College Board ReviewENGLISH

The Sentence

Professor Armando Castillo Escobar

I. Definition:

A sentence is a group of words that express a complete thought.

Ex. 1. Maria went to the mall with Jose.2. The dog barked at the large bird.

• Sentences begin with a capital letter and end with one of three punctuation marks: period (.), a question mark (?) or anexclamation point(!)

• If the sentence does not express a complete thought it is not a sentence, it’s a fragment. Ex. 1. Last week I saw 2. Because it was so unreal

Practice:If the word group is sentence restate it as a sentence, but if the

group of words is a fragment write fragment next to it.

1. a beautiful day

2. suddenly several cars pulled over

3. the corner crowded with cars

4. people got out throwing up their hands

5. i noticed a large truck a head

6. children ran to pick up candy

7. that fell from the truck

8. i took pictures of the sweet spill

9. that night we

10. mom had a ball eating the candy

II. SubjectsIs the person, place or thing about which something is being said. The subject shows who is speaking, who is spoken to or the person place or thing spoken about.

III. Types of Subjects: 1. The Understood Subject: Is a sentence that gives a command or makes a request. The subject is understood. Identify it as (you)Ex. Please close the door. (you) Assign the points to the good students. (You)

2. The Simple Subject: Is always a noun or a pronoun.Ex. Joe played in the game.

3. Complete Subject: Is a noun or a pronoun with all it’s modifiers.

Ex. Joe the basketball player played in the game.

4. Compound Subject: Is when you have two or more subjects joined by a conjunction. (and, but, or, nor and yet)

Ex. Joe and José played in the game.

IV. Predicates: Tells what the subject does or is.Ex. The fishing boat is from Denmark.

Types of Predicates

a.Simple predicate is the verb it’s self.Ex. Sonia rode her bike to school.

The cat meowed all night.

b. Complete Predicate: Is the verb + ModifiersEx. Sonia rapidly rode her bike to school.

The Captain is a successful navigator.

Point out the subject from the following sentences

1. Three pelicans and a sea gull flew over the beach.

2. The children and their parents built a sandcastle.

3. Ben, José and Alex played chess in the competition.

4. Please walk in the stadium and watch the children.

5. The microwave beeped and lit a light at the end.

6. Malcolm is a very thoughtful person.

7. The seagull’s feathers were white.

8. The moon shines down on the water.

9. The bicycle’s back tire needed air.

10. Bart, Mike, and Jim went bowling.

Identify the simple predicate first and the Complete predicate last.

1. Many birds travel south in the fall.

2. They fly to South America in search for good food.

3. The captain gave the crew a night of shore leave.

4. The crew was celebrating a successful catch.

5. The sub captain is a skillful navigator.

6. On the deck stood men in heavy wool jackets.

7. The fishing boat docked in our harbor.

8. The forty pound fish was the largest caught.

9. Blue fish were the easiest to catch.

10.Salmons swam against the high currents.

V. Kinds of Sentences

Kinds of Sentences Example

1. A declarative sentence makes a statement. It ends with a period.

The first day is always hard.

2. An Interrogative sentence asks a question. It ends with a question mark.

Will I find my way around the new school?

3. An Imperative sentence gives a request or gives a command. It ends with a period.

Don’t panic.Please check your schedule.

4. An exclamatory sentence expresses strong feelings. It ends with an exclamation point. (!)

What a beautiful school!

Classify the sentences in Declarative, Imperative or Interrogative, exclamatory!

1. Why do you believe that?

2. I want to know why you believe that. (not a question.)

3. Please accept my apology.

4. Your face is frightening the baby!

5. My shoe is on fire!

6. When did you first notice that your shoe was on fire?

7. My doctor told me to take these vitamins.

8. Ask Doris for the recipe.

9. Did you solve the puzzle yet?

10. Ann, hand me your coat.

VI. Analogies: Test your ability to:a.Recognize between the words in a word pair

b.Recognize when two word pairs display parallel relationships

To answer an analogy question you must:

•Formulate and recognize the relationship between the words in the given word pair

•Select the answer containing words related to one another in most nearly the same way

•Recognize when two word pairs display parallel relationships

Analogies

An analogy is a type of word problem that often appears on standardized tests. It is made up of two word pairs, like this:

GRACEFUL : CLUMSY :: late : _______

Your goal in solving an analogy is to find a word that correctly completes the second pair. At first glance the words in an analogy may seem to have nothing to do with each other, but the words are always logically related. Both pairs of words have the same kind of relationship. To solve the analogy you need to find that relationship. Read the analogy like this:

"Graceful is to clumsy as late is to 'blank.'"

Ask yourself: What is the relationship between graceful and clumsy? They

are antonyms—words that have opposite meanings. The second pair of

words must also be antonyms. Fill in the blank with a word that means the

opposite of late, and you've solved the analogy. Early is the best answer.

Besides antonyms, the word pairs in an analogy could have one of these types of relationships:

synonyms, or words that have the same or similar meanings, as in WORK : LABORdescriptive, in which one word describes the other word, as in BLUE : SKYpart to whole, in which one word is a part or piece of the other, as in ARM : BODYitem to category, in which one word names something that falls into the group named by the other word, as in MILK : BEVERAGE

C. In what ways could two words be related?

•The relationship will always have to do with the meaning of the words.

Synonyms INFANT: BABY GROWN-UP : ??

Antonyms BIG : SMALL FULL : ??

Part to whole WHEEL : CAR BRANCH : ??

Member to Category

APPLE : FRUIT CARROT : ??

Cause to Effect SLIVER : PAIN HEAT : ??

Matters of Degree

WARM : HOT COOL : ??

Object to Function

TRUCK : TRANSPORT OVEN : ??

1. Nickel : five :: quarter : _______________ 2. Pot : top :: pit : _______________ 3. Sing : sang :: eat : _______________ 4. Left : right :: down : _______________5. Mouse : mammal :: snake : _______________ 6. Which : witch :: weather : _______________7. Automobile : gasoline :: television : _______________8. Bird : chirp :: cow : _______________9. Smile : frown :: ugly : _______________ 10. Apple : fruit :: carrot : _______________

Practice: Complete each analogy by writing the correct word in your paper.

Directions: Complete each analogy by writing the correct word onthe blank line.

1. Nickel is to five as quarter is to _______________________.

2. Pot is to top as tip is to _______________________.

3. Sing is to sang as eat is to _______________________.

4. Left is to right as down is to _______________________.

5. Mouse is to mammal as snake is to _______________________.

6. Which is to witch as weather is to _______________________.

7. Automobile is to gasoline as television is to ________________.

8. Bird is to chirp as cow is to _______________________.

9. Smile is to frown as ugly is to _______________________.

10. Castle is to king as igloo is to _______________________.

11. Morning is to breakfast as evening is to ___________________.

12. Bed is to sleeping as chair is to _________________________.

S-V Subject-Verb John sleeps.

Jill is eating.

Jack will arrive next week.

S-V-O Subject-Verb-Object I like rice.

She loves her job.

He's eating an orange.

S-V-Adj Subject-Verb-Adjective He is funny.

The workers are lazy.

Karen seems angry.

VIl. Basic English Sentence Patterns

There are five basic patterns around which most English sentences are built. They are as follows:

S-V-Adv Subject-Verb-Adverb Jim is here.

Flowers are everywhere.

No one was there.

S-V-N Subject-Verb-Noun She is my mom.

The men are doctors.

Mr. Jones is the teacher.

VIII. Plural Nouns:A.Singular Nouns: Name one person, place, thing or idea.Ex. toy, door, carB. Plural Nouns: Name two or more persons, places, things, or ideas. Ex. toys, doors, cars

Use the following rules to form the correct plurals.

1.For most nouns form the plural by adding “s”Singular: teacher street pencil housePlural: teachers streets pencils houses

2. For nouns that end in s,x,z,ch,or sh simply add “es”Singular: gas wax dishPlural: gases waxes dishes

3. Nouns that end with a consonant “y” change the “y” to “i” and add “es” if the letter before the “y” is a vowel add “s”Singular: sky army penny alleyPlural: skies armies pennies allies

4. Nouns that end in “f” or “fe” form the plural by changing the “f” for “v” and then add es.Singular: belief loaf lifePlural: believes loaves lives

•For some simply add “s” or “es”Ex. Roof/roofs

5. For nouns that end in “o” simply add “es”Singular: potato tomatoPlural: potatoes tomatoes

6. Nouns that end in “o” that refer to music form the plural by adding “s”Singular: piano contralto banjoPlural: pianos contraltos banjos

7. Some nouns have irregular plural forms.Singular: child foot tooth womanPlural: children feet teeth women

8. Some nouns are the same in the Singular & PluralSingular: sheep Chinese grapefruit moose salmonPlural: sheep Chinese grapefruit moose salmon

9. Some nouns have only plural formsPlural: scissors jeans savings dues

10. Some nouns end in “s” look plural but are considered singular.Singular: news measles economics United States

11. To form the plural of a compound nouns simply add to the most important part of the noun.Singular: billboard sister-in-law track meetPlural: billboards sisters-in- law track meets

Practice: Form the plural of the following nouns:

1. Baby 6. salmon 11. father-in-law2. Toy 7. clutch 12. story3. Rash 8. foot 13. rodeo4. Mirror 9. butterfly 14. radio5. Physics 10.shampoo 15. valley

Subjects and verbs must AGREE with one another in number (singular or plural).Thus, if a subject is singular, its verb must also be singular; if a subject is plural, its verb must also be plural.

In the present tense, nouns and verbs form plurals in opposite ways: nouns ADD an s to the singular form; verbs REMOVE the s from the singular form.

VIII. Pronouns

A pronoun can replace a noun or another pronoun. You use pronouns like "he," "which," "none," and "you" to make your sentences less cumbersome and less repetitive.

Grammarians classify pronouns into several types, including the personal pronoun, the demonstrative pronoun, the interrogative pronoun, the indefinite pronoun, the relative pronoun, the reflexive pronoun, and the intensive pronoun.Ex. Ana and her sister Maria bought their new car near their home.

Subject  Pronouns

Object  Pronouns

Possessive Adjectives

Possessive Pronouns

Reflexive  Pronouns

1st person I me my mine myself2nd person you you your yours yourself3rd person (m) he him his his himself3rd person (f) she her her hers herself3rd person (n) it it its (not used) itself1st person (pl.) we us our ours ourselves

2nd person (pl.) you you your yoursyourselves

3rd person (pl) they them their theirsthemselves

Pronoun Chart

Reading Comprehension

Reading Comprehension