coastal hunter-gatherers fishing from the site … · gêneros hoplias (traíra, nisp = 1) e...

Edição Impressa ISSN: 0553-8467

COASTAL HUNTER-GATHERERS FISHING FROM THE SITERS-AS-01, ARROIO DO SAL, RIO GRANDE DO SUL, BRAZIL

Claudio Ricken1

Ana Lucia Herberts2

Gustavo Peretti Wagner3

Luiz R. Malabarba4

RESUMOFoi realizada a análise dos vestígios arqueofaunísticos recuperados do

sítio RS-AS-01 – Sambaqui Praia do Paraíso, localizado em Arroio do Sal (RS).O Número de Espécimes Identificados (NISP) foi calculado em 14.864 unidadesdistribuídas entre moluscos, equinodermos e vertebrados. O moluscoMesodesma mactroides (Deshayes, 1854) (marisco-branco) foi a espéciedominante em todos os níveis estratigráficos com um NISP de 9888, sendoseguida por Donax hanleyanus Philippi, 1847 (maçambique) com NISP = 1255.Dentre os vertebrados, os peixes apresentaram o maior número de peçasidentificadas, sendo representados em maior número pelas espécies Genidenssp. (Bagre Guri, NISP = 178), Pogonias chromis (Linnaeus, 1766) (Miraguaia,NISP = 151), Menticirrhus littoralis (Holbrook, 1847) (Papa-terra, NISP = 33) eMicropogonias furnieri (Desmarest, 1823) (Corvina, NISP = 29). Outras espéciescom menor representação incluem Paralonchurus brasiliensis (Steindachner,1875) (Maria-Luiza, NISP = 1), Macrodon sp. (Pescada, NISP = 1), Cynoscion sp.(Pescada, NISP = 2), Mugil sp. (Tainha, NISP = 8), Paralichthys sp. (Linguado,NISP = 6), Urophycis sp. (Abrótea, NISP = 4), duas espécies dulcícolas dosgêneros Hoplias (Traíra, NISP = 1) e Microglanis (Bagrinho malhado, NISP = 1),vértebras de Chondrichthyes e placas dentígeras de Myliobatidae. Foramtambém identificados fragmentos de carapaça pertencentes a Testudines(tartarugas ou cágados), um grande número de fragmentos ósseos de mamíferossendo alguns desses fragmentos pertencentes à família Dasypodidae (tatu) equatro unidades identificadas como Blastocerus dichotomus (Illiger, 1845). Aanálise tafonômica demonstrou a predominância dos eventos de quebra e baixopercentual de peças com indício de ação do fogo. A estimativa das dimensõescorporais, com base nos otólitos das espécies de peixes com maior número deindivíduos, resultou em: Genidens sp. (Bagre Guri) = 92-290 mm, Menticirrhuslittoralis (Papa-terra) = 54-399 mm e Micropogonias furnieri (Corvina) = 61-303mm. Considerando dados atuais em relação às dimensões de armadilhas eredes, do comprimento e formato corporal dos espécimes, os dados obtidosconduzem à hipótese do uso de redes com malha padronizada, uma vez que asdimensões estimadas encaixam-se nos modelos previstos para esse método depesca. A técnica utilizada para estimativa demostrou-se mais robusta que o uso

1 Independent Advisor; [email protected] Scientia Consultoria Cientifica3 STRATA-Consulting in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage4 Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul

PESQUISAS, ANTROPOLOGIA Nº 72: 209-224 São Leopoldo: Instituto Anchietano de Pesquisas, 2016.www.anchietano.unisinos.br/publicacoes/antropologia/antropologia.htm

210 Coastal Hunter-Gatherers Fishing From The Site RS-AS-01...

de fórmulas genéricas ou estimativa de peso, uma vez que ambas podem trazerdesvios que se tornam inconvenientes para a interpretação das tecnologias depesca em contextos pré-históricos.

Palavras-chave: Zooarqueologia, Ictioarqueologia, Sambaquis.

ABSTRACTAn analysis of the archaeofauna remains recovered in the site RS-AS-01 –

Sambaqui Praia do Paraíso, located in Arroio do Sal (RS) was made. TheNumber of Identified Specimens (NISP) was calculated as 14,864 unitsdistributed between molluscs, echinoderms and vertebrates. Mesodesmamactroides (Deshayes, 1854) (yellow clam) was the dominant species in all thestratigraphic levels with a NISP = 9888, followed by Donax hanleyanus (Philippi,1842) (wedge clam) with a NISP = 1255. In the vertebrates, fish present thehighest number of identified pieces, being represented mainly by the speciesGenidens sp. (Guri sea catfish, NISP = 178), Pogonias chromis (Linnaeus, 1766)(Black drum, NISP = 151), Menticirrhus littoralis (Holbrook, 1847) (Kingcroaker,NISP=33), Micropogonias furnieri (Desmarest, 1823) (Whitemouth croaker, NISP= 29) and other species with lower representativeness: Paralonchurus brasiliensis(Steindachner, 1875) (Banded croaker, NISP = 1), Macrodon sp. (King weakfish,NISP = 1), Cynoscion sp. (Stripped weakfish, NISP = 2), Mugil sp. (Mullet, NISP =8), Paralichthys sp. (Flounder, NISP = 6), Urophycis sp. (Brazilian codling, NISP =4); two freshwater species Hoplias sp. (Traíra, NISP = 1) and Microglanis sp.(NISP = 1); Chondrichthyes vertebrae and Myliobatidae dentigerous plates.Testudines (turtles or tortoise) fragments of carapace were identified, as well as agreat number of mammal bone fragments, some belonging to the familyDasypodidae (armadillo), and four units identified as Blastocerus dichotomus(Illiger, 1845). The taphonomic analysis demonstrated the dominance of breakingevents and low percentage of parts with fire action clue. The estimation of bodysize based on otoliths of fish species with a larger number of individuals resultedin: Genidens sp. (Guri sea Catfish) = 92-290 mm, Menticirrhus littoralis(Kingcroaker) = 54-399 mm and Micropogonias furnieri (Whitemouth croaker) =61-303 mm. Current data regarding the dimensions of traps and nets, length andbody shape of the specimens, lead to the assumption of the use of nets withstandard mesh, once the estimated dimensions fit into the prescribed models forthis fishing method. The technique used to these estimates demonstrated to bemore robust than using generic formulas or weight estimation since both canbring strong bias to interpret fishing technology in prehistoric contexts.

Key words: Zooarchaeology, ictioarchaeology, shell-mound.

INTRODUCTIONAccording to Gaspar et al. (2008) the term “Sambaqui” (shell midden) is

applied to cultural deposits of various sizes and stratigraphies in which shells arethe main constituents. These structures are distributed in the Brazilian coastlinefrom the state of Espírito Santo to the state of Rio Grande do Sul. These authorsemphasize that these structures become smaller from the state of Rio Grande do

Ricken, Herberts, Wagner & Malabarba. 211

Sul until Uruguay, gradually giving way to the “Cerritos” that are structures with asimilar character but built with land.

Schmitz (2006) characterized the pre-ceramic archaeological sites formedby shell accumulations in two different groups: the first is denominated “CulturaSambaquieira” (sambaqui culture) formed by accumulations of shells, vertebrates’bones and a big number of burials; although formed by shell accumulations thesecond group has small dimensions and is characterized by the absence ofburials. The author also stresses out that some of these sites have lithic materialswith characteristics similar to the ones found in the plateau.

Available dating for the north coastal Sambaquis of the Rio Grande do Sulindicate an occupation between 3,050 ± 40 (Sítio Marambaia 1) and 3,660 ± 40A.P. (Balneário Atlântico 9), setting the beginning of the local pre-ceramicoccupation (Rogge; Schmitz, 2010). Wagner (2012) lists the Sambaquis ofItapeva (3,130 ± 40 A.P. in its Base), Recreio (3,310 ± 40 A.P. in Layer 1 and3,540 ± 50 A.P. in Layer IV), Arroio Seco (3,310 ± 40 A.P. in its Base), Figueira(3,660 ± 40 A.P. in its Base), Camping (3,420 ± 60 A.P. Layers III and IV), with theDorva sambaqui presenting only one more recent dating (1,110 ± 40 A.P. 1,11073cm – Base).

From a zooarchaeological perspective the organic materials do notrepresent simple zoological specimens but cultural elements part of human dailylife. Under this perspective, several works with this type of site denoted the use ofcoastal resources as a supply source, hunting having a complementary role. Theauthor considers the coastal settlements or “Sambaquis rasos” (flat or shallowshell middens) a less permanent form of occupation that, similarly to theSambaquis, represent the adaptation of human groups to the coastal ecosystemsin order to decrease their displacements, restraining their activities to a centralsupply area (Rosa 2006).

Orssich (1954) already stated that shells were actually Sambaquis buildingmaterials and that the great quantity of shells remains creates a false impressionon the importance of molluscs in the shell middens inhabitants’ diet. Later works,especially Figuti (1989, 1993); Figuti & Klökler (1996) and Rosa (2006),demonstrated that the amount of meat effectively useable in relation to thevolume of remains left was larger for the vertebrates in relation to the molluscs.Rosa (2006) considers that the centralization in the gathering of molluscs wouldbe of low efficiency in terms of energetic gain. Meanwhile, all the abovementioned scholars agree with the important role of these animals as a nutritionalcomplement. Consequently, it is logical that the intensive exploitation of themollusc banks occurred in a season when they were highly productive.

Taking into account the considerations on the consumption of molluscsversus vertebrates obtained through archaeofauna remains studies, Rosa (2006)drew a picture that describes the majority of settlements established in thesouthern coasts of Santa Catarina and north of Rio Grande do Sul as consistingin familiar groups travelling across the region. These groups were establishingthemselves in the proximities of ponds, taking advantage of the more abundantresources during these settlements: “frequent exploitation of Mesodesmamactroides (Deshayes, 1854) together with freshwater and seawater fish,


complemented by the occasional capture of different terrestrial vertebrate species(reptiles, birds, mammals)” (Rosa, 2006: 279; translation from the Portugueseoriginal).

Concerning the site RS-LC-82, Silva da Silva & Rosa (2006) indicated thatthe difference in the number of zooarchaeological remains between the pre-ceramic and ceramic layers suggested a longer permanence period for the firstgroup.

According to Scott (1996), taphonomical analysis of a site might giveinformation on its use and can even be an important component for the ethnicalidentification of a certain archaeological site. Other characteristic related to theSouthern coastal archaeological sites, known as “Sambaquis rasos”, is theirtaphonomical constancy: shells have a high fragmentation (possibly due totrampling) and the bones of mammals and birds are found intentionally fractured(Rosa, 2006).

Due to the variety of dimensions and living habits of the fishes registered inthe sites that they studied, Figuti (1989, 1993) and Klökler et al. (2010) stated thatthe Sambaquis inhabitants used several fishing arts. This is one of the severalreasons that indicate the specialization of the sambaqui societies in theexploitation of marine resources. Ethno-historical data show that the nativefishermen of several South American cultures used a variety of fishing equipment:nets, harpoons, spears, siege and waiting traps, bow and arrows, hooks andichthyotoxic (Souza, 1851), Koch-Grunberg (1908a, b), Steward (1946).Archaeological cultural artefacts associated to fishing found in sambaqui sites arehooks, nets weights and fusiform artefacts (Rohr, 1977; Prous, 1992; Franco,1998, Tiburtius et al., 2011). However, the hypothesis of the use of fish nets bythe inhabitants of the sambaqui archaeological sites has been a “peaceful spot”among archaeologists (Gaspar et al., 2008), no longer being discussed if used,but how manufactured and used (Peixe et al., 2007).

The amplitude of size and body weight of the fishes in naturalaccumulations tend to show a lesser selectivity than the culturally created (Butler1993, 1996; Greenspan 1998; Lyman 1994; Stewart 1989, 1991; Zohar et al.,2001). Greenspan (1998) used that concept to estimate the diversity of fishingarts in sites located in the Harney river basin, Oregon State. According to theauthor, the size patterns generated by the capture of fishes with nets might bedirectly correlated with the size of the nets knots.

Assuming that the remains of analyzed fishes were uniformly preserved,estimates of the size of the individuals were made aiming to show possibleinferences connected to their size in relation to the fishing methods that couldhave been used by the inhabitants of the site of the studied material provenance.

METHODOLOGYThe site sambaqui Praia do Paraíso, RS-AS-01 is a unicomponential pre-

ceramic site, located in the Arroio do Sal municipality, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.Central coordinates UTM: 22J E:615474 N:6742318. It has an area ofapproximately 487 m2 and a maximum height of 0.91 meters (Figure 1).


The archaeofauna materials from the square PT A and test pits B werestudied. Square PT A was excavated in seven stratigraphic levels of 5 cm each,reaching 35 cm of depth, in which a total collection was made. The material wassorted and conditioned in plastic bags in sequentially numbered lots. These couldcontain one or more pieces and were identified with labels containing informationrelated to the project, archaeological site and nature of the piece.

For the counting, the remains were separated based on morphology,identified to the lowest taxonomical level. Diagnostic pieces were denominatedaccording to Reis & Malabarba (1998) and Schaefer (1987) for the osseous fish,and Reitz & Wing (1999) for the remaining groups identified. Speciesnomenclature followed REIS et al. (2006) for the mammals and Eschmeyer (2015)for the fishes.

For the quantification, the Number of Identified Specimens per Taxon(NISP) (Grayson, 1984) was used. After organized in tables this abundancemeasurement was transformed in relative abundance measurement of thespecies represented in the form of percentage calculation and in frequencytables.

Bones with presence of indicators and records of human activity wereclassified as bone artefacts following Prous (1992) and Reitz & Wing (1999).Human activities related to the bone remains were: filleting, disarticulation, boilingand fabrication of utensils (Lyman, 1994). Burnt, carbonized or calcinated remainswere diagnosed based on the patterns of coloration of the burn according toStiner et al. (1995) but without establishing degrees.

By using a digital caliper we determined the length in millimeters of thelapillus or sagitae otoliths of the fish species most common in the site.Measurements were used for the estimative of the specimen’s size. Di Benedittoet al. (2001) formulae of linear regression were used to obtain the total length ofMenticirrhus littoralis (Holbrook, 1847) (n = 27) and Micropogonias furnieri (n =32) respectively. Reis (1986) exponential regression was used for the estimationof total lengths.

The intra-specific normality of the data was determined by using theShapiro-Wilk W test. The comparison between the estimated dimensions of thedifferent species was made through an ANOVA test (variance analysis) followedby a Tukey test. All the statistical calculations were made with PAST 3.1 software(Hammer et al., 2001).

RESULTS630 lots of faunal material were separated corresponding to a total of

22.537 pieces. 16.542 fragments were identified to the species level, belonging to23 species distributed in the phyla Mollusca, Echinodermata and Chordata (Table1). Shells of marine bivalves represent the majority of the remains: Mesodesmamactroides (Deshayes, 1854) with 9888 pieces (Figure 2) and Donax hanleyanus(Philippi, 1842) with 1255 pieces (Figure 3). Both species are common insouthern Brazil shell middens (Schmitz, 2006). Other five marine species wererecorded: Crassostrea sp. (NISP = 1), Cyrtopleura costata (Linnaeus, 1758)(NISP = 1), Olivancillaria contortuplicata (Reeve, 1850) (NISP = 4), Olivancillaria


vesica auricularia (Lamarck, 1811) (NISP = 40, Figure 4), Pachycymbiolabrasiliana (Lamarck, 1811) (NISP = 3, Figure 5); one freshwater species:Pomacea sp. (NISP = 1); and a terrestrial species Megalobulimus sp. (NISP = 2).

Remains of ten species of marine fishes were identified: Paralonchurusbrasiliensis (Steindachner, 1875) (NISP = 1), Macrodon sp. (NISP = 1),Cynoscion sp. (NISP = 2), Micropogonias furnieri (Desmarest, 1823) (NISP = 29)(Figure 7), Menticirrhus littoralis (Holbrook, 1847) (NISP = 33) (Figure 8),Pogonias chromis (Linnaeus, 1766) (NISP = 151) (Figure 9), Mugil sp. (NISP =8), Paralichthys sp. (NISP = 6), Genidens sp. (NISP = 178) Figure 6), Urophycissp. (NISP = 4). Two freshwater species were identified, namely Hoplias sp. (NISP= 1) and Microglanis sp. (NISP = 1). Chondrichthyes vertebrae, Myliobatidaedentigerous plates, remains of Tupinambis sp. (NISP=1) and Blastocerusdichotomus (NISP=4) were also identified.

Genidens sp. showed presumed sizes that vary between 92 and 291 mm,Menticirrhus littoralis between 55 and 399 mm, and Micropogonias furnieribetween 61 and 303 mm (Figure 10).

The Shapiro-Wilk normality test demonstrated that normality exists in thestandard sizes estimated for each species (Table 2); still, an inter-specificnormality between Genidens sp., Menticirrhus littoralis and Micropogonias furnieri(Table 3) was not demonstrated.

TAPHOMICAL CHARACTERISTICSThe main taphonomical characteristic registered was the break of the

material, varying between 42.6 and 98.49% (Table 4). A reduced number of burntor carbonized materials occurred. Cut marks or wear indicators were alsoregistered in the bone materials.

DISCUSSIONWith the exception of Macrodon sp., Cynoscion and Urophycis sp., all

other marine species registered are common inhabitants of the shallow part of theSouth Brazil coastline (Ramos; Vieira, 2001).

According to Araújo (1988) the abundance of Guri sea catfish of the genusGenidens in the Lagoa dos Patos did not had significant variations throughout theyear. Nonetheless, the author understood that the species of that genus havedensity variations according to temperature variations. When the temperaturesare lowest they tend to migrate to the interior of the pond and when thetemperatures are higher they tend to get closer to the mouth of the estuary. Theauthor also states that the catfishes of the genus Genidens form highlyhomogenous shoals in terms of individuals’ size and age, increasingly migratingto the mouth of the estuary according to their development. In an estuarinesystem, this species might be captured during all the year, having diverse bodydimensions. Nevertheless, their dimensions all bellow 400 mm in standard lengthdo not demonstrated that they are individuals in a reproductive state, so theywere not captured in the open sea.

Fishes of the genus Menticirrhus (Kingcroaker) are coastal marine withpreferences from the surf zone of sandy or muddy beaches (Menezes &


Figueiredo, 1980; Carvalho-Filho, 1999). The species is one of the maincomponents of the ichthyofauna from the sandy beaches and estuaries, althoughit has a higher occurrence during the hotter months of the year it has no seasonaloccurrence but it is related to the tidal cycles (Ramos & Vieira, 2001; Braun &Fontoura, 2004; Félix-Hackradt et al., 2010).

Micropogonias furnieri is a marine species that uses the estuaries as areproduction and growth environment, can form shoals that even step into theless brackish areas of estuaries. They are mainly recorded in coastlines withsandy or muddy beaches (Menezes & Figueiredo, 1980).

We have to emphasize that although currently rare, Pogonias chromis isvery common in regional archaeological sites (Wagner, 2012; Rogge & Schmitz,2010) and abundantly recorded in historical times (Von Ihering, 1885).

The freshwater species recorded (Hoplias sp. and Microglanis sp.) arecommonly found in ponds, rivers and estuaries, but also in small streams andwetlands common in the existing coastal cord between the coastline and ponds(Malabarba et al., 2013).

Hilbert (2008) evidenced a synergetic relation between the ichthyofaunalspecies from the Barreira de Itapeva sites and the occupation levels, presentingalmost every time a dominant species in the archaeological record. Still, weunderstood that Genidens sp. (Guri sea catfish) is a species present in all therecords and Mugil sp. (mullet) particularly in the beginning of the sites formationand in the sites near to the shoreline. The author also concluded that “Thecombination of the main species caught (mullet, Guri sea catfish, kingfish andwhitemouth croaker) strongly suggests that the fishing technique was the fishingnet” (translation from the Portuguese original).

The fish specimens dimensions in Sambaqui sites has been object of studyby other researchers. Lima (1991), Figutti (1998) and Klökler (2008) realize thatthe size of Guri sea catfish specimens (Genidens sp.) and withemouth croaker(M. furnieri) estimated from otoliths, were mostly specimens smaller than 200 mmbut without applying more accurate statistical analyses.

All the fishing arts are selective in terms of the species and the fish sizes(Hovgård, 2000). The shape and size of the M. furnieri and M. americanusspecies influence the catch rates. Nets with sizes of 50 and 70 mm betweenknots are more efficient to catch these species (Reis; Pawson, 1999). Theestimated lengths of each species perfectly fit the normal curves that do notoverlap. Genidens sp. as the lowest mean and the mean values of the standardlength of M. furnieri are slightly on the left of the M. americanus values.Considering that besides the shape accessory structures (pectoral and dorsalspurs) might influence the catch rates (Greenspan, 1998), we can suppose thatthe inferior standard length represented by Genidens sp. is due to the fact thatthis species presents pectoral and dorsal spurs that would facilitate its trapping innets where the majority of other species would not get caught.

Fracturing is the most common event in sites composed by shells due to itsfragility and consequent lesser resistance to trampling and pressure of upperlayers (Child & Bulter, 1996; Wolverton, Randklev & Kennedy, 2010). Althoughthe causes are others, a high number of fracturing in mammal bones and Guri


sea catfish (Genidens sp.) spurs was also noted. Mammal bones recorded inarchaeological sites are normally fractured due to marrow extraction or theconfection of artefacts (Lyman, 1994; Reitz & Wing, 1999; Buc, 2011) but noartefacts were recorded and the Guri sea catfish spurs were possibly broken afterits capture with the intention to disarm the captured animal. This is seennowadays among the fishermen as a method for prevention of accidents withthese fish’s spurs (Wheeler & Jones, 1989).

The records with indicators of fire action was small (Table 2). Binford(1981) describes the patterns of dispersal for the consumed remains in relation tothe fireplace. According to the author, in open areas the remains tend to bethrown away from the fire. Although the sampling is small we can assume that thefireplaces were well delimited and the majority of the remains were not throwninto its interior.

CONCLUSIONSBesides the presence of a high quantity of marine molluscs, seven of the

ten species of marine fishes recorded are coastal species. Remains ofunidentified Chondrichthyes, two freshwater fish species, testudines and onespecies of terrestrial mammal were also identified. These remains show a patternof coastline marine exploitation complemented by hunting. The presence of highsea species might be interpreted as an occasional occurrence.

The taphonomical data indicate a high trampling activity but the differencesevidenced between levels cannot be adequately explained. The breaks in theGuri sea catfish spurs suggest the post-capture disarm of these animals, commonoccurrence between current fishermen. Even if the presence of pieces with burntsigns suggests the use of fire directly in the local of material disposal, it does notsuggest an intentionality in throwing the food remains directly to the interior of thefires.

The use of otoliths size through interpolation of curves for the estimation ofthe specimens size and appropriate statistical analysis, resulted in the presenceof a dimension pattern that might be associated to the use of standardized fishingnets with mesh of small dimensions, capable of capturing fishes with sizesbetween 55 and 399 mm. The use of other types of traps cannot be discarded,notwithstanding the case in study presents high evidence represented by thestandardization of the fish body dimensions. As a technique, together with theinterpretation of environmental data may aid in the interpretation of thetechnologies used by the South Atlantic coast hunter-gatherer-fishers.

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Table 1: Number of Identified Specimens per Taxon (NISP) of Sambaqui Praiado Paraíso site - RS-AS-01.

TAXON COMMON NAMETOTALNISP

PHYLUM MOLUSCACLASS BIVALVIA

FAMILY: OSTREIDAE oysterCrassostrea sp. 1

FAMILY PHOLADIDAECyrtopleura costata (Linnaeus, 1758) - 3

FAMILY DONACIDAEDonax hanleyanus (Philippi, 1842) wedge clam 1255

FAMILY MESODESMATIDAEMesodesma mactroides (Deshayes, 1854) yellow clam 9888

CLASS GASTROPODAFAMILY OLIVIDAE

Olivancillaria contortuplicata (Reeve, 1850) 4Olivancillaria vesica auricularia (Lamarck, 1810) Sea snail 44

FAMILY VOLUTIDAEPachycymbiola brasiliana (Lamarck, 1811) 3

FAMILY AMPULLARIIDAEPomacea sp. Channeled Applesnail 1

FAMILY MEGALOBULIMIDAEMegalobulimus sp. Aruá-do-mato 2

PHYLUM EQUINODERMATA 1CLASS ECHINOIDEA 6

PHYLUM CHORDATACLASS CHONDRICHTHYES 71

FAMILY MYLIOBATIDAE 13CLASS ACTINOPTERYGII 4454

ORDER PERCIFORMES 106FAMILY SCIAENIDAE 12

Paralonchurus brasiliensis (Steindachner, 1875)

Banded croaker 1

Pogonias chromis (Linnaeus, 1766) Black drum 151Macrodon sp. King weakfish 1Cynoscion sp. Stripped weakfish 2Micropogonias furnieri (Desmarest, 1823) Whitemouth croaker 29Menticirrhus littoralis (Holbrook, 1847) Kingcroaker 33

FAMILY MUGILIDAEMugil sp. Mullet 8

FAMILY BOTHIDAEParalichthys sp. Flounder 6

ORDER SILURIFORMES 31FAMILY ARIIDAE

Genidens sp. Guri sea catfish 178FAMILY PSEUDOPIMELODIDAE

Microglanis sp. 1FAMILY PHYCIDAE

Urophycis sp. Hake 4ORDER CHARACIFORMES

FAMILY ERYTHRINIDAEHoplias sp. Traíra 6

CLASS REPTILIAORDER TESTUDINES 101


TAXON COMMON NAMETOTALNISP

ORDER SQUAMATAFAMILY TEIDAE

Tupinambis sp. Teiú 1CLASS AVES 16CLASS MAMIFERA 96

ORDER EDENTATAFAMILY DASYPODIDAE 5

ORDER ARTIODACTYLAFAMILY CERVÍDAE 4

Blastocerus dichotomus (Illiger, 1845) Marsh deer 4TOTAL 16542

Table 2: Shapiro-Wilk W test for the standard lengths estimated in Genidens sp.,Micropogonias furnieri and Menticirrhus littoralis.

Genidens sp.Micropogonias

furnieriMenticirrhus littoralis

N 33 27 32Shapiro-Wilk W 0.9189 0.9071 0.9075

Table 3: Normality (Tukey Paired test) of estimated Standard Lengths of (mm) deGenidens sp., Menticirrhus littoralis and Micropogonias furnieri.

Genidens sp.Micropogonias

furnieriMenticirrhus littoralis

X = 162.82± 43.02 mm

N = 33

X = 198.09± 44.09 mm

N = 27

X = 282.83± 62.69 mm

N = 32Genidens sp. p = 0.0226 p = 0.000106

Micropogonias furnieri p = 0.00010

Table 4: Percentage of alterations in the PT A square faunal remains.

Level (cm)Taphonomic Characteristics

Broken (%) Burned (%) Carbonized (%) Calcined (%)0-5 69.54 0.00 0.00 05-10 95.12 0.12 0.11 010-15 61.03 0.00 0.00 015-20 89.58 0.06 0.08 020-25 70.44 0.06 0.15 025-30 98.49 0.00 0.15 030-35 42.60 0.00 0.00 0


Figure 1: Geographical location of the site Sambaqui, Praia do Paraíso, Arroio do Sal municipality, RioGrande do Sul, Brazil (UTM: 22J 615474E/6742318N).


Figure 2-9: Most common archaeofauna remains in the Site Sambaqui Praia do Paraíso – RS-AS-01:2 = Mesodesma mactroides valve (left), 3 = Donax hanleyanus valve (right), 4 =Olivancillaria vesica auricularia shell, 5 = Pachycymbiola brasiliana shell, 6 = Genidens sp.otolith (left), 7= Micropogonias furnieri otolith (left), 8 = Menticirrhus littoralis otolith (left), 9= Pogonias chromis pharyngeal plate.


Figure 10: Genidens sp., Micropogonias furnieri and Menticirrhus littoralis mean length and standarddeviation. Outliers are shown by circles.

coastal hunter-gatherers fishing from the site … · gêneros hoplias (traíra, nisp = 1) e...

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