Collaborative processes over shared waters

Lylia KhennacheENVR-610

Source: Prix Pictet

Outline

• Watershed institutions Centralizing power in a decentralised institution Power Balance or Cooperation?

• Case study Nile River

• Preliminary conclusions

Research Question

Do Collaborative Institutions support the adaptation to drivers (population rise, climate change) that are impacting the quality and quantity of the water in a basin?

Nile River Case Study

Hydropolitical relations

Climate Change IssuesEgypt: Water and air pollution, filling of wetlands, desertification, waterlogging and soil salinity, sanitation, river bank degradation

Ethiopia: Deforestation,Overgrazing, Soil erosion, desertification, sanitation, loss of biodiversity (including agrobiodiversity), Floods Droughts

Sudan: Soil erosion desertification, pollution of water supplies, wildlife hunting, floods, droughts, sanitation,• deforestation

Tanzania: Deforestation, soil degradation, desertification, river and lake pollution, poaching and shortage of potable water

Kenya:River and lake pollution (point and non-point source), deforestation, desertification, soil erosion, sedimentation, loss of wetlands, eutrophication and water weeds

Rwanda: Deforestation, soil erosion, degradation of river banks and lakeshores, desertification, wildlife hunting, overgrazing

Uganda: Draining of wetlands, deforestation, soil erosion, encroachment into marginal lakeshore and riverine ecosystems, point and non point-source pollution

Burundi: River and lake pollution, deforestation, soil erosion, wildlife hunting

Source: Transboundary Environmental Analysis

Population Rise

Agriculture-based economies= water based economies

Society Governance Water GNI Significant Resources A I S HDI Corruption WSI water (agr.%)

Div N Egypt 1580Oil, mining, Finished Goods 14.9 36.1 49 0.708 2,6 - 3,3 88.68 82

Div Low Kenya 680 Agriculture 27 18.5 54.4 0.521 1,9 - 2,3 1.09 76

On the Brink Agric Tanzania 400 Agriculture, mining 44.5 17.8 37.6 0.467 2,9 - 3,4 0.03 89On the Brink Agric Uganda 340 Agriculture, mining 32.7 24.8 42.5 0.505 2,5 - 3,0 0 60

Agric v Poor Ethiopia 220 Agriculture 47.7 13.3 39 0.406 2,1 - 2,7 26.29 86Agric v Poor Rwanda 320 Agriculture 42.3 20.5 37.3 0.452 2,3 - 3,3 0 94

Fragile Oil Chad 540 Oil ,Agriculture 22.7 51.2 26.1 0.388 1,7 - 1,9 1.95 82Fragile Oil Sudan 960Oil, agriculture 33.7 29.7 36.6 0.526 1,6 - 1,9 31.13 94

Fragile V Poor Burundi 110 Agriculture 34.8 20 45.1 0.413 2,0 - 3,0 0 64

Fragile V Poor DRC 140 Mining, Oil, Fish 46 25.3 28.7 0.411 1,8 - 2,1 0 23

Result

Water Demand Water Supply+ =

Cooperation?

Complexity

Ministry of Water

Resources

Water Supply and Sewerage

Dept.

Environmental Protection Authority

The Awash Basin Water Resources

Management Agency

National Meteorological Service Agency

Specialized public enterprises

Water Works Design

Supervision Enterprise

Water Resource

Development Fund

Ministry of Energy and

Mines

Ministry of Agriculture &

Rural Development

Bureau of Water, Mines and Energy

Bureau of Water

Resources Development

Commissions Sustainable Agriculture &

Environmental Rehabilitation

Woreda Water Desks

Desk for Rural Development

Woreda Council

Water Users Association

Ministry of Water Resources and

Irrigation

E.P. A for Survey

E. P. A for Drainage Project

Egyptian Public Authority for Aswan

Dam

National Water Research Centre

North Sinai Dev. Org.

Egyptian Public Authority for Shore

Protection

Ministry of Agriculture &

Land Reclamation

GARPAD

GAFRD

Soils, Water & Environmental Research

Institute

Ministry of Electricity and

Energy

River TransportAuthority

Ministry of Interior

Surface Water Police

Ministry of Transport

Ministry of Local Development

MHUNC

Public Companies Municipal Water Cairo

& Alexandria

AWGA

Private Companies

Canal Suez Authority

Ministry of State for

Environmental Affairs

Egyptian Environmental Affairs

Agency

Water Quality Department

Law 4/1994

AGOSDGOGCWSGOSDC

NOPWASDEconomic Public Authorities of 9 Governorates

Bureau of Agriculture

Irrigation Development

Authority

Ministry of Water Resources and

Irrigation

Ministry of Agriculture &

Forestry

Natural Water Directorate

Ministry of Environment and

Tourism

Ministry of

Tourism

Sudan Gezira Board

Irrigation Committee

Financial Committee

Permanent Joint Technical

Commission

Goundwater & WADIS Directorate The Nile Water

Directorate

Hidraulic Research Station for

Hydraulic Silt & Sedimentation

Research

The National Water

Corporation

National Council for Water

Resources

State Drinking Water Corporation

Higher Council for Environment

& Natural Resources

Secretariat

Water Management Organisations

EGYPT

ETHIOPIA

SUDAN

ENSAPT ENTRO

EGYPTERA

NEC

Sudan Meteorological

Authority

Ministry of Labour &

Social Affairs

FeMSEDA

Institutions related to JMP-1Other Key Governmental Organisations

Organisations related toAgriculture & Irrigation

National Institute of Oceanography and

Fisheries (NIOF)

Ministry of State for Scientific Research

of Egypt

Ministry of Health and Population

Ministry of Planning

Land Administration Desks

Ministry of Trade and Industry

Federal Ministry of Labour and

Social Affairs

Federal Micro and Small

Enterprises Development

Agency

Ministry of Energy and

Mining

Ministry of Animal

Resources

National Electricity

Corporation

Fisheries Research Centre

Technical Water Resources

Organ

Executive Unit of Merowe Dam

Project

Executive Unit for Heightening Roseires Dam

Kenana and Rahad Executive

Corporation

Jonglei Canal Executive Authority

Irrigation Operation General

Directorate

General Directorate of

Agriculture

Animal Resources Research

Corporation

River Transport Corporation

Ministry of Science and Technology

(MOST)

Ministry of Electricity

EEPCO

Key Organisations relatedto the Water Sector

Office of the General Directorate of

Planning

General Directorate for Irrigation Operations

General Directorate for Dams Operations

Civil Defence management for flood control and

mitigation

Ministry of Social

Development

Ministry of Transportation

Nile Water Sector

Central Dept. For Egypt Irr. in Sudan

Central Dept. For Nile Control

Regional Centre for Training and Water

Studies

Mechanical and Electrical

Authority

Ministry of Ecn Dev.

Ministry of Finance

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Ministry of Defence and Military Prod.

Complexity

Institutional Inertia

Preliminary Conclusions

The riparians seriously compromise and are committed to the cooperation process, working together under the auspices of a river basin commission to promote basin wide management of its shared water resources and regional ‐development. This would be achieved through multilateral projects to be supported by multilateral and bilateral donor institutions already engaged in the NBI.

The riparians opt for cooperation, but the NBI assumes a different role from its current, actual role and moves towards a position of support for unilateral projects within a common basin wide development approach rather than ‐through parallel multilateral projects and, in this case, countries could benefit from diversified sources of funding.

The riparians decide to withdraw from the multilateral cooperation and opt for unilateral development of the Nile’s water resources, most likely benefiting from alternative sources of investment including from China.

Nile Basin Initiative Continuity?

Preliminary Conclusions

• Many technical answers: IWRM, Adaptive Management, Transitional Management,…

• What about the political response?