COGENERATIONCOGENERATION

Presented By:PRUTHIRAJ SWAIN(12PS21F)

DefinitionDefinition : : Cogeneration is the simultaneous generation in one process of

thermal energy and electrical and/or mechanical energy;

Useful heat is heat produced in a cogeneration process to satisfy an economically justifiable demand for heating or cooling;

The heat produced by cogeneration can be delivered through various mediums, including warm water (e.g., for space heating and hot water systems), steam or hot air (e.g., for commercial and industrial uses).

It is also possible to do Trigeneration, the production of

electricity, heat and cooling.

Trigeneration is an attractive option in situations where all three needs exist, such as in production processes with cooling requirements.

Cogeneration technologiesCogeneration technologies Combined cycle gas turbine with heat recovery Steam backpressure turbine Steam condensing extraction turbine Gas turbine with heat recovery Internal combustion engine Micro turbines Sterling engines Steam engines Fuel cells ORC

Other classifications: Topping cycle Bottoming cycle

Cogeneration units: Micro-cogeneration means below 50 kWe; Small-scale cogeneration means below  1 MWe.

Power to heat ratio (P/H): the ratio between electricity from cogeneration and

useful heat when operating in full cogeneration mode

Efficiency coefficient for heat generation Efficiency coefficient for heat generation onlyonly

Fuel type Overall efficiency

Solid fuels Hard coal/coke 0.88Peat 0.86Wood fuels 0.86Oil, LPG 0.89Biofuels 0.89Natural gas 0.9Biogas 0.7

Efficiency coefficient for electricity Efficiency coefficient for electricity generation onlygeneration only

Fuel type Overall efficiency

Solid fuels Hard coal/coke 0.442Peat 0.390Wood fuels 0.330Oil, LPG 0.442Biofuels 0.442Natural gas 0.525Biogas 0.420

Electricity

Heat energy

Condensing power plant

Boiler house

Electricity

Heat energy

CHP

Alternatives for heat and electricity supplyAlternatives for heat and electricity supply

Where can CHP be Economically Where can CHP be Economically Attractive?Attractive?Data CentersColleges &

UniversitiesEthanol/ Biofuel

Process PlantsFood Processing

PlantsHospitalsHotelsIce ArenasChemicals, Pulp &

Paper, Fabricated Metals,

Plastics

Nursing HomesOffice BuildingsLarge Multi-Family

ApartmentsRefrigerated

WarehousesRestaurantsSupermarketsTheatresGreenhousesWastewater

Treatment Facilities

Why is There an Opportunity?Why is There an Opportunity? Rising Concerns Over – Blackouts/Brownouts – Power Supply Constraints – Marked Increases in Electricity & Fuel Prices Selected Power Outage Costs

GeneratorsGeneratorsTwo Types of GeneratorsTwo Types of Generators

Induction• Requires Grid

Power Source to Operate

• When Grid Goes Down, CHP System Goes Down

• Less Complicated & Less Costly to Interconnect

• Preferred by Utilities

Synchronous• Self Excited (Does

Not Need Grid to Operate)

• CHP System can Continue to Operate thru Grid Outages

• More Complicated & Costly to Interconnect (Safety)

• Preferred by Customers

CHP Recycles the Waste Heat CHP Recycles the Waste Heat from from Power Generation achieving efficiencies of over Power Generation achieving efficiencies of over 80%.80%.

Fuel input

Separategeneration

Power station43%

Boiler house95%

CHP

Electricity35%

Useful heat50%

81

53

Total 134

Fuel input

100

Total 100

Electricity35

Heat50

Output

25%134

100134savingsenergy Primary

CHP and separate generationCHP and separate generation

Benefits of CHPBenefits of CHP High Efficiency, On-Site Generation Means High Efficiency, On-Site Generation Means :: Improved Reliability.(Avoiding business disruptions)

50% less CO2 emissions.(Monetizing Environmental benefits)

Up to 80% energy efficient.(Reducing Fuel use)

Removes requirement for back-up diesels (Conserve Natural Resources)

Can uplift Green Star ratings by 1-2 stars.

Usually cost-effective. Support Grid Infrastructure

Fewer T&D ConstraintsDefer Costly Grid UpgradesPrice Stability

Facilitates Deployment of New Clean Energy Technologies

Environmental benefitsEnvironmental benefits

0

50

100

150

200

250

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2013 2015 2018 2020

CO2

emis

sion

fro

m h

eat

ener

gy g

ener

ation

, CO

2/kW

h

CO2 emissions reduced by 75%-90% (44-54 thousand Tonnes/year) Overall efficiency in CHP mode – 89%

Efficiency Benefits of CHPEfficiency Benefits of CHP

Environmental Benefits of CHP Environmental Benefits of CHP (NO(NOxx))

Conclusion:Conclusion:The main reasons for higher specific energy

consumption in Indian Industries are obsolete technology, lower capacity utilization and poor operating and maintenance practices.

EC has received increased attention in India since the mid seventies but its impact is felt at a low face due to inhibiting attitudes, insufficient technical know-how, market distortions, high cost of efficient end use devices, capital shortage etc.

There is a need to design interventions in terms of policies and institutions which addresses these issues and create incentives for energy conservation.

THANK YOU