquifers

Others

Intl. Cooperation

Laws/Regulations

Public Outreach

Technology Demonstration

Technology Development

CO2 Capture CCS Demo

Intl. Coop.

CCS R&D

Activities

Taiwan Power

Company

經濟部能源局

Bureau of Energy

National Energy Project - CCS

Phase I:

2009~2013

Phase II:

2014~2018


Cenozoic Basins in western Taiwan

Cenozoic Basins

Penghu

Taoyuan

Taipei

Chiayi

Hsinchu

Mesozoic Basement

Taihsi

Tainan

Up to 8 km thick sediment

Western costal plain (saline)

Taiwan strait (saline)

Western foothills (o/g structure) (ITRI, 2008)


Opportunities for Taiwan

Potential areas revealed by regional seismic and MT Survey

Target formation: Miocene and Pliocene formation with suitable depth and

reservoir – caprock matching

Near and off-shore area away from deformation front

0 40000 80000 120000 160000 200000 240000 280000 320000

Distance ( m )

-10000

-8000

-6000

-4000

-2000

0

De

pth

(m

)

-10000

-8000

-6000

-4000

-2000

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700

1800

1900

2000

Ohm-m

WG-1CLI-1YC-1

THS-1TN-1PKS-2

TTS-1PK-3

KY-1CTH-13

YHS-10SH-2

TCS-8HL-2

PPS-2 LC-1S N

Kuanyin

S

N

Deformation belt

Peikang

high Kuanyin

high

Deformation belt

B faultYichu fault

(Mouthereau et al., 2002)

Pre-Miocene basement

HsinchuTonghsiaoTaichangWangkongPeikangPudaiTainanZaoyin

DeformationFront

Kuanyin

地震圖例

岩層磁力特性

Peikang

Taihsi

Tainan

ITRI - Regional MT and Seismic Survey along Western Coast of Taiwan

(ITRI, 2009)


Major CO2 sources in Taiwan

Shenao

2.64 MtCO2/yr

Shiehe

1.60 MtCO2/yr

Dalin

2.09 MtCO2/yr

Taichung

39.7 MtCO2/yr

Mailiao

32.4 MtCO2/yr

Hsingda

15.2 MtCO2/yr

Linhai

Electricity Consumer

605,495 kW (steel/petrochem)

Hoping

7.7 MtCO2/yr

87.3 MtCO2/yr

Linkou

4.41 MtCO2/yr

Tongshiao

2.39 MtCO2/yr

Most power plants and industrial parks are located in the western part of Taiwan, where suitable sedimentary basins and rock formations for CO2 storage are available

CB Industrial Park (TPC)

Taoyuan Saline Aquifer

TCS Gas Field (CPC)

YHS Gas Field (CPC)

Estimated CO2 storage capacity : Onshore oil and gas structures:

2,800 Mtons

Coastal and offshore deep saline aquifers: 9,000 Mtons

(ITRI, 2009)


TT

HM

TC

YC

TN

我國封存量之分析

800 m

3000 m

ZONE Onshore Offshore

0-25 km Offshore

25-50 km Capacity

(Mt)

TT 25 30 33 8800

HM - 34 34 6800

TC 37 43 34 11400

YC 49 21 10 8000

TN 27 40 42 10900

Total 138 168 153 45900

(Andrew T.S. Lin and C.N Yang, 2013)


(Andrew T.S. Lin, 2010)


Deformation front

Taihsi basin

Tainan basin

Kuanyin high

Peikang high

0 40000 80000 120000 160000 200000 240000 280000 320000

Distance ( m )

-10000

-8000

-6000

-4000

-2000

0

Dep

th (

m)

-10000

-8000

-6000

-4000

-2000

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700

1800

1900

2000

Ohm-m

WG-1CLI-1YC-1

THS-1TN-1PKS-2

TTS-1PK-3

KY-1CTH-13

YHS-10SH-2

TCS-8HL-2

PPS-2 LC-1

S NKuanyin

S

N

Deformation belt

Peikang

high Kuanyin

high

Deformation belt

B faultYichu fault

Pre-Miocene basement

HsinchuTonghsiaoTaichangWangkongPeikangPudaiTainanZaoyin

Regional Geophysical Investigation

Site Characterization

3D Geological Modeling (GOCAD)

Capacity Estimation Site Screening

Joint Geophysical Imaging

TOUGH2/TOUGHREACT

Simulation and Risk Assessment

13

ITRI Geological Storage Technology Development

3D Mesh Construction


Hypothetic Site

14

3D Mesh

Fault Model

Double Well Injection

Stratigraphic

Column

Regional

Seal CS

Large-scale CO2 Storage Assessment

KC

NC

International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 19 (2013)

(Li et al., 2013; Joint efforts of ITRI and Beijing Normal Univ.)


Northing (m)

Dep

th(m

)

10000 20000 30000 40000

-3000

-2000

-1000

0

Well 1

TKS

NC

CL

CSKC

Easting (m)

Dep

th(m

)

20000 40000 60000-3000

-2000

-1000

Well 2Well 1

CO2 migrate toward seaside

KC could store 5Mt/yr by 50 yrs

CS could contain CO2 for 500 yrs

5Mt/yr injection for 50 yrs (250Mt)



Base Scenario


Heterogeneous

permeability

for CS caprock

Some amount of CO2

could penetrate into

sealing cap

No evidence shown

CO2 pass through




Pressure increased and extensively

All geological formation could stand

pressure build up and regional seal

remain untouched

For heterogeneous permeability case,

pressure only affect CS and above

formation



Pressure build up simulation

-3,000

-2,500

-2,000

-1,500

-1,000

-500

0

5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0

Dep

th (

m)

Pressure (Pa)

1 yr

10 yr

50 yr


0.0

01

0.0010.003

0.005

Easting (m)

Nort

hin

g(m

)

20000 40000 60000

10000

20000

30000

40000Uplift(m)

0.017

0.015

0.013

0.011

0.009

0.007

0.005

0.003

0.001

Land surface uplift Time=1yr

Well 2Well 1 0.0

01

0.001

0.001

0.0

03

0.0

03 0.005

0.005

0.007

0.0

09

0.011

Easting (m)

Nort

hin

g(m

)

20000 40000 60000

10000

20000

30000

40000Uplift (m)

0.021

0.019

0.017

0.015

0.013

0.011

0.009

0.007

0.005

0.003

0.001


Well 2Well 1

0.0010.001

0.0

03

0.0030.005

0.005

0.007

0.009

0.011

0.0150.017

Easting (m)

Nort

hin

g(m

)

20000 40000 60000

10000

20000

30000

40000Uplift (m)

0.023

0.021

0.019

0.017

0.015

0.013

0.011

0.009

0.007

0.005

0.003

0.001


Well 2Well 1

0.0010.003

0.005

0.00

5

0.0

07

0.009

0.0

09

0.011

0.013

0.015

0.0

17

Easting (m)

Nort

hin

g(m

)

20000 40000 60000

10000

20000

30000

40000Uplift (m)

0.023

0.021

0.019

0.017

0.015

0.013

0.011

0.009

0.007

0.005

0.003

0.001


Well 1 Well 2Well 1Well 1

0.002

0.0

02

0.003

0.0

03

Eastiong (m)

Nort

hin

g(m

)

20000 40000 60000

10000

20000

30000

40000Uplift (m)

0.006

0.005

0.004

0.003

0.002

0.001


Well 2Well 1

0.002

0.002

0.002

0.003

0.003

Easting (m)

Nort

hin

g(m

)

20000 40000 60000

10000

20000

30000

40000Uplift (m)

0.005

0.004

0.003

0.002

0.001


Well 2Well 1

-0.012

-0.010

-0.0

08

-0.006

-0.006

-0.004

-0.002

-0.002

0.000

0.0

00

Easting (m)

Nort

hin

g(m

)

20000 40000 60000

10000

20000

30000

40000 Recover (m)

0.000

-0.002

-0.004

-0.006

-0.008

-0.010

-0.012

-0.014

-0.016

-0.018

Land surface recover time = 200yr

Well 2Well 1

-0.0

10

-0.008

-0.0

06

-0.006

-0.0

04

-0.0

04

-0.002

-0.002-0.002 0.

000

0.000

Easting (m)

Nort

hin

g(m

)

20000 40000 60000

10000

20000

30000

40000Recover(m)

0.000

-0.002

-0.004

-0.006

-0.008

-0.010

-0.012

-0.014

-0.016

-0.018

Land surface recover time=500yr

Well 2Well 1



Elevation change due to CO2 injection

1 yr 10 yr

30 yr 50 yr

200 yr 500 yr

200 yr

500 yr

Land Uplift

Land Recovery

Proposed injection would

introduce 0.1~2.3 cm uplift

Recovery process is much

slower, may take several

hundred years


2012 2014 20182016 202020132010 202520172015

Lab scale (3KWt) 30MW Calcium Looping Demo Commercial Scale 300MW Calcium Looping

Capture Storage

EOR/EGR test/ Monitoring / Risk Assessment (< 1kt)

EOR/EGR Demo / Upper Saline Aquifer Site Characterization(10~30kt)

EOR/EGR /Upper Saline Aquifer Pilot(50~100kt)

Commercial Scale Storage (>100kt)

Oil&Gas Structure Demo

Pre-studySite Characterization

Drilling(Core Analysis)

Pilot Injection/Monitoring(10kt)

Site Preparation Demo (100kt)

Site Preparation Full Scale Injection(1Mt)

Saline Aquifer Storage Demo

Site Char. MMV/Risk Assessment Long-term and Quantitative Monitoring / Risk Assessment

Site Closure / Long-term Liability

CO2 Storage R&D

CO2 Capture R&D and Demo

Post Combustion

Advanced Combustion

Biomass Co-gasification 30KW Chemical Looping Pilot Plant

600KW Chemical Looping with Hydrogen Production

50MW Chemical Looping Combustion System

3KW Solid Sorbent Test Platform 600 Solid Sorbent Capture Pilot Plant

1.9 MWt Calcium Looping Pilot Plant

CCS RD&D Roadmap in Taiwan


CO2 Capture Pilot Plant

20

• CO2 capture capacity: 1 ton/hr

• CO2 Removal efficiency: >85%

• Fluidized-bed carbonator

• Carbonation rate：20~30%

• Rotary kiln with direct Oxy-fired design for calciner

• Flue gas recirculation for calcination

• Captured CO2 will be liquefied for storage and utilization

• Inactive sorbent vented will be feedstock of cement plant

• Energy Penalty estimated less than 20%

• Capture cost target less than USD 40/t CO2

• Iron/Steel Industry:

Similar concentration %

Limestone as feedstock

Taiwan inaugurates advanced carbon capture plant

June 11th on Taiwan Today, cited by CSLF,

GCCSI, CO2 Capture Journal

Volume 36, Issue 9, pages

1525–1532, September, 2013

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ceat.v36.9/issuetoc


CSC Corporation Lab work Simulation Pilot Observe

Chemical Absorption

Physical Absorption

Molecular sieve

Mineral sequestration

Algae (bio-fixiation)

Calcium Looping

Other

CO2

Capture Stack

Oxygen

Fuel

BurnerCO2

H2O

Flue gas recirculation

(mainly CO2、H2O)

CO2 Concentration↑

Algae

Energy-efficient

CO2 Capture(Chemical Absorption)

Process Integration: Aqueous Ammonia

Resource Integration:

Waste heat and water, slag, etc.

24x50L bio-photo

reactor / 1.2t

100 kg-CO2/d

Coal

Chemical

Plant

CO2

Capture

Process

Modification

Waste Heat

for

Regeneration

Aqueous

Ammonia

CO2

Amine/Aqueous

Ammonia


Planned Storage Pilot Projects

Taichung

Tonghsiao

Datan

Mailiao

Hsingda

Mesozoic Basement

Kuanyin

• Saline Aquifer

• Site

Characterization

YHS

• Depleted Gas field

• EGR/EOR

Changbin

• Saline Aquifer

• 3,000m well

Tainan Basin

Taishi basin


2009 2010 2011 ~2013

2014 2016 2015

．Site

screening

．Site

characterization

．Drilling

．Core sampling ．Core analysis ．Geological analysis

．Injection well

．Geological analysis

．Injection test

．Monitoring ．Monitoring well

．Geological analysis

2018 2017

Tai-hsi Basin

Deep Saline Aquifer Site

Characterization

Well

3000m Deep

2012/Jul/25 Drilling Start 2012/Aug/03 Reach 1500 m (Cutting) 2012/Aug/11-12 First Round Open-hole Logging (SLB) 2012/September PQ Core Drilling 1500-3000m Start-up 2013/Jul/31 down to 2663m (337m left) Will Become one of the monitoring wells

Saline Aquifer Pilot Site Planning

TPCS-M1 Drilling

KCL

CS

CL

TKS

Regional Basin

Geological

Model

深度800m

Reservoir

Marine Onshore

Site

Seis

mic

(Lin, 2011)

(Chiao et al., 2012)


Monitoring International

Organization

CPC EGR Phase 1

CO2 EGR/Storage

Website

Simulation Knowledge

Management

Public Acceptance

Site Setting

CO2 Sources

Facility Testing

Infrastructure

EGR parameter acquisition

Capacity Evaluation

Existing wells/infrastructure

Injection facility testing

Purchased CO2

Reworked Well

Pilot scale injection

CO2 from ITRI/TPC

10~30kt

Phase 1 (2010~2013)

Phase 2 (2014~2017)

Well drilling

Upper Saline Aquifer

CO2 from ITRI/TPC

50~100kt

Phase 3 (2018~2020)

24

Soil

Gas

Atmosphere

CO2 conc.

Community Poll

History

Matching

Reservoir Temp/Pressure

Capacity

Assessment

Baseline (ITRI)

GCCC

EGR Pilot Project Planning


EGR Pilot Site Baseline Data

Multiple monitoring mechanism

Regional groundwater sampling

Shallow groundwater well x 3

Regional microseismic (15 stations)

Regional soil gas monitoring

Meteorological station

Leveling and GPS survey

Atmospheric CO2 monitoring & Recording

Groundwater

Microseismic

Meteorological

Injection well using existing well

Monitoring Station

Real-time Demo

Soil gas real-time

monitoring

主伺服器雲端臨時監測站

自動監測整合模組

土壤氣體

地下水質

微震波型記錄

大氣及氣象

自動監測整合模組

Cloud-based data archive

Field soil gas sampling


Natural and Industrial Analogue Case

Natural Analogue Long-term containment

evidence from deep natural CO2 reservoir

Natural occurence of CO2

Cold spring pH 6.0~6.8

CO2 in daily live

Industrial Analogue Underground Gas Storage

Rising of CO2, 3He and H2

from the mantle (t>400)

Production of N2 from

metamorphic rocks and

thermogenic generation of

CH4 (300<t<400)

Accumulation of in the

carbonate reservoir and

production of thermogenic

CH4, H2, H2S (150<t<300)

Production of biogenic CH4

and CO2 in the Neogene

basins (t<150)

N2-saturated descending

water from the outcrops of

the carbonate formations

(t<100)

<6000m

<3000m

<1500m

surface CO2 cold emission N2 or CO2 thermal gas

mixing

mixing

mix

ing

mix

ing

Fumaroles

(Minissale et al., 1997)

Natural Analogue – Cold Spring


CO2 flow continuous monitoring

The monitoring system: big funnel

(1m x 1m) is used to cover the

bubbling gas of the mud pool

Thermo mass flow meter

recorded the flow rate every 10

minutes

Continuous monitoring since

March 13, 2008

(Cheng et al, 2013)

• CO2 accounts for 87% of bubbling gas from CL mud pool,

and its flux can be estimated 83~242 t‧yr-1 (mean =114

t‧yr-1)

• Considered the CO2 flux and the activity of the fault, more

than 900 Mt CO2 were stored in the reservoir

• CO2 emission in the fault zone of studied area is ca. 28~31

kt‧day-1 => 11 Mt/y


(T.Y. Yang, 2013)

Natural Analogue – CO2 Reservoir

Mantle-derived gas reservoirs do

exist beneath western Taiwan

CO2 Miocene extensional

magmatism and normal faulting

and brought to shallow crust

CO2 have been stored more than

5 million years – long-term

containment

(1) Igneous Province:

High 3He/4He ratios (4.0~8.4 Ra)

magma related

(2) Central Range Province:

0.1~0.9 Ra Crustal components

(3) W. Sedimentary Province:

Mud volcanoes are crustal component

dominant (0.1~0.26 Ra)

However, unusually high ratios were

obtained (up to 6.5 Ra)


Underground Gas Storage

NAME TCU036

INTENSITY 5

DISTANCE 19.8

V 60.9

NS 122.32

EW 134.22

NAME TCU038

INTENSITY 5

DISTANCE 25.4

V 65.86

NS 142.66

EW 142.3

NAME TCU040

INTENSITY 5

DISTANCE 22.1

V 79.02

NS 121.90

EW 158.86

http://www.stanford.edu/~bakerjw/pulse_classification_v2/1480.html

Underground Gas Storage Site

Produce from 1965

Operation from 1990 (> 20 yrs)

Maximum production per day: 138MMcf

Maximum injection per day: 93MMcf

Seasonal demand in N. Taiwan

Balance market swings and

production capability

LNG terminal and pipe-line

load balancing

Depth: 2700m

Industrial Analogue – TCS Field 1999/9/21

Chi-Chi Earthquake

1999/9/21 Mw 7.7

2,415 deaths, 29 missing

11,305 severely wounded

51,711 buildings destroyed

Shallow thrust fault with

large rupture area

No leakage during

earthquake

Continuous monitoring

and simulation

http://www.stanford.edu/~bakerjw/pulse_classification_v2/1480.html


Underground Gas Storage – TCS Field

Top of Talu A-sand

215o

125o

F1

F5

F6

F9

F7

F8

F2

F3F4

Stress State at the top of Talu (T1 Ss)

Reverse/Strike-slip faults

(J.H. Hung and P.C. Yan, 2012)


Hydraulic fracturing of cap rock

Pressure at crest has reached “leak off”

In normal faulting regime:

buoyancy pressure = Shmin

Results in vertical hydrofracture

scCO2

H2O

Pressure Increase – Fault Reactivation

Fluid injection reduces the effective nor

mal stress on optimally oriented pre-

existing faults triggering slip

• High‐permeability pathways within

the reservoir

• Induced seismicity

Buoyancy Pressure =

Critical Pore Pressure

(based on Coulomb Failure Criterion)

results in slip on optimally oriented faults (J.H. Hung and P.C. Yan, 2012)


CL

CSYTPSLF

TKS

KTSSFC

TK

KYS

A-Sand

PL

CHK

PLIN

MS

TL

Stress Summary

Reactivation risk of faults at the depth 2750 m

Reactivation Envelope

m=0.6

Mohr Diagram for Slip

Stability (Pcp contour)

m=0.4

Fault reactivation risk for all faults at depth from T1 to -5 km

F 1

F 5

F 8

F 2

F 3

F 6

F4 F 7

F 9

Min: 10.9MPa

Max: 56.0MPa

8.0 MPa

53.2 MPa

Polar projection- pole to fault surface

Pcp

valueHighrisk

Low risk



Brief Summary of TCS field • Geomechanical analysis shows that gas injection into the

Talu sand of the TCS anticline will not induce slip on pre-

existing mapped faults or fracturing of cap rock.

• There is no documented evidence of casing failure in 40

wells due to fault reactivation or any reported leakage

indicators from monitors deployed in the surface

• In addition, there has been no induced seismicity

associated with fluid injection over the past 20 years

• The best strategy is to avoid injecting into faults, and if

pore pressure builds, wait until flow rate increase in the

reservoir.



Conclusion • CCS is an important carbon reduction technology for

Taiwan – solution and green opportunity

• Assessment of Geological Storage in Taiwan

– Adequate potential – near and off-shore

– Pilot storage projects underway – public acceptance is

an important issue

– Suitable environment for long-term storage of CO2

– Safe operation experience for underground gas

storage for decades

34


Acknowledgements

We would like to acknowledge financial support provided by-

Bureau of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs of Taiwan


And co-contributors

Chi-Wen Liao

Senior Researcher


[email protected]

+886 3 5916340

http://ccs.tw

Thank you

co storage assessment in taiwan - iea greenhouse … and steel 2 secured...itri - regional mt and...

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