collective efficacy and restorative justice as a crime prevention strategy
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Collective efficacy and restorative justice as a crime prevention strategy. Frederick P. Roth, PhD. Department of Sociology and Anthropology Marshall University Huntington, WV. Restorative Justice Principles. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Collective efficacy and restorative justice as a crime prevention
strategy
Frederick P. Roth, PhD.Frederick P. Roth, PhD.Department of Sociology and AnthropologyDepartment of Sociology and Anthropology
Marshall UniversityMarshall UniversityHuntington, WVHuntington, WV
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Restorative Justice Restorative Justice PrinciplesPrinciples
1.) Crime is fundamentally about harm. 1.) Crime is fundamentally about harm. Therefore, justice requires healing or repair of Therefore, justice requires healing or repair of all parties involved. all parties involved.
2.) Healing or repair cannot be achieved in the 2.) Healing or repair cannot be achieved in the absence of input from those most affected by absence of input from those most affected by crime. Victims, offenders, and community crime. Victims, offenders, and community members must be provided with opportunities members must be provided with opportunities for input and participation in the justice process for input and participation in the justice process as early and as often as possible.as early and as often as possible.
3.) Repairing harm requires that the formal 3.) Repairing harm requires that the formal justice system relinquish its role and move justice system relinquish its role and move toward a more facilitative one, based on problem toward a more facilitative one, based on problem solving and capacity building.solving and capacity building.
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Definition of a Restorative Definition of a Restorative Justice ProgramJustice Program
““A restorative justice program is a program that A restorative justice program is a program that provides forums where certain individuals charged provides forums where certain individuals charged with or petitioned for having committed an offense with or petitioned for having committed an offense meet with the victim, if appropriate; the victim’s family meet with the victim, if appropriate; the victim’s family members or other supportive persons, if appropriate; members or other supportive persons, if appropriate; the offender’s family members or other supportive the offender’s family members or other supportive persons, if appropriate; a law enforcement official or persons, if appropriate; a law enforcement official or prosecutor when appropriate; other criminal justice prosecutor when appropriate; other criminal justice professionals when appropriate; and members of the professionals when appropriate; and members of the community in order to (1) discuss the impact of the community in order to (1) discuss the impact of the offense on the victim and the community; (2) provide offense on the victim and the community; (2) provide support to the victim and methods for reintegrating the support to the victim and methods for reintegrating the victim into community life; (3) assign an appropriate victim into community life; (3) assign an appropriate sanction to the offender; and (4) provide methods for sanction to the offender; and (4) provide methods for reintegrating the offender into community life.” reintegrating the offender into community life.”
Source: State of Minnesota, M.S. 611A. 775
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Current Criminal Justice Current Criminal Justice ProcessProcess
Community interests
Offender interestsVictim interests
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Community
Victim Offender
Restorative Justice Process
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Victim-Offender Mediation Victim-Offender Mediation (VOM)(VOM)
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Family-Group Conferencing Family-Group Conferencing (FGC)(FGC)
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Circle Sentencing (CS)Circle Sentencing (CS)
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Community Reparative Boards Community Reparative Boards (CRB)(CRB)
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““The agreement reached by the group was The agreement reached by the group was fair to me.”fair to me.”
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
StronglyAgree
Agree Disagree StronglyDisagree
Don'tKnow
Victim (n=275)
Offender (n=1,627)
Community Participant(n=1,774)
Source: Minnesota Department of Corrections (August 2008). Restorative Justice Program Evaluation, Fiscal Years 2004-2007.
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““The agreement reached by the group was The agreement reached by the group was fair to the offender/victim/all parties.”fair to the offender/victim/all parties.”
0%10%
20%30%
40%50%
60%70%
80%90%
100%
StronglyAgree
Agree Disagree StronglyDisagree
Don'tKnow
Victim (n=271)
Offender (n=1618)
Community Participant(n=1775)
Source: Minnesota Department of Corrections (August 2008). Restorative Justice Program Evaluation, Fiscal Years 2004-2007.
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““Overall, how satisfied are you with the Overall, how satisfied are you with the outcome of the circle/panel/conference outcome of the circle/panel/conference
process?”process?”
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Very Satisfied Satisfied Dissatisfied VeryDissatisfied
Don't Know
Victim (n=71)
Offender (n=401)
Community Participant (n=640)
Source: Minnesota Department of Corrections (August 2008). Restorative Justice Program Evaluation, Fiscal Years 2004-2007.
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““Do you feel that the offender/all Do you feel that the offender/all parties fulfilled their obligations as parties fulfilled their obligations as
stated in the agreement?”stated in the agreement?”
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Yes No
Victim (n=66)
Offender (n=397)
Community Participant(n=614)
Source: Minnesota Department of Corrections (August 2008). Restorative Justice Program Evaluation, Fiscal Years 2004-2007.
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““Would you recommend this program to Would you recommend this program to other people in your community who have other people in your community who have experienced this type of crime/are in your experienced this type of crime/are in your
position/are in your community?”position/are in your community?”
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Yes No
Victim (n=66)
Offender (n=397)
Community Participant(n=632)
Source: Minnesota Department of Corrections (August 2008). Restorative Justice Program Evaluation, Fiscal Years 2004-2007.
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Re-arrest Rates at 6 and 12 Re-arrest Rates at 6 and 12 MonthsMonths
Note: A p Value of ≤ indicates that chi-square is statistically significant meaning that the difference between the treatment and control groups was greater than that expected to be produced by chance.
* The smaller sample size reflect the fact that at the time of the analysis, Not all of the study group youth had reached the 6- and 12- month followup stages.
Source: McGarrell, Edmund F. (2001). Restorative Justice Conferences as an Early Response to Young Offenders. Juvenile Justice Bulletin (August). Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (U.S. Department of Justice)
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Community
Victim Offender
Restorative Justice Process
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Models and Objectives in Restorative Models and Objectives in Restorative ConferencingConferencing
ObjectivObjectiveses
Circle Circle SentencinSentencingg
Family Family group group ConferencConferencinging
CommunitCommunity y ReparativReparative Boardse Boards
Victim-Victim-Offender Offender MediationMediation
Ensure Ensure Victim Victim RestorationRestoration
II HI-IHI-I II HIHI
Shame Shame OffenderOffender
NANA HIHI NA-SINA-SI NA-SINA-SI
Involve Involve CitizensCitizens
HIHI I-HII-HI HIHI NA-SINA-SI
Meet Meet Victim’s Victim’s NeedsNeeds
I-SII-SI SI-ISI-I SI-ISI-I HIHI
Involve Involve VictimVictim
SI-ISI-I II NA-SINA-SI HIHI
Empower Empower CommunityCommunity
HIHI NA-SINA-SI HIHI NANAKey: HI- Highly Important SI- Somewhat Important I- Important NA- Not ApplicableSource: Adapted From Bazemore G.(1997). The “community” in community justice. Justice System Journal 19 (2):193-228
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Collective Efficacy: DefinedCollective Efficacy: Defined
““The mutual trust among neighbors The mutual trust among neighbors combined with the willingness to combined with the willingness to intervene on behalf of the common intervene on behalf of the common good, specifically to supervise good, specifically to supervise children and maintain public order.”children and maintain public order.”
Source: Sampson, Robert J., Steven W. Raudenbush and Felton Earls (1997). “Neighborhoods and violent crime: a multilevel study of collective efficacy.” Science 277:1-7
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Collective Efficacy: A ModelCollective Efficacy: A Model
1.) Trust and Cohesion: A community’s collective efficacy exists relative to its specific task of maintaining public order: shared expectations and mutual engagement by residents helps to construct neighborhood social control.
2.) Strong Ties: Connections to multiple and various others constructs strong reciprocal linkages (e.g., friends, relatives, neighbors)
3.) Weak Ties: Multiple, diverse, dense, social networks that communities draw upon for resources and information (e.g., schools, workplace, community organizations)
4.) Organizational Capacity: An institutional component which includes the resource stock of community organizations and their links with other organizations and with residents.
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Restorative Justice is Restorative Justice is based on a simple based on a simple truth: a harm to one truth: a harm to one is a harm to all.is a harm to all.