coating and painting wordbook

AAbrasive Cleanliness Test (3-128) Also known as Vial Test conducted as per ASTM D4940. It is an indirect requirement of SSPC AB3 conducted by allowing abrasive inside a plastic container of 2/3 full of for 30 minutes. Content is observed to know if oil film is present which will indicate oil contamination of abrasive.

Abrasive TypeThere are four basic types of abrasives namely: (a) Expandable (mineral/slag) Abrasives, AB1 (b) Recycled Ferrous Metallic Abrasives, AB2 (c) Newly Manufactured or Re-manufactured Steel Abrasives, AB3.

Abrasive Sizing (3-128). Method of determining abrasive sizes using either the abrasive diameter or according to the sieve number. Round abrasive (like steel shot) are sized based on the diameter of the steel shot. Example, an S330 shot is 0.33mm in diameter. However, angular grits are sized according to sieve number. Sieves are identified according to the number of openings in the mesh per linear inch of screen. A Tyler No. 20 has 20 openings per linear inch of screen. Thus, a No. 12 abrasive is larger than a No. 40 abrasive. It is an indirect requirement of SSPC AB3.Abrasive Size determine the depth and shape of the profile. Large abrasive size gives deep profile; small abrasive size gives shallow profile.

Active Cathodic Protection (1-9). Also known as Impress current. It is a substrate protection system applied where the potential for corrosion can be great like the offshore platforms and buried pipelines. This is achieved by impressing current to the structure while also using a dissimilar metal to act as anode (passive Cathodic Protection). The impressed current system prevents the spontaneous reaction that would normally take place in a natural cathodic protection.

1 Coating & Painting Reference Material

Additional Cathodic Protection (1-8). This refers to the application of active or passive cathodic protection to a coating system.

Additives (6-6) Substances formulated into the coating system as a part of the pigment that finally becomes part of the DFT. They adjust the consistency, flow-out, surface wetting, color, ultraviolet light (or solar radiation from sunlight), resistance and flexibility, or to prevent settling in the can (suspended agent).

Adhesion (5-67). Strength of a coating or the bond of a layer to one another and to the substrate. . The strength of the adhesion bond is referred to as cohesive strength. Adhesion is also a term that describes the nature of break that occurred on the coating system during adhesion test. The adhesion test procedure on a coated surface is described by ASTM D3359.

Adhesion Test (5-131) Standard Test procedure described by ASTM D4541, ASTM D7234, ASTM D3359 and ASTM D6677 to determine the degree of delamination that will occur in the form of break between coating layers and/or distinct break between the substrate and the first layer (adhesion) and /or a split within a coating layer (cohesion)

Airless Spray (5-29)One of the methods of coating application. Airless spray is by far the most common method for the application of industrial and marine coatings. It has high production level because it does not employ compressed air to atomize the coating thereby enabling efficient transfer compared to conventional spray. Also, airborne emission is low and cleanliness of compressed air is not critical. Operating pressure: 3000-600psi; distance of spray tip from surface: 12’; pump system: reciprocating pump.

Air Wash Separator (P2-6)


A separator that removes any dust contaminants from recycled abrasive before it is fed into the wheel.

Aluminum Flakes (1-7) Formulation in a barrier, protective coating system, which create a laminar pigment in the coating film. Another of such is Micaceous Iron Oxide (MIO).

Ambient Conditions (3-53) Condition which includes the surface temperature, dew point temperature, relative humidity and air temperature. These conditions must be measured and recorded before and after surface preparation and at 4hours intervals thereafter. But if condition starts declining, then check should be more frequent. To ensure that moisture did not form on the surface of the substrate before coating application, the surface temperature must be at least 3oC above warmer than the dew point temperature.

Anchor Pattern (3-79) Also known as Surface Profile. This is the maximum peak to valley depth that is generated by abrasives impacting the surface at high speed and by the impact created by certain power tool. The three recognized industrial standards for measuring surface profile are: ASTM D4417, “The Method for Field Measurement of Surface Profile of Blast Cleaned Steel,”(it has methods A,B & C), NACE RP0287, “Field Measurement of Surface Profile of Abrasive Blast Cleaned Steel Surface using Replica Tape,” (same as ASTM D4717 method C), and ASTM D7127 “Standard Test Method for Measurement of Surface Roughness of Abrasive Blast Cleaned Metal Surface using Portable Stylus Instrument.”

Angular Abrasives (3-126) Abrasives with sharp-edged surfaces. They may be steel grits or expandable media. They are sized according to their sieve numbers.

Anode (1-3). Negative Terminal of a battery or a corrosion cell. The anode corrodes; cathode is protected.


Anti-foulant (P5b-4). Paints containing toxic substances known as biocides which kills the spores or larvae of the foulants (animal, plants and micro-organisms) or retards their development when they approach or land on the painted surface.

Area Reading (5-50). Three spot readings on a specified point on the coating surface. A spot reading is a five gage (individual) readings.

Assessing Coating Film Hardness (5-64) Standard test methods of assessing the film hardness of coating systems as described in ASTM D3363 for Film Hardness by Pencil Test, ASTM D2583 for Barcol Hardness test and ASTM D2240 for Durometer Hardness Test.

Automated Abrasive Blast Cleaning (3-120) Also known as centrifugal abrasive blast cleaning. Machine accomplishes surface cleaning by throwing or hurling abrasive at the surface to be prepared using high speed centrifugal wheel.


BBarcol Hardness Test (5-65)

Also known as Impression Hardness. An instrument used to determine the gouge hardness of a coating system by positioning and pressing down firmly on the impressor handle over the area to be tested while observing the dial indicator for a recorded peak reading. It is restricted to thick film coating system. The procedure is described by ASTM D2583.

Binder (6-4) Also known as Resin. It is the non-volatile component of the coating formulation; Part of the WFT and DFT that cohesively bonds the pigmentation together and adhesively bonds the coating layers. It is the glue of the coating layer. The following are the functions of binders:

1. Give adhesion to the substrate2. Provide resistance to abrasion3. Provide chemical resistance4. Provide cohesive strength5. Resist passage of water6. Change from liquid to solid

Bits (P10-1) A term use to describe the presence of particles of gel, flocculated material or foreign matter in a coating or projecting from the surface of film.

Bittiness (P10-1) See Bits.

Black Light (3-123) A short or long wavelength ultra-violet light which will detect the presence of oil by reflecting a bright yellow/green fluorescence of the surface containing oil contamination.

Blast Nozzle (3-123) The opening through which compressed air (with abrasives) is exhausted on the steel surface. There are two types of nozzle:


(a) the straight nozzle and (b) the venture nozzle. Their size is measured with the nozzle orifice gage at an increment of 1/16inch. 1/16 inch represents the inner diameter of the nozzle. For example, a blast nozzle No. 7 has an inner diameter of 7/16inch or 11mm.

Blistering (W5-11). Coating defect caused when coating is applied over uncured layer. The top layer dries while the underlying layer is still wet. This is common in alkyd coating.

Blotter Test (3-122).

A standard test method described by ASTM D4285 “Test Method for indicating Oil or Water in Compress Air”. A test for moisture in the compressed air performed by placing a clean white absorbent cloth or a white blotter paper to a rigid frame and exhausting a compressed air on it at a distance of at least 18inches for 2 minutes (dwell time). For large volumes of air, blotter paper and cloth may be replaced with rigid Plexiglas. After the test is completed, the cloth, blotter paper or Plexiglas is examined visually for oil. This is an indirect requirement of the SSPC surface cleanliness standards for abrasive cleanliness and coating application methods that utilizes compressed air.

Base Metal Reading (BMR) (5-47) The effect of abrasive blast-cleaned steel on the coating thickness gage measurement. The average of ten readings taken with a type 2 coating thickness gage over a prepared surface forms the BMR reading. This reading must be taken and deducted from each measurement made over a coated surface, regardless which coating is involved.

Boxing (5-47) Mixing or blending method where half of the material is dumped into a clean container while dumping the material back and forth, from container to container until material is blended. This procedure is prohibited when mixing inorganic zinc-rich primers, moisture cure urethane or other coating material that react with moisture.


CCathode (1-3) The positive terminal of a battery or a corrosion cell.

Cathodic Protection (1-8) Same as Sacrificial Protection. It is creating protection for a steel substrate by using a coating layer that contains a metal that will act as the anode in the corrosion process, thereby protecting the metal substrate (or cathode). Sacrificial coatings are generally used as primers. Metalizing is also sacrificial in protection, likewise galvanizing.

Centrifugal Blast Cleaning (3-121) See Automated abrasive Blast Cleaning.

Checkpoints:These are the various points of a work activity that should be inspected by the Inspector without necessarily stopping the activity. There are two basic checkpoints in coating inspection namely: (a) Surface Preparation Checkpoints (b) Coating Application Checkpoints

Coating Application Checkpoints:These are the various points during the surface preparation activity that should be inspected by the Inspector without necessarily stopping the activity. They include: (a) Verify correct materials (b) Verify shelf life (c) Measure ambient conditions and surface temperature (d) Inspect mixing procedures (e) Measure WFT/DFT (f) Measure individual layer thickness (g) Assess inter-coat cleanliness (h) Verify re-coat times and temperature (i) Assess cure


(j) Conduct/ Detecting holiday and pinhole (k) Measure adhesion (l) Measure hardness.

Surface Preparation Checkpoints:The following are the Surface Preparation checkpoints: (a) Pre-surface Preparation Inspection(b) Verify ambient condition

(c) Conduct compressive air cleanliness test (d) Conduct abrasive cleanliness test (e) Conduct nozzle pressure/orifice size (f) Assess surface cleanliness (g) Verify Profile depth (h) Verify surface is ready for primer

Chemical Contamination (3-14). They are water-soluble contaminants (salts) on the steel surface which includes chlorides, ferrous ions, sulphates and nitrates, etc.

Chemical Stripping (3-14). Caustic based (ph 14)that attack the resin component of coatings, destroying their backbones and causing the coating system to disband from the underlying substrate. Neutralization of surface after striper has been removed is required for proper coating performance.

Chlor Test Scat Kit (3-24). Same as latex Sleeve. The kit consists of 5 latex sleeves and five bottles of Chlor ExtractTM.


Coalescence (6-9) Curing mechanism where coating cure first by the evaporation of solvent known as the primary solvent-water-after which the secondary solvent left behind (e.g. propylene glycol) will aid the fussing together of the completely formed polymer to form a solid film. This curing mechanism is observed in waterborne acrylic coatings. The temperature of the coating will not fall below 50oF during the curing process to enable completion the secondary solvent operation.

Coating Defects (W5-11) Features which introduces some specific irregularity in an otherwise uniform surfaces which can impair the suitability of that coating for its intended purpose. The following are common defects in coating systems: Sagging, Orange Peel, Dry Spray, Crating, Fish eye, wrinkling, Blistering, Pinhole, Pinpoint rusting and Mud-cracking.

Coating Film Hardness (5-64) Alternative set of criteria for assessing the level of cure of a coating system (see Assessing Coating Film Hardness)

Coating Performance Evaluation (6-28) An evaluation or verification of a coating system performance based on Laboratory testing and/or field exposure. These evaluations can be: (a) Facility Specific, (b) Industry Specific (c) Coating Type Specific or (d) Multiple Performance Evaluation.

Coating System-Specific Performance Evaluation (6-28) An evaluation of a coating system which tend to address specific service environment or upsets conditions unique to the given plant. Many facilities establish their own. Coating/Lining system performance testing program, which often includes actual plant size exposure of candidate system applied to test panels.

Coating Technical File, CTF (13-3)


Document prepared to record all of the shipyards and owners coating work, with detailed documentation of the criteria for coating selection, job specification, inspection, maintenance and repair for the ship. It is kept on board the ship and maintenance (updated) throughout the life of the ship.

CodeA body of laws, as of a nation, city, etc., arranged systematically for easy reference.

Cohesion (5-67) The ability of each coating layer to hold itself together. The strength of the cohesive bond is referred to as cohesive strength. Cohesion is also a term that describes the nature of break that occurred on the coating system during adhesion test. The test procedure on a coated surface is described by ASTM D3359.

Conductivity of Blank (3-48) The conductivity of the water used to collect the surface extract during water soluble salt test.

Conductivity Test (3-17) Test carried out to known if a water soluble salt is present. The standard procedure is described in ISO 8502-09.

Confined Space (9-11) A space with large enough configuration to allow employee enter and perform work but has limited or restricted entry and exit means and is not designed for continuous occupancy.

Containment System (7-19) System used on structures to prevent the debris generated during surface preparation from contaminating the air, soil, water surrounding, the project site- to protect public health and welfare.

Convertible Paints (P4-2)


Paint which cures by chemical reaction with the curing agent and therefore have complex polymer which when they have cured will not dissolve to its solvent if reapplied. They are also known as non-reversible paints. These paints cure by oxidation and polymerization mechanism.

Corrosion (1-1) The deterioration of metallic surfaces such as carbon steel. It is an electrochemical reaction that requires the presence of the following four elements to compose a corrosion cell: Anode, Cathode, Metallic Pathway and an Electrolyte.

Corrosion Cell (1-2) System made up of the Anode, Cathode, Metallic Pathway and Electrolyte.

Conventional Air Spray (5-31)Also known “air atomizer”. It is one of the coating application methods that utilizes compressed air to transport the paint from a pressurized pot to the gun, to atomise the coating into a fine spray, then propel the atomized coating to the surface. The ratio of air to paint is quit high (say 600:1). Compressed air is critical and transfer efficiency is relatively low. It is relevant in the industry because of its ability to control both the amount of paint hat exits the spray gun tips and the shape of the spray pattern. Operating pressure: 50-75psi; distance of spray tip: 6”-8”.

Crating (W5-11) Coating defect caused by excessive atomization i.e using excessive air to atomize paint. It may look like pinpoint rust but the difference is that crating does not have flash rust.

Critical Minimum Volume (5-21) The volume of material that must be blended so that the chemical curing reaction between the components can occur.

Cross-Cut (5-21)


Also known as Type B Adhesion Test. This is a standard procedure described in ASTM D3359 Adhesion Test by Tape (Field Test Method) Adhesion test is carried out on a coating surface cut through to the substrate, making eleven (11) cross-cut of 1mm spacing between cuts, corresponding to 10X10 grids or 100sq (for coating thickness up to 2mills)

Or

6 cross-cut of 2mm spacing between cuts corresponding to 25sq

or

5X5 grids (for coating thickness from 2-5mils).

For coatings thickness above 5mils, 6 cross-cuts is made at a spacing of 5mm. The X-cut method may also be used in this case.

The rating is from 5B, 4B, 3B, 2B, B, 0B, corresponding to a condition of 0%, 5%, 35%, 65% removal to greater than 65% removal respectively.

Cryogenic Blast Cleaning (3-79)The use of dry ice pellets in blast cleaning. It is a non traditional method of surface preparation.

Curing Mechanism (6-8)The method in which a coating converts from liquid state to solid state. There are five basic mechanism of cure: solvent evaporation, coalescence, oxidation, polymerization and moisture cure. A special curing worth mentioning is the Heat and UV mechanism.


DDamp Surface (P5-4) A condition where the surface temperature is below the dew point temperature but there is no detectable water.

Dead Man Handle (3-37) A safety device in blasting activity that automatically stops the flow of air pressure and abrasive in the event that the operator loses control of the blast nozzle.

Degreasing (P2-10) Removal of surface contaminants such as grease and oil by the use of a suitable solvent such as xylene, usually applied by cloth.

Dehumidification (3-74) Removal of moisture in the air in a contained work place, thereby reducing the chance of condensing moisture. The following methods can be used: compression, refrigeration or Desiccation.

Depressed Temperature (2)The difference between the Dry Bulb Temperature and the Wet Bulb temperature.

Desiccants (3-76) Solids that adsorbs moisture in a contained workplace which may be arranged either in granular beds or in fixed desiccants structures and contained within machines through which air streams is passed. Examples of desiccants used are silica gel and lithium chloride.


Dew Point Temperature (3-56) The temperature at which moisture that is in the air will condense on a surface. Surface temperature must be greater than the dew point temperature by at least 3oC surface preparation/ coating activities to begin or continue. When the Surface temperature is warmer than the dew point temperature, moisture will not be able to form on a surface.

DFT Gage (5-46) Device used in the determining the thickness of a coating system. They are categorized by SSPC and ASTM as Type 1 (or magnetic Pull-off) gage and Type 2 (or Electronic) gage. Their use and calibration is described in SSPC PA2 standard.

Dispersion (P3-7) A system where there is no solubility but the one component (which could be liquid or solid) is surrounded by a liquid. There are two types of dispersion: suspension and emulsion.

DiscontinuityAny interruption of the normal pattern of metal; examples are porosity, incomplete fusion and slag inclusions. Any rejectable discontinuity is a defect.

Documentation of Mixing Procedure (5-20) At least, eight factors must be documented. They include:

1. The manufacturer and product name/number; color and generic type of coating material blended.

2. The batch number of the components.3. The number of kits mixed and the size of each kit.4. The mix ratio5. The induction time (if required)6. Date and time of mixing7. Method used to agitate the individual components and the blended

components8. The coating layers (primer, intermediate, finish, etc.)


Other factors to record are:

9. Whether or not the coating material was strained10. Actual coating temperature11. Does project specification require pot agitation and what method is

specified

Documentation of Coating and Thinning Procedure (5-28) The following four procedures are to be documented when mixing thinner to coating:

1. The manufacturer of the thinner/reducer and the thinner/reducer name and/or number;

2. The batch number of thinner;3. The amount of thinner added (based on percentage or volume) and4. The date and time the thinner was added to the coating

Documentation of Tape and Knife Adhesion Procedure (5-69) As described in ASTM D3359 and ASTM D6677 respectively, the following procedures must be documented: Documentation of Tensile Pull-off Adhesion Test Procedure (5-69)

1. The manufacturer, model and serial number of the testing equipment,2. The area on the structure where testing was performed.3. Thickness of the coating in the area the structure where testing

performed.4. The preparation of pull stub employed for the testing preparation of

stub contact surface prior to attachment.5. Preparation of the coating surface prior to attachment6. The type of adhesion used to attach the stub7. The diameter of the pull stub employed for the testing 8. The cure time of the adhesive used9. The ambient condition (air temp. & %RH) during the process10.The pull-off strength (in Kpa, Mpa or Psi)


11. The location of break (adhesion, cohesion or glue, and the approximate percentage of each)

The detached pull stub should be identified and stored for future reference as necessary.

Driers (P3-6) Compounds of metal such as octoates of cobalt, Zirconium or manganese. They are added to oil based paints such as oleo resinous paint and alkyd paint that cure by oxidation, to accelerate their drying process and allow even thorough drying of films.

Dry Spray (W5-11) Coating defects caused by spraying during windy condition. Therefore, paints dries before getting to the surface of the substrate, resulting to a dusty coating surface.

Dry Stripping (5-29) A layer of coating applied to surfaces that are relatively hard to achieve a build on. Coating layers will only be applied when the full coat of primer or intermediate coat is applied. The stripping coating is to dry for full recoat interval but not completely cure before the top coat is applied.

Dry Strip Coat:A layer of coating applied to surfaces that are relatively hard to achieve a normal film build on. Dry Strip is coating done after full coating of primer or intermediate and allowed to cure for full recoat time but not completely cured.

Dry-To-Touch (5-63) Similar to set-to-touch. The film is considered dry-to-touch if it does not rub up when rubbed with finger pressure or does not adhere to the finger.

Dual Purpose of Surface Cleaning (3-3) The dual purpose of surface cleaning is to clean and to roughen the surface according to the requirement of the specification.


Dull Putty Knife (3-83) An inspection tool used to assess whether the remaining material (e.g coating, mill scale, etc.) on a surface can be lifted.

Durometer Hardness Test (5-67) A standard test method used to determine the gouge hardness of a coating system as described in the ASTM D2240. The durometer equipment is held vertically with the pressure foot maintaining parallel to the coated surface. The reading is obtained after 1 or 2 seconds over the film coating system. The procedure is described by ASTM D2240.Dust Free (5-62) Curing point where cotton fibers can be removed from the film by blowing on the film.

Dwell TimeThe duration of exposure of a surface to cleaning such as abrasive dry cleaning. The longer the dwell time, the cleaner the surface. Nozzle distance also contribute surface cleanliness.


E

Electric Arc Spray Metalizing (7-7). Metalizing by feeding two wires with an opposing electrical charge between 375 and 400 amps. into a spray gun. They make contact arc and melt. Compressed air finally atomizes the molten metal wire and blows it into the surface. It is more productive than flame spray.

Electrolyte (1-3)A liquid that contains ions or charged particles, e.g., salt. It is one of the four constituents of an electrochemical cell.

Emulsion (P3-7) A system where droplets of one liquid known as droplet phase are dispersed in a second liquid known as the continuous phase. The dispersed phase is completely surrounded by continuous phase but not dissolved by it. An example is the household emulsion paint having PVC/PVA co-polymer as dispersed phase with water as continuous phase.

Execution Specification (10-9) One of the three basic components of a specification which contains the scope of work to be performed and the procedure to be employed by the contractor to achieve the scope.

Expandable Abrasive (3-124)


Abrasive that are typically used once and then discarded due to its high breakdown rate. They fall into two categories: minerals and slag.

Extender (6-7)Substances which may be included into the pigment formulation to improve film build, increase the solid content of the coating and/or provide added barrier protection e.g. clay, silica, mica, etc.

F

Facility Specific Performance Evaluation (6-28)An evaluation of a coating system performance which tend to address specific service environment or upset conditions unique to the given plant. Many facilities establish their own coating/lining system performance testing program, which often include actual plant site exposure of candidate system applied to test panels.

Factors Accelerating CorrosionThe following factors accelerates corrosion.

1. Temperature, 2. Osmotic (hydroscopic) blistering, a3. Aerobic conditions (presence of oxygen), 4. Presence of some bacteria on the surface such as the SRB’s (Sulphur

Reducing Bacteria), 5. MEM’s (Metal Eating Microbes), 6. Acids and alkalis, 7. Bi-metallic corrosion.

Factors Affecting Surface Cleanliness:The two factors affecting surface cleanliness are: (a) Dwell Time (b) Distance of Nozzle from Surface.

Factors Affecting Depth and Shape of Profile:


Two factors that affects/ determines the depth and shape of a profile are: (a) Abrasive Type (b) Abrasive Size.

Feathering (3-79)Also known as Tempering. It implies the roughening of an intact coating to provide a smooth transition of newly applied coating using sand paper or power tool. The area of sound coating adjacent to the repaired area is feathered to provide smooth transition for the touch-up and overcoat material, and prevent lifting of the existing coating along the edge of the spot repaired.

Fineness of Grind Gage (P7b-1) Same as Hegman Grind Gage. It assesses the degree of fineness of dispersion of paint.

Finish Coat (6-7)Also known as Top Coat. It is the first line of defense in a corrosion protection system. It must be aesthetically pleasing, able to maintain color gloss level for long period of time. It must be compatible with underlying layer and must be resistant to the service environment.

Fish Eye (W5-11)Coating defect caused by the presence of oil or other organic contaminants that can caused the paint not to adhere to the surface, rather they create voids underneath which eventually opens up like pinpoint.

Flame Spray Metalizing (7-8)Metalizing by using an oxygen-acetylene flame to spool-driven wire (as it exist the spray gun). Once the wire is melted, compressed air atomizes the molten metal wire and blows it onto the surface. The method is very labor intensive but economical for metalizing small areas for repair/rebuild of metal components subject to cavitation erosion.

Flash Point (P7d-1)


The lowest temperature at which solvent vapor from the product under test in a closed cup gives rise to an air/vapor mixture capable of being ignited by an external source of ignition.

Flash Rust (3-101)Tiny spots of rust observed on a prepared surface some moment after surface cleaning as a result of exposure or contact with ambient condition. It is also known as Rust Back. Flash rust is classified as Light, Medium and Heavy flash rust.

Flat Sheen Level (6-6)The result of formulating excess pigment into a coating.

Foot Candle (3-77)The amount of light emitted by a candle 12 inches away (and perpendicular to) from the light source. The minimum foot candle for coat application is 20 foot candle while recommended foot candle for coat application is 50 foot candle. The minimum foot candle for surface preparation is 20 foot candle while

recommended foot candle for surface preparation is 50foot candle. The minimum foot candle for inspection is 50 foot candle while the recommended

foot candle for inspection is 200 foot candle. These readings should be obtained at least for five (5) measurements to ensure that the lightening is uniform across the entire area. To convert foot candle to lux candle, multiply by 10.76 factor.

Functions of Binder (Resin)7. Give adhesion to the substrate8. Provide resistance to abrasion9. Provide chemical resistance10.Provide cohesive strength11.Resist passage of water12.Change from liquid to solid


GGage Reading (7-50)Individual readings of coating thickness without any specified point to be measured on the coated surface.

Galvanizing Systems (7-12)This is when the liquid applied coating is applied on a galvanized surface. The coating provides the primary protection while the galvanized is the “last line of defense” against corrosion of the underlying steel. The most common liquid-applied coating for application to properly galvanized surface includes epoxy primers (with polyurethane finish coat for exterior service) and two-coat water-borne acrylic system.

Galvanizing (1-8)A form of cathodic protection accomplished by dipping steel parts in a molten zinc bath by electro-deposition or by tumbling. Galvanizing coating comprise nearly of 100% zinc. It provides superior protection to metalizing. Methods of application of galvanizing are: (a) Hot Dip @ 850oF (b) Electro-deposition (c) Tumbling.

General Risk (9-4)Risk that does not only affect the inspector but other workers and perhaps the general public. Examples are: explosion, hazardous atmosphere, etc.


General Specification (10-8)One out of the three basic components of a specification which describes the project, the type of structure(s) involved, the scope of the work required, the service environment of the installed coating/lining system and the desired outcome. It states all the definitions used throughout the specification and all references in the coating specification.

Gouge Hardness (5-64)Hardness of a coating using Pencil hardness test to identify the hardest pencil lead that will not make a gouge on the coating. These pencils are designated 6B,5B,4B,3B,2B,B,0,HB,F,H,2H,3H,4H,5H,6H. It can also be discovered using the Durometer or Barcol hardness devices.

Grinding-through (P10-1)The showing through of the substrate due to the inadequate hidig power of the coating material.

Grinding (3-9)The use of mechanical method, especially hand tool to remove hardened, rough surfaces or edges to enable effective adhesion


H

HALS: Hindered Amine Light Stabilizer. An additive incorporated into polyurethane that make it retain gloss under sunlight.

Hand Tool Cleaning (3-79)Substrate cleaning done by using wire brushes, scrapes and other tools that do not depend on electric or pneumatic power to operate. They are only intended to remove loosely adhering corrosion product, old paint and flaking mill scale. They are not intended to produce Profile or Anchor Pattern on steel. They are frequently used for touch-up during maintenance painting activities.

Hegman Grinding Gage (P7b-1)Same a “Fineness of Grind Gage”.

HEPA Filter (3-80)Vacuum system that can collect fine, air-borne particle that are generated at the point of generated at the point of generation during surface preparation activities. It is usually attached by horse line to a power tool.

HEPA (3-80)High Efficiency Particulate Air. A term used to define fine, airborne particulate air which could be generated during surface preparation activities.


HATE (5-149)Hydraulic Adhesion Testing Equipment. Equipment used to test the pull-off strength (perpendicular tensile strength) of a coating system.

Hiding Power (6-4)The ability of the pigment to hide the underlying surface of the substrate. Lack of hiding power by the pigment result to “Grinning Through”.

High Voltage Holiday Detector (5-71)Also known as Spark Tester. A device used in detecting tiny voids or pinholes in the layers to the substrate for coating greater than 508 microns (20 mils). It also detects discontinuity described as skip or misses (holiday) in the coating/lining system. They are used on non-conductive coatings applied over conductive substrate or non-conductive coating applied over concrete.

Hardness Test (5-64)Hardness of coating or lining film is sometimes an alternative to assessing level of cure. Methods of assessing hardness includes: (a) Barcol Hardness Test (b) Durometer Hardness Test (c) Pencil Hardness Test.

Hold Point Inspection (2-3)Activities performed after which work has to be halted, inspected, rework performed if necessary and accepted by the QC and QA, before the contractor can move on to the next step of the painting process. They include:

(a) Pre-cleaning,(b) Surface preparation,(c) Primer application,(d) Intermediate coat application,(e) Top coat application and(f) Curing.

Holiday Detection (5-71)


Detection of voids or pinholes after the final coat has been applied but within the recoat period, in case repair of coating film is required. It may also be conducted before the application of the final coat. In this case, the inter-coat cleanliness of the surface must be verified before the application of the final coat. Also, a wetting agent in water should not be used with the holiday detector as the coating surface can become contaminated and may result in inter-coat adhesion problem. Pinhole detection should not be done on a coating system already in use. Holiday detection is conducted on non-conductive coatings applied over metallic conductors or concrete.Holiday detection should not be conduction conductive coatings such as zinc primers, MIO, Aluminum Coatings. As a general rule, the voltage setting is 100 times the thickness of the coating. Also see NACE RP-02-74 standard for voltage regulation. It state thus: √X x 1250 +/-20%. Where x = thickness in mils.

Holiday Detector (5-71)Device used in detecting tiny voids (pinholes) in the coating /lining. They detect voids penetrating down through all the layers to the substrate and also detect discontinuity described as “skips” or “misses” in the coating/lining system. There are two types of holiday detectors:

(a) Low Voltage or “wetted sponge” detectors for nonconductive coating thickness less than 20mills and

(b) High Voltage Detector also known as “spark tester” for nonconductive coatings above 20mills.

Holidays(5-70)Discontinuity skips or misses in the coating or lining system. They are simple areas that are missed by the coating applicator either due to the configuration of the structure or due to negligence of the application while applying coating or lining system. Hydrolysis (6-10)The reaction of a coating with moisture.

Hydroscopic Blistering (3-7)


Also known as osmotic blistering. A process whereby water soluble contaminants trapped beneath a newly-installed coating system begins to draw water through the coating film. This may continue until the concentration of salt on both sides are in equilibrium. Osmotic blistering causes under-film corrosion and premature coating failure.

Hypodermic Needle (3-97)A gage used in measuring the nozzle pressure. The needle is inserted at a 45oC angle in the direction of air and abrasive flow as close as feasible to the blast nozzle.

IImpress current (1-10)Same as cathodic protection.

Induction Time (5-5)Time span within which the individual components of a coating system will co-react or “simmer” after mixing but before application. It is a part of the pot life. Induction time is observed in some multiple components in some multiple component coating.

Industry-Specific Coating Performance Evaluation (6-28)An evaluation of a coating system performance based on testing that represents (as close as possible) the service environment of that industry.

Inhibitive Protection (1-8)Protection of steel substrate from corrosion reaction into the coating system. Examples of inhibitive are Borates, Chromates, Phosphates, etc;

Inhibitors (6-6)Substances which may be added to the pigment to “inhibit” the corrosion process. E.g., zinc powder to a primer will galvanically protect the underlying carbon steel.

Inorganic Zinc-Rich Primer (P5-3)


Zinc-rich primers with methyl or ethyl silicate as its binder. They may be single or multiple component and cure by a reaction with air-borne moisture, hence should not be mixed by boxing or excessive agitation. They release ethyl alcohol on curing and cures dry quick but may not cure for hours or even days if humidity is too low within the prevailing environment. Thus, cure is only verified by measuring MEK Resistance of the ethyl silicate to zinc-rich primer by solvent rub. This cure assessment is described in ASTM D4752. Moisture curing polyurethane release carbon-dioxide on curing.

In-Process Inspection (2-1)Same as Quality Control.

Inspection Plan (2-9)A format that helps the inspector in identifying the inspection checkpoints and the associated acceptance criteria.

Inspection Hold Points:See Hold Point Inspection.

Inspection Check Points:See Check Point Inspection.

Intermediate Coat (6-17)Also known as mid-coat. It is the layer after the primer. It is incorporated into a coating system for the purpose of barrier protection. It has characteristic high build quality and must be compatible with both the primer and topcoat.

Internal Mix Process (5-34)A process whereby the plural component spay is able to mix individual coating together in its mixer or manifold and pumped to the spray gun. This is applicable to coating materials with a relatively short pot life or coating material that do not have viscosity thereby reducing solvent in them (e.g, 100% solid material)

Iron Oxide (1-5)A porous layer which is loosely held to the surface during the corrosion of iron. It is the product of reaction between iron and the atmospheric oxygen.


JJeep Testing: Same as Holiday Test in Pipeline Industry.


L

Lacquer Drying (P4-1)Curing method also known as solvent evaporation. The process will leave a film of non-volatile solids on complete cure. No permanent chemical change takes place in the coating system. Therefore, they are referred to as Non-convertible or Reversible Paints.

Lamellar material (6-6) Plate-like, flat-laying coating film which causes any moisture that penetrates the coating film to take a considerable longer pathway to the substrate. Examples are the Micaceous Iron Oxide (MIO), Aluminium Pigment.

Lamellar Pigment (1-7)Plate-like layer formed by Micaceous Iron Oxide (MIO) or Aluminium flakes in coating formulation for barrier protection.

Lamination (3-10) A steel defect that occurs during the rolling process in the steel mill. It is also known as Silver. Lamination must be removed when discovered, especially after abrasive blast cleaning, using a grinding machine.

Latex Cell (3-26)An adhesive latex membrane used in collecting samples from surfaces of a substrate. It may come as Bresle PatchTM.

Latex Sleeve (3-24)Latex used for collecting sample from the surface of a substrate to test for chloride, ferrous ion and/or conductivity.


Legal Risk (9-5) Risk arising from failure or neglect on the part of an individual or company to provide services to the standard customary to the industry.

Long Oil Paint (P3-2)Curing process where the atoms link up with other atoms to form chains atoms consisting of thousands of atoms in a chain. This curing process is non-convertible or reversible.

Low Voltage Holiday Detector (5-7)Also known as wetted sponged Holiday detector. They are used to detect tiny voids (pinholes) in the coating or lining that penetrates down to all the layers of the substrate when the coating thickness is less than 508 microns (20mils). It also detects discontinuity described as “skips” or “misses” (holiday) in the coating/lining system. Low voltage holiday detectors are used on non-conductive coating applied over conductive substrate or non-conductive coating over concrete.

Lux Candle (3-78)The amount of light emitted by a candle, one meter (1m) away (and perpendicular to) from the source of light. The minimum lux candle for surface preparation and coating application is 215 while the recommended lux candle is 538. The minimum for inspection is 538, while the recommended lux candle is 2153. These readings should be obtained at least for five (5) measurements to ensure that the lightening is uniform across the entire area. To covert lux candle to foot candle, divide by 10.76 factor.


M

Magnehelic Gage (7-20)An instrument that detects and displays the pressure difference between the inside and outside of the containment.

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) (9-7)Documentation that provides safety-related information for materials and their ingredients. It accompany a product whenever they are stored or used. It informs the workers about the health hazard of a material component and provides safeguards for handling and actions in the event of an emergency.

May (10-3)A word used in specification to indicate an acceptable alternative.

Material (Product) Receipt Inspection and Storage Condition Inspection Records:The following should be recorded during product inspection:

(a) Manufacturers Name(b) Product Name(c) Color(d) Shelf Life(e) Type and Quality of Thinner received(f) Batch number(g) Quality Nmber

Measurement Line (7-8)Coating thickness measurement procedure in Thermal Spray Coating (TSC). It is employed for flat surfaces. A minimum of five individual gage readings are taken in


line at 2.5cm (1inch) intervals. The technique measures the “peak to valley” of the TSC. Line measurement is obtained every 10-20m2(100-200ft2)

Measurement Spot (7-8)Coating thickness measurement procedure in thermal Spray Coating (TSC). Measurement line is employed for complex geometrics and geometry transitions. A minimum of five individual gage readings are taken in a spot, with an area of approximately 10cm2 (1.6 inches2). Spot measurement is obtained every 10cm2 to 20cm2 (100ft2-200ft2) of TSC.

MEK ( ) See Methyl Ethyl Ketone.

Metallic Pathway (1-3)The physical connection between the anode and cathode.

Metallizing (7-6)Also known as Thermal Spray Coating (TSC). System of applying metallic coatings on a prepared surface of steel or concrete using an application device fed with metal wire or metal powder which melts and is blown to the surface of the structure in atomized form using compressed air.The three basic forms of metalizing are: (a) Flame (b) Electric Arc Spray, and(c) Plasma Arc SprayThe metals most commonly used in metalizing includes zinc, aluminium, 85% zinc and 15% aluminum alloy. Metalizing is an unforgiving coating and requires surface preparation to SSPC SP5/NACE 1 (for marine and immersion services) along with a minimum of 2.5mil angular profile. Other requirements are removal of grease, oil, dust or debris; compressive cleanliness test; flexibility test and tensile adhesion test

Meter Candle (3-78)Same as Lux Candle

Methods of Coating Application (5-28)There are at least six methods of coating application.

1. Brushes, Rollers and Daubers2. Airless Spray3. Conventional spray4. High Volume Low Pressure Spray (HVLP)5. Air-assisted Airless Spray6. Plural Component Spray


Methods of Substrate Layer Protection (1-7)There are three different ways of providing protection for the substrate layer:

1. Barrier Protection2. Sacrificial Protection, and3. Inhibitive Protection

Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK)An organic solvent. It is used in assessing the curing of coating that cure by polymerization, e.g. Zinc-rich primers (organic or inorganic). Assessment is done by performing a certain amount of “double rub” (say 50). A forward and backwards rub using the solvent on a clean rag is referred to as one double rub. Number of rub is converted to rating scale. The rating is compared to manufacturers PDS or the project specification. This is a standard procedure described by ASTM D5402 (for organic zinc-rich primer) and ASTM D4752.

Micaceous Iron Oxide (MIO) (1-7)Formulation in a barrier protecting coating system which creates a laminar pigment in the coating film. Another of such is Aluminum flakes. MIO coating thickness is measured by PIG because it is ferromagnetic and therefore non-destructive gage which relies on non-magnetic coating cannot be used.

Mid-Coat (6-17)Same as intermediate coat.

MIG (3-7)Metal Tungsten Arc (e.g. arc welding)

Mill Scale (1-19)Blue/black oxide layer on hot-rolled steel.

Mineral Abrasive (3-124)Naturally occurring abrasive which includes silica sand, garnet and staurolite.

MIO (5-7)See micaceous Iron Oxide.

Misses (5-71)Also known as skips. Discontinuity in the coating/lining system.

Moisture Cure (6-10)


Curing mechanism where coating must react with minimum amount of moisture in order to cure. The process is known as Hydrolysis. The result is very resilient coating layer similar to that achieved by polymerization. Moisture curing coatings should not be mixed by boxing or excessive agitation.

Moisture Curing Polyurethane( )

Moisture Cracking (W5-11)Coating defect observed especially in zinc-rich primers due to excessively thickness.

Mylar (3-137)An incompressible layer in a replica tape for measuring surface profile. The thickness is 50cm. This thickness is deducted from the profile obtained by the tape.

N

NDFT (13-16)See Nominal Dry Film Thickness.

Needle Scalar (3-81)A power tool that can both clean and roughen. They are useful for cleaning areas with tight configuration. They are slow for cleaning large areas.

Ninety-Ten (90/10) Rule (13-16)This rule states that the thickness of applied coating on a dedicated seawater ballast tank in all types of ships and double-sided spaces, 90% of all thickness measurement shall be no less than the NDFT (320microns), and none of the remaining 10% shall be below 90% of the NDFT (288microns)

Nominal Dry Film Thickness (NDFT) (13-6)A recommendation by IMO, under PSPC, that an NDFT of 320microns with 90/10 rule for epoxies be achieved for Dedicated Sea water Ballast Tanks in ALL Types of Ships and Double-side spaces of Bulk Carriers.

Non-Convertible Paints (P4-1) Paints whose curing does not involve any chemical reaction. Their binder is a linear or branched polymer which is fully formed and will not undergo any further reaction (polymerization) after application. These paints dissolve when their solvent is reapplied on them. They are also reversible paints. They cure basically by evaporation and coalescence mechanism.


O

Optically Active Additive:Additives added to certain coating to enable the use of black light during pinhole detection. Optically Active Additive makes pinhole appear as black spots in black light; high coating areas appears as brighter luminosity under black light; hot work damage appears as bright glow in black light; bright speckled spot indicates organic dust or grits or cotton fibre.

Organic Contamination (3-11)Contamination on a substrate surface caused by the presence of organic compounds such as grease, oil, lubricants, cutting compounds, etc. They are removable by MEK, Xylene or proprietary cleaners sold by coating manufacturers. They can also be cleaned using steam (with or without cleaning compounds) or pressure washing with a cleaning compound or detergent capable of dissolving the contaminant.

Organic Zinc-Rich Primers (P5-3) Zinc-Rich Primers with epoxy, urethane, vinyl, etc, as binder. They may be single component or multiple component and cure by a reaction with airborne moisture. They release alcohol on curing. Moisture curing Polyurethane releases CO2 on curing.

Osmotic Blistering (3-4)See Hydroscopic blistering.

Oxidation (6-9)Curing mechanism where drying oils in coating react with oxygen (air) to form a film. Oxidation curing process continues to the rest of life of the coating so long as coating is exposed to oxygen. Thus coatings curing by thus mechanism gets brittle when aged as their resin continues to oxidize after the coating is fully cured. These


coatings are also sensitive to excessive film-build and may wrinkle or crack. An example of such coating is alkyd paints.


P

Pack Rust (3-13)Rust that often occur between mating surfaces (crevices)

Partial Kit Mixing (5-18)When multi-component coating is mixed in partial and not in full kit probably because the painting work to be done may not require the total amount resulting in mixing a total kit. This practice should be prohibited as any mathematical error could cause premature failure. If partial mixing must be done, it should be determined if the coating is mixed by weight or by volume so that a scale or a graduated container can be used respectively in the measurement of individual components.

Partial Cathodic Protection (1-9)Substrate protection accomplished by attaching a dissimilar metal directly to a metal substrate to act as a sacrificial anode. An example is when zinc or aluminum is added to the hull of a ship. The zinc or aluminum (anode)will corrode instead of steel body of the hull, thereby protecting the ship hull.

PassivationTreatment of steel in phosphoric or chromic acid to form a layer of rust-inhibitive salt which also aid adhesion and provides resistance to cathodic disbondment.

Patching (3-10)Same as substrate replacement.

Patina (1-6) The characteristics green colour that forms as copper weathers.

Pencil Hardness Test (5-64)Test for coating system hardness as described by ASTM D3363. It measures the scratch and gouge hardness of the coating system. The method often use light film thickness systems. Pencil of various hardness from very soft (6B) to very strong (6H)


(i.e These pencils are designated 6B,5B,4B,3B,2B,B,0,HB,F,H,2H,3H,4H,5H,6H) are sharpened, selected and held at 45oangle to the coated surface. The edge of the blunted lead is pushed into the coating film. The hardest pencil that could not make a scratch gives the scratch hardness. The hardest pencil that could not make a gouge on the surface give the gouge hardness.

Peppery (P10-1)Term that denotes the presence of bits that are small and uniformly distributed.

Personal Risk (9-4)Risk particular to the individual. Examples are entering a hazardous environment, falling from height, breathing toxic gas, etc.

Pickling (3-158)A chemical cleaning process widely used on pipes and steel plates prior to hot dip galvanization. Pipes or steel plate is immersed in a bath of hot acid such as 10% sulphuric acid at 65-70oC. The acid dissolves a thin oxide layer at the interface with the steel causing oil, grease, lubricant, rust and mill scale to be removed. Other acids like phosphoric acid and chromic acids are used to retard corrosion and promote adhesion on steel.

PIG (P7H-2)Paint inspection gage. It is an instrument that uses the destructive method to access DFT.

Pigment (6-4) A non-volatile component of the coating (i.e the solid component of a coating material) it consists of material that gives the coating it hiding power, provides corrosion protection (e.g. inhibitors) barrier protection (e.g. MIO, leafing aluminum, barium, phosphorus), galvanic protection (e.g. zinc powder in the primer). Extenders may also incorporated into the pigment for film build (e.g mica, clay, etc.)

Pinhole (5-70)Tiny void created by excessive surface profile, poor wetting or atomization or by the presence of oil on the surface. They penetrate down through all of th layer s to the coating or lining system on the surface during application, or out-gassing (displacement) of air without subsequent flowing out the coating.

Pinhole Inspection:Identification of tiny voids that penetrated down through all the coating layers using Holiday Detectors and Black Light.

Plasticizers (P3-6)


Reduces the brittleness of the dried film by allowing the molecules of the paint to move more easily thereby making it flexible and easy to apply.. Example of plasticizers are non-drying oil e.g. castor oil, coconut oil. Some alkyds are used to plasticize chlorinated rubbers.

Polymer Molecule (P3-1)A molecule composed of many smaller parts, contributed by similar smaller parts, contributed by similar or dissimilar molecule which are joined together to hundreds or thousands of atoms.

Polymerization (6-9)Curing mechanism in multi-component paints. Curing starts only when the components are blended together in the right proportion thereby triggering chemical reaction between the polymer of the components. This generates a very resilient coating layer when cured. Such coating also have pot life e.g. epoxies, aliphatic, polyster, polyurethane coatings, etc.

Pot life(5-5)Time span within which the individual components of a coating system will co-react or “simmer” after mixing but before application. It is also known as sweat-in time or stand-in time. It is a part of the pot life .induction time observed in some multiple component coating.

Powder Coating (7-9)Application of finely pulverized plastics over prepared steel substrate and causing them to fuse together using heat. Methods of Powder Application are: (a) Fluidized bed (b) Hot Flocking (c) Electrostatic Spray and (d) Thermal Spray. Powders used as plastics could be thermosets or thermoplastics.

Power Tool Cleaning (3-79)Surface cleaning performed by using grinders, pneumatic chisels, needle scalar, rotopen tools and other tools that require an electric or pneumatic power source to operate. They can remove both loosely and tightly adhering corrosion products, paints and mill scale from steel surfaces. They can produce profile up to 1mil.

Pre-job Conference (2-7) A meeting held prior to start-up of project and attended by representatives of the contractors, coating supplies, owner’s representation.

Primary Solvent (6-7)


Solvent formulation into coating and reduce the viscosity of the resin, pigment and additive, so that the coating can be properly atomized through a spray or applied by brush gun or applied by brush or roller.

Primer (6-16)The first protective coating layer to the substrate using barrier, inhibitive, galvanic protection or a combination of these methods. The primer must be compatible with the next layer applied on it.

Process Control Procedure (2-10)Same as Project Specific Work Plan. It covers all the individual phase of a project including both production and inspection. It is a compilation of the individual description of the process that make up the specific and includes acceptance and rejection criteria .it also reference the authority required for approval of non-conformities.

Product Data Sheet (PDS) (5-4)An essential instruction manual from a coating manufacturer that contains information recommendation about the performance and certain formulation of the coating. These information includes: product name, generic type of paint (e.g. epoxy, polyurethane, etc), when and where the paint can and cannot be used, other compatible coating, theoretical coverage or speed rate of the coating, recommended level(s) of surface preparation and recommended DFT, the VOC content of the coating, amount of thinner to be added, adhesion characteristics, accelerated weathering (corrosion resistance, recommended method(s) of application, mixing and thinning instruction, pot life of the coating, sweat-in time, etc.

Product Specification (10-9)One of the three basic component of a specification which lists all the specific products to be used on the product.

Project Specific Standards (3-6)A representative of the actual initial condition, the actual abrasive or tool employed, he surface profile depth and other jobsite conditions. The minimum acceptance condition can be assessed using the SSPC Visual Guide.

Psychrometer (2-52)Instrument used to obtain surface temperature, dew point temperature, relative humidity and air temperature in conjunction with the US weather Bureau Psychrometer Table and Surface Temperature Thermometer.


Q

Quality Assurance (2-1)A process to verify that the quality of work performed is actually what was reported by quality control-ensuring that they meet the owner’s specification.

Quality Control (2-1)Performing necessary observation, testing and documentation that verifies that the work performed meets or exceeds some minimum standards as required by the Project Specification. It is also known as In-process Inspection.

Quanta Chloride Titration Strip (3-32)A calibration strip that measures the quantity of chloride in a sample solution by darkening of chloride along its yellow indicator to a relative extent when dipped into a sample solution of chloride. The value as read on the strip in quanta unit is converted to ppm by interpreting these values on the chart provided on the QuantabTitrator Strip bottle.


R

Recoat Interval (5-30)The space of time between when a coating layer is applied (e.g. primer ) to when the next layer should be applied (e.g. 12-16 hrs)

Recyclable Abrasive (3-126)Abrasive that can be used over and over because they have very low break-down rate. They include steel grit, steel and aluminum oxide.

Refrigerator (3-75)Cooling of air in a contained workplace below its dew point temperature to avoid condensation. It is used only when the ambient condition is approximately 29oC and high relative humidity.

Regulated Thinner (5-25)Thinner that when added to the coating material will lead to the increase of the VOC content.

Replica Tape (3-136)A tape used in surface profile measurement by maintaining the impression made on it by the profile on a prepared surface. The depth of the profile or the impression is measured using a spring loaded micrometer. Its use is described in ASTM D4717 method C and NACE RO0287.

Resin (6-4)Same as Binder.

Risk (9-4)The probability that an undesirable event will occur with its inherent consequence. There are three types of risk: General risk, Personal Risk and Legal risk.

Ropiness (P10-2)


The formation of pronounced brush mark that flow out because of that poor leveling properties of the coating material.

Rotary-Impact Power Tool (3-81)A power tool that can clean and roughen. They are more productive than needle scalars.

Rust Back (3-101)Same as Flash Rust.

SSacrificial Protection (1-80)Creating protection of a steel using a layer that contains a metal that contains a metal that will act as that anode in the corrosion process, thereby protecting the metal substrate (or cathode). Sacrificial coating are generally used as primers, e.g. Zinc-rich Primers, metalizing, likewise galvanizing.

Sagging (5-27)Coating defect caused by excessive thinning or excessive wet film thickness. This results in a downwards movement of a wet film between application and setting,causing an uneven coating with thick lower edge.

Scat Kit (3-18)Surface contamination analysis test Kit

Scratch Hardness The hardest pencil that will not scratch the coating during pencil hardness test. These pencils are designated 6B,5B,4B,3B,2B,B,0,HB,F,H,2H,3H,4H,5H,6H,

Seedy (P10-1)Term that denotes the presence of bits that have developed in a coating material during storage.

Set-To-Touch (5-62)Curing point where the coating film is tacky but does not attach to the finger or transfer to the glass.

Shall (10-3)A word used in specification to indicate a requirement.

Shell Life (5-5)The period of time that the coating can be used form the date of manufacture.


Short Oil Paints (P3-2) Paint that contains more oil than resin as binder, producing brittle, fast drying paint film used for decorative purposes.

Should (10-3)A word used in specification to indicate a strong recommendation or preference.

Silicosis (P2-2)Health hazard caused by the use of sand containing free silica in dry blasting operation.

Silver (3-10) same as lamination.

Skin Over (5-27)Coating defect caused when the surface coating dries before the solvent in the coating have an opportunity to flow together and knit into a continuous film.

Skip (5-71)Same as misses.

Slag Abrasive (3-124)By-product of other industries which are processed into abrasive. They includes copper, coal and nickel slag.

Slip Coefficient (7-4)A certain resistance to slip by which a primer is selected during an engineering design of structures containing load bearing members, e.g. beams for building, bridges, etc. Traditionally, zinc-rich primers were used on slip critical connections. Class A slip rating is minimum 0.33 coefficients. Class B = 0.5 slip coefficient

SoluteSolids that dissolves in the solvent

Solution The end product of dissolving a solute in a solvent.

Solvent Cleaning (3-11)An SSPC cleaning standard of cleaning that requires the removal of all visible grease, oil, lubricants, cutting compounds and other non-visible contaminants from the surface by cleaning with solvent, vapor, alkaline emulsion or steam. The


standard is referred to as SSPC SP1. It is an indirect requirement to nearly all of SSPC surface cleanliness standards.

Solvent Evaporation (6-8)The curing mechanism for coatings whose resin, pigment and additives are suspended in a solvent system. When solvent evaporation from the applied film into air the resin, pigment and additive remain on the surface. It is also called the non-convertible or paint because the paint are easily dissolved when their solvent reapplied to the dried coating.

Solvent Rub (5-63)Methods in assessing the solvent resistance of organic coatings, e.g. Zinc-rich primers, using a solvent. It can evaluate cure on any coating which cures by polymerization or by moisture curing. It involves saturating a cloth with Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) solvent and conducting a series of “double rub” until a specified number of rub is achieved (25 “double rubs” for organic zinc solvent). The number of “double rubs“ is converted to rating scale and compared to manufacturers PDS or project specification. The procedure is described by ASTM D5402.

Solvent System (6-7)The volatile component of a coating. It is referred to as a solvent system because a coating formulation usually consists of more than one solvent. The solvent system is part of the WFT but not part of the DFT. Solvent is divided into two categories: primary and secondary solvents.

Solvent (3-12)Organic compound that can be used to dissolve organic contaminants. They includes Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) , Xylene, Chromated Solvents (i.e. Methyl chloride). Their primary responsibility is to reduce the viscosity of resin, pigment and additives. There are two types of solvent: primary and secondary solvent. The primary solvent reduces the viscosity of the coating, while the secondary solvent ensures the knitting together and flow-out of coating. Solvents are part of the WFT and not DFT. They are also part of the Volatile Organic Component, VOC.

Note: Chlorinated solvents should never be used to prepare stainless steel. They can cause deterioration. Also, special training and proper PPE is require when using it. However, when using alkaline cleaner, ensure the substrate surfaces are thoroughly cleaned and tested for residual alkalinity. Else, coating may adversely react with the surface, causing failure.

Spark Tested (5-71)Same as High Voltage Holiday Detectors.

Specific Ion Detection (3-17)


Test carried out on a steel surface to know the type and quality of water-soluble salts that is on the surface.

Specification Total outline of the procedure, standards, scope, definition, work environment and requirement pertaining to a particular project. Coating specification contains three basic components: General, Product and Executive specification.

Specifying Coating:Coating are specified as thus: (a) Trade Name (b) Trade Name/ Equal (c) Qualified Product List (d) Formulation

Spot Reading (5-50)Five gage readings at specified points on the coated surface taken within 1.5” of radius .

Spray Tip (5-30)The opening orifice or outlet, through which coating material exits, atomizes and is transferred in a fan shape to prepare surface. Most tips are identified using a 3-digit number; first number is doubled to obtain the size of the fan at 30cm (12inch) from the surface. The remaining two digits indicate the orifice size of the spray tip. Example, a tip with sizing 521 implies that the orifice size is 0.5cm (0.021 inches) and the fan width is 25cm (10inch) when the spray tip is maintained at 30cm (12inches) from the surface.

SSPC AB1 (3-125)SSPC Abrasive Specification No.1 (AB1), “Mineral and Slag Abrasives” defines the requirement for selecting and evaluating mineral and slag abrasive used for blast cleaning. Mineral and Slag are otherwise known as the Expandable abrasives. The following tests are conducted on expandable abrasives to verify their conformance to AB1 (a) specific gravity, (b) weight change on ignition,(c) moisture content, (d) crystalline silica content,(e) particle size distribution (sieve analysis)*,(f) hardness, (g) water soluble contaminants*,(h) oil content*,


(i) surface profile yield*. These are indirect requirements of SSPC abrasive blast cleanliness standards when an expandable abrasive is used. An * indicates that the inspector can also perform this test in the field to verify that the lot of abrasive delivered to the site meets the requirement of SSPC AB1.

SSPC AB2 (3-127)SSPC Abrasive Specification No.2. A Standard specification on “Cleanliness of Recycled Ferrous Metallic Abrasive). It specifies the cleanliness of used or recycled abrasive (not new abrasive). It governs steel and other “recyclable” abrasive. The following test must be conducted to verify the conformance of recycled abrasive to AB 2: (a) non-abrasive residue*,(a) lead content, (c) water soluble contaminants* (d) oil content. An * indicates that the inspector can also perform this test in the field to verify that the lot of abrasive meets the requirement of SSPC AB2

SSPC AB3 (3-126)SSPC Abrasive Specification No.3 (AB3). . A Standard specification on “Cleanliness of Ferrous Metallic Abrasive. It contains list of tests that the abrasive manufacturer must conduct and report on prior to publishing that the abrasive meets the standard. The following tests must be conducted: Class (Class 1 is steel abrasive and Class 2 is iron abrasive), (a) Abrasive size*(b) Specific gravity, (c) Chemical composition(d) Hardness, (e) Durability, (f) Cleanliness*,(g) Conductivity*. An * indicates that the inspector can also perform this test in the field to verify that the lot of abrasive meets the requirement of SSPC AB3.

SSPC AB2 (3-128)SSPC Abrasive Specification No. 4. A standard that defines the performance requirement for “Recyclable Encapsulated Abrasive Media” consisting of steel grit,or aluminum oxide in a compressible open-cell matrix (i.e., “sponge”). It requires specialized equipment and is used when dust control is a priority.

Stand-In Time (5-5)


Same as induction time. The time require to allow individual component in some multiple component coating to co-react or “simmer” after mixing, but before application. It is also known as “sweat-in” time.

StandardsSomething published for use as a rule or basis of comparison in measuring or judging capacity, quality, content, quality, value, etc.

Steel Grit (3-126)Angular shaped abrasive made of steel. Their sizes are measured according to their sieve number. Thus, the larger the sieve number, the smaller the grit size.

Steel Shot (3-126)Round-shaped abrasive made of steel. Their sizes are measured according to their diameter. Therefore, the larger the diameter, the larger their sizes. Their diameter can also be measured using the micrometer gage.

Straight Bore Nozzle (3-123)A type of blast nozzle. They are less productive than the venture but will give desire degree of cleanliness and surface profile depth.

Stratified Rust (3-14)Rust that often occur on the surface of the steel.

Strip Coating/Stripping (5-30)The application of a single or multi-layer of a coating to a surface that is relatively difficult to achieve a normal film build on. It can be applied using brushes or spray. They are mostly applied to edges, corners, bolt/nut assembly, coat rivets, weld seams, bolt, holes, weld seams and other appurtenances prior to application prior to application of full coat since the service environment is that of continuous immersion. Strip coating could be Dry or Wet Strip Coating.

Substrate Replacement (3-10)The removal of an old structure that have extensive corrosion. Affected area is cut off using torch cutting while installation of replacement steel is done by welding or simply by welding a new section of steel over the deficient sections (patching)

Surface preparation (3-2)The act of cleaning and roughening of the surface to improve mechanical adhesion of the coating system to the substrate. The cleaning and roughening form then dual purpose cleaning.

Surface Preparation Methods


1. Dry Abrasive Blast Cleaning2. Wet Abrasive Blast Cleaning3. Hand and Power Tool Cleaning4. Flame Cleaning5. Pickling6. Vapour Degreasing7. Weathering

Surface Profile Comparator (3-131)A collection of a 5X power illuminated magnifier and one comparator disc containing anchor pattern.its use is described in ASTM D4717 method A. Prepared steel surface is virtually compared to the segment of the disc to select the profile that match prepare surface which could be a project specific standard. The selected segment has on it marks that indicates the abrasive used, the surface profile depth (in mils) and the yea disc was made. E.g., 3.0 G/S,SH will mean Shot Abrasive; S will mean sand abrasive.

Surface Profile (3-129)Same as Anchor Pattern.

Surface Profile Depth Gage (3-134)Instrument for measuring the surface profile depth of abrasive blast cleaned surfaces described in the method B of ASTM 4717.

Surface Swabbing (3-20)A sample collection method with low extraction efficiency by which you can test PH, Chloride and/or ferrous ion.

Suspension (P3-7)A sample where solid particles (e.g. solvent), each particle or groups of particles being surrounded by the liquid.

Sweat-In Time (5-5)Same as “Induction Time”


TTactile Assessment ( 1-9;3-9)An inspection method for identifying sharp edge prior to surface preparation and coating installation. It involve rubbing of a finger along an edge to assess surface roughness or level of preparation.Proper documentation will go along with this assessment to indicate that edge/corner preparation was satisfactory.

Technical Data Sheet (5-4)Same as the Product Data Sheet.

Tempering (3-79)Same as feathering.

Test PatchesVarious coating systems on different levels of surface preparation made on existing structure before over-coating so as to understand the compatibility of the existing coating with the applied coating system. Common defects should be looked out for while adhesion and hardness tests are conducted on test patch.


Thermal Spray Coating (TSC) (7-6)Same as Metalizing .

Thermometer (3-69)Instrument for measuring the temperature of surfaces. It may be:

1. Dial type surface temperature thermometer: for obtaining the surface temperature of a surface by placing the thermometer directly on top of the surface. E.g. Paint thermometer.

2. Thermocouple Digital Surface Thermometer: for obtaining the temperature of a surface by placing the probe to the surface. E.g. thermocouple-type thermometer with immersion probe.

3. Non-contact Infra-red Thermometer: for obtaining the surface temperature by pointing the thermometer infra-red laser to the target surface 1 foot away and pulling the trigger. It should not be used on roughened or blasted surfaces. Reading on such surface may be erroneous.

Thermoplastics (7-9)Material (especially in powder coating) which melt, flow and form a film with no change in chemical composition. E.g. polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, polyvinyl chloride and thermoplastic polysters.

Thermosets (7-9)Materials (especially in powder coating) which melt, flow and cross-link during curing. E.g. epoxy, acrylic, polyurethane and hybrids. Examples are Epoxy, Acrylic, Polyurethane and Hybrids. The most common thermoset is the Fusion-Bonded Epoxy (FBE).

Thixotropic Agents (P3-6)Materials that keeps the solids in dispersion. E.g., Bentone and Waxes.

TIG (3-7)Gas Tungsten Arc (e.g. argon welding)

Tolerance of Coating Thickness Measurement (5-52)System of coating thickness measurement applied when SSPC PA2 is specified. The standard indicates the tolerance of coating thickness measurement thus: the average of the three individual measurement (the spot measurement) must be 80% of the minimum thickness and 120% of the maximum thickness. Thus, a specified range of 4-6mil will have a tolerance limit of 3.2-7.2 mils.

Tooke Gage (5-54)Instrument for measuring the coating thickness consisting of a plastic or aluminum gage body and battery compartment; a 50 power illuminated microscope with a scale etched onto the lens; a focus adjustment for the microscope and three tungsten


carbide precision cutting tip. It is, perhaps, the most accurate field method of measuring coating thickness by making a grove through the coating layer as separate by their color contrast. It is a destructive method of DFT measurement.

Top Coat (6-7)See Finish Coat.

Touch-Up Kit (5-22)Also known as cartridges. They are designed to patch or repair damaged coating, without having to mix a long kit. A plunger pushes the components through a built-in static mixer, which bends the components in a 1:1 ratio. Blended component exits the static mixer and is applied to the damaged area using a brush.

Tri Society Guide (7-6)Specification (developed by SSPC, NACE and AWS) for the application of thermal spray coated (metalizing) of Aluminum, Zinc and their alloys and composites for the corrosion protection of steel.


U

Under-film Corrosion (3-14)An effect of osmotic blistering where corrosion of a coated substrate commences from beneath the coating surface.


VVacuum Blast Cleaning (3-122)Machine that accomplish surface cleaning by throwing or hurling abrasive at the surface to be prepared using a high speed centrifugal wheels.

Vane Anemometer (7-20)Instrument that can measure the air flow inside the containment.

Vehicle (6-4)The liquid component of a coating formulation. It carries the pigment and binds it into the coating film. It consists of the resin or binder, solvent and any additive that may be included in the formulation. (Other raw material could be present which provide additional or different performance characteristics.

Venturi Blast Nozzle (3-12)A type of blast nozzle shaped to increase the velocity of the abrasive so that it exit the nozzle. It is more productive than the straight bore nozzle. Shorter venturi nozzle are less production.

Vial Test (3-128)Same as Abrasive Cleanliness Test. A clear glass cup is filled one-third full with the abrasive, then two-third part is filled with clean water. Shake the abrasive/water sample vigorously. Allow the abrasive to settle for 30 minutes. Observe the top surface of the water for an oil film and the entire liquid portion for coor and turbidity (cloudiness). If abrasive contains oil, it cannot be used. Conductivity test could also be conducted on the sample as described in ASTM D4940, if required by the project specification. If the project specification references AB1, AB2, AB3 or AB4 the tolerable threshold for conductivity is 1000 microsiemen.

Viscosity Cup (5-26)Cups used in measuring the viscosity of a coating. It measures the adjustment made to coating by the addition of thinner. With the aid of a stop watch attached to the


stainless cup of known diameter, the time taken for the coating filling the cup to drain through the orifice is measured. The number of seconds it took the coating to flow out is compared to the coating to flow out is compared to the targeted time, thereby comparing its change in viscosity.

Viscosity (P13-1)A measurement of a fluid resistance to flow. It is measured using a viscometer.

Volatile Organic Content (VOC) (5-25)The part of the coating material that will evaporate on curing. It is not part of solid content and is made up of the solvent system and the thinner.


WWater Break Test (3-13)Method of detecting the presence of oil by atomizing clean water on the surface using a spray atomizer. If the water form ”lenses” that remained for 25 seconds or so before flowing together, the surface free from oil. However, if the water form droplets (forms a “water break”) within 25 seconds, it is likely that the surface contains grease, oil or water contaminant that is not water soluble.

Water Jetting (3-142)A method of surface cleaning by jetting water on a surface under even tightly-adhering coating system from the underlying surface. It is designated SSPC WJ and previously known as SSPC SP12. It cannot create anchor pattern. The categories of water jetting cleaning according to their pressures are:

1. Low Pressure Water Cleaning (LPWC) (5,000psi)2. High Pressure Water Cleaning (HPWC) (5,000-10,000psi)3. High Pressure Water Jetting (HPWJ) (10,000-30,000psi)4. Ultra-High Pressure Water Jetting (30,000psi)

Water Soluble Contaminants (Salts) (3-14)Same as Chemical Contaminants.

Weathered Steel (1-6)An alloy that is able to protect its surface from atmospheric corrosion by producing iron oxide as a protective layer. They are not recommended for salt-water environment, continuous submergence in water or severe industrial exposure.

Weld Spatter (3-7)A protrusion from the surface of a steel from welding operation, usually on steel sections or pipe section that were welded together using Stick, Flux Core, Gas Metal Arc (MIG) or Gas Tungsten Arc (TIG) welding. Weld spatter is to be removed as it occur or prior to coating application. Weld spatter under a coating layer may create surface tension between the protrusion and the coating, causing the coating to draw


thin on the spatter. Weld spatter may also remove itself from the steel, creating void in the coating system and a pathway for corrosion of the underlying steel.

Wet Film Thickness Comb (5-44)Also known as Wet Film Thickness Gage. A device with four measuring face sand numbered tooth used in measuring the wet film thickness of a coating system. The number on each tooth corresponds to the wet film thickness in microns. They could be made of steel, Aluminum or plastic.

Wet Stripping (5-20)A layer of coating applied to surfaces that are relatively hard to achieve a normal film build on. The coating layer will only be allowed to get tacky, releasing most of the solvent within 5-20 minutes before the full coat is applied.

Wetted Sponge Holiday Detector (5-7)Same as the Low Voltage Holiday Detector.

WFT (5-37)Wet Film Thickness. The thickness of a freshly applied coating measurement with the WFT comb gage. It is made up of the volatile and non-volatile component of the paint.

Wheels (3-81)Same as non-woven fiber wheels.

Work Plan (2-10)Same as Process Control Procedure.

Working Mix (P2-2)The efficient abrasive medium containing a controlled mix of large and small particles.

Wrinkling (W5-11)Coating defect caused when coating is applied over uncured layer. This occurs in alkyd coating. The top layer dry while underlying layer is still wet.


YY-CUT (5-131)Also known as Type A Adhesion Test. The procedure is described by ASTM D3359. Adhesion test is carried out in a selected coated surface cut through to the substrate making an intersection at about 30o-45owhile each of the x-intersection is spaced at 1inch apart top and bottom. The adhesion is rated from 5A to 0A indicating a condition of “no peeling or removal” to a condition of “removal of coating beyond the area of X”. The X-Cut is used for casting systems above 5mils in thickness.

xX-Cut (5-131)Also known as Type A adhesion Test. Two 1.5 inch long cut is made to intersect each other long cut is made to intersect each other at 30owhile cutting through the coating system down to the substrate using a new razor blade in a utility knife. The legs at the top and bottom of the X should be appropriately 1inch apart.

z

Zinc-Rich Primers (5-24)Coating system with zinc as its pigment. This may be single or multiple component coating. Zinc in primer performs cathodic protection purpose. Many single component, moisture-curing zinc-rich primer contains anti-settling agent and therefore do not require pot agitation during spray-out to avoid moisture entrainment into the coating, causing it to gel. Zinc-rich primer could be organic or inorganic zinc-


rich primer. Coating curing in zinc-rich primer is assessed using MEK through a given number of “double rubs”

APPLICABLE CODESAbrasives

SSPC AB1 Mineral and SLAG ABRASIVE “ it defines the requirement for selecting and evaluating mineral slag abrasive used for blast cleaning. It is an indirect requirement of SSPC abrasive blast cleaning standard when expendable abrasive is used

SSPC AB2 Cleanliness of recycled ferrous metallic abrasive” ti defines the cleanliness requirement for recycled blast cleaning abrasive. It is an indirect requirement of SSPC abrasive blast cleaning standard.

SSPC AB3 Newly Manufactured or Re-manufactured Steel Abrasive” it defines the requirement for steel abrasive used for blast cleaning. It is an indirect requirement of the SSPC abrasive blast cleaning

SSPC AB4 Recycled Encapsulated Abrasive Media” it define performance requirement for recyclable encapsulated abrasive media consisting of steel grit ar aluminum oxide in a compressed open-cell matrix (i.e sponge) it is evoked when dust control is a priority.

Abrasive CleanlinessASTM D4940 Standard Test method for Condumetric analysis of water soluble ionic contamination of Blasting Abrasives


Adhesion ASTM D3359 Adhesion Test by Tape (Field Test Method)

ASTM D6677 Knife Adhesion Test (Field Test Method)

ISO 4624 Pull-off adhesion test

Blister Test

ISO 4628 Blister Assessment

ASTM D714 Blister Assessment

Compressed Air CleanlinessASTM D4285 Test Method for indicating Oil or Water in Compress Air.

Curing

ASTM D1640 (5-43) Standard test Method for Drying, Curing and Film Formation of Organic Coating at Room Temperature.

ASTM D4752 Test Method for Measuring MEK Resistance of ethyl silicate (inorganic) Zinc Rich Primer by Solvent Rub. Standard is similar to ASTM D5402. Only that it is specified to inorganic zinc-rich primer

ASTM D5402 (5-62) Assessment the solvent resistance of organic Coating using solvent rubs, this is used to verify or evaluate the cure of any coating of any coating used to verify or evaluate the cure of any coating which cures by polymerization or by moisture cure. Solvent used is MEK


DFTASTM D7091-05 Standard practice for Non-destructive measurement of DFT of non-magnetic coating applied to non-ferrous metals.

ASTM D 6132 Standard Test for non-destructive measurement of DFT of applied organic coating over concrete using an ultrasonic gage.

Film thicknessASTM D4014 Practice for Measurement of Wet Film Thickness by Notch Gages

ASTM D4138 Test Method for Measurement of DFT of Protective coating System by Destructive means using PIG or Took Gage.

ASTM D4414 (5-43) Test method for Field measurement of Wet Film Thickness by notch Gage.

ASTM D6132 Standard Test Method for Nondestructive Measurement of DFT of Applied Organic Coating over Concrete using an ultrasonic Gage

ASTM D7091-05 Standard Practice for Nondestructive measurement of DFT of non-magnetic Coating applied to ferrous metal and Non-magnetic, non destructive coating applied to non-ferrous metals. Cannot distinguish individual coatings

Holiday Test

ASTM D4787 Standard Practice for Continuity verification of liquid or sheet Lining Applied to Concrete Substrate

RP0188 Standard recommended practice- Discontinuity (Holiday) Testing

ASTM D5162 Practice for discontinuity (holiday) Testing of non-conductive protective coating on metallic substrate.


Pull-Off TestASTM D4541 Pull-off strength of coating using portable adhesion.

ASTM D7234 Pull-off strength of coating on concrete using portable adhesion Tester

Soluble Salt Contaminant TestISO 8502 Preparation of Steel Substrates before Application of Paint and Related Products - Test for the Assessment of Surface Cleanliness

ISO 8502-05 Measurement of chloride on steel prepared for painting-Ion Detection Tube Method

ISO 8502-06 Bressle Method Extraction of soluble contaminants for analysis

ISO 8502-09 Field method for conductometric determination of water soluble salts

ISO 8502-10 Field method for the Titrimetric determination of water soluble chloride

SSPC Guide

SSPC GUIDE 12 SSPC GUIDE 12 (3-77) Guide for illumination of industrial painting projects. Dec=scribe the minimum and recommended lightening requirement under foot candle or Lux candle

SSPC GUIDE 15 Field method for retrieval and analysis of soluble salts on substrates. This describes the methods for sampling and analysis of soluble contaminants

Surface Profile

ASTM D4417A Same as ISO 8503-1/2. Measurement of Surface Profile after Abrasive Blast Cleaning using Surface Profile comparator


ASTM D4417 B Measurement of Surface Profile after Abrasive Blast Cleaning using a Surface Profile Depth Micrometer

ASTM D4417 C Measurement of Surface Profile after Abrasive Blast using a Replica Tape in conjunction with a Spring-loaded Micrometer

ISO 8501-1/2 (3-30) Standard for test Method for Measurement of Surface Profile (roughness) of Abrasive Blast Cleaned Metal using Surface Comparator. Same as ASTM 4417 method A.

NACE RP0287 Test Method for Field Measurement of Surface Profile of Abrasive Blast Cleaned Steel

Surface Preparation

ISO 8501-1 Code for Surface Preparation standard. Similar to SSPC VIS

ISO 8502 Preparation of Steel Substrates before Application of Paint and Related Products - Test for the Assessment of Surface Cleanliness

ISO St 2Thorough Hand and Power Tool Cleaning.

ISO St3Very thorough Hand and Power Tool Cleaning.

E337 Environmental Conditions

ASTM D4212 Viscosity Cup measure

SSPC PA1


Standard Specification for Painting Of Steel Shop, Field and Maintenance Painting of Steel.

SSPC PA2Measurement of Dry Coating Thickness with Magnetic Gages.

DEHUMIDIFICATIONSSPC Technical |Report TR3/NACE 6A192 “dehumidification and Temperature Control during Surface Preparation, Application and Curing for Coatings/Linings of Steel Tanks, Vessels and Other Enclosed Spaces”


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