communication - grammar

COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION

TYPES OF COMMUNICATIONTYPES OF COMMUNICATION STRUCTURE ( GRAMMAR )STRUCTURE ( GRAMMAR ) LISTENING SKILLSLISTENING SKILLS SHORT CONVERSATIONSHORT CONVERSATION LONG CONVERSATIONLONG CONVERSATION PUBLIC SPEAKINGPUBLIC SPEAKING PRESENTATIONPRESENTATION VOCABULARYVOCABULARY PRONUNCIATIONPRONUNCIATION READINGREADING WRITINGWRITING ASSESSMENT AND COUNSELLINGASSESSMENT AND COUNSELLING

STRUCTURE ( GRAMMARSTRUCTURE ( GRAMMAR ) )

THE SIXTEEN MOST COMMON ERRORS1.1. SUBJECTSSUBJECTS2.2. VERBSVERBS3.3. NOUNSNOUNS4.4. SINGULAR AND PLURALSINGULAR AND PLURAL5.5. ARTICLESARTICLES6.6. PRONOUNSPRONOUNS7.7. APPOSITIVESAPPOSITIVES8.8. ADJECTIVESADJECTIVES9.9. ADVERBSADVERBS10.10. SUBORDINATIONSUBORDINATION

11.11. NOUN CASESNOUN CASES

12.12. PASSIVE AND ACTIVE MODIFIERSPASSIVE AND ACTIVE MODIFIERS

13.13. GERUNDS AND INFINITIVESGERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

14.14. PREPOSITIONSPREPOSITIONS

15.15. CONJUCTIONSCONJUCTIONS

16.16. COMPARISONS AND SUPERLATIVESCOMPARISONS AND SUPERLATIVES

STRUCTURESTRUCTUREINSERT ONE WORD OR PHRASE THAT BEST INSERT ONE WORD OR PHRASE THAT BEST

COMPLETES THE SENTENCE COMPLETES THE SENTENCE

…………………………more than 60 types of grains, more than 60 types of grains, and although they are all edible, only a and although they are all edible, only a few types are digestible by humans .few types are digestible by humans .

There are There are Of theOf the TheThe They are They are

INSERT ONE WORD OR PHRASE THAT BEST INSERT ONE WORD OR PHRASE THAT BEST COMPLETES THE SENTENCECOMPLETES THE SENTENCE

……………… ……………… adopted by President Franklin d. adopted by President Franklin d. Roosevelt was the New Deal, which helped Roosevelt was the New Deal, which helped alleviate the affects of the Great alleviate the affects of the Great Depression.Depression.

A most significant programmeA most significant programme The more significant programmeThe more significant programme The most significant programmeThe most significant programme More significant programmeMore significant programme


…………………………. of animal life is known as . of animal life is known as zoology.zoology.

The scientific studyThe scientific study To study scientificallyTo study scientifically That the scientific studyThat the scientific study Studying scientificStudying scientific


While studying at Magdelene College,While studying at Magdelene College,

Oxford,………. Himself for his wit and Oxford,………. Himself for his wit and

eccentricity in dress, taste,and manners.eccentricity in dress, taste,and manners.

That the playwright Oscar Wilde was That the playwright Oscar Wilde was distinguisheddistinguished

Playwright Oscar Wilde distinguishedPlaywright Oscar Wilde distinguished Distinguished Oscar Wilde, a playwrightDistinguished Oscar Wilde, a playwright There playwright Oscar Wilde There playwright Oscar Wilde

distinguisheddistinguished

INSERT ONE WORD OR PHRASE THAT INSERT ONE WORD OR PHRASE THAT BEST COMPLETES THE SENTENCEBEST COMPLETES THE SENTENCE

…… …….to raise tropical salt-water fish in .to raise tropical salt-water fish in controlled environment,despite the vast controlled environment,despite the vast amount of information available on the amount of information available on the subject.subject.

Not only is it easyNot only is it easy It is not easyIt is not easy That it is much easierThat it is much easier Why it is not easy Why it is not easy

INSERT ONE WORD OR PHRASE THAT INSERT ONE WORD OR PHRASE THAT BEST COMPLETES THE SENTENCEBEST COMPLETES THE SENTENCE

…………..the habitual use of any chemical ..the habitual use of any chemical substance to alter states of body or mind.substance to alter states of body or mind.

If drug addiction isIf drug addiction is With drug addiction With drug addiction While drug addiction is While drug addiction is Drug addiction is Drug addiction is

POINT ON THE ONE UNDERLINED WORD POINT ON THE ONE UNDERLINED WORD OR PHRASE THAT MUST BE CHANGED FOR OR PHRASE THAT MUST BE CHANGED FOR

THE SENTENCE TO BE CORRECT.THE SENTENCE TO BE CORRECT.

Biological warfare,the Biological warfare,the employment employment of of destructive chemical weapons destructive chemical weapons to destroyto destroy human beings, animals, or crops, human beings, animals, or crops, it wasit was prohibited by the Geneva Convention in prohibited by the Geneva Convention in 1925.1925.

VERBSVERBS


Most animals give birth to live offspring, Most animals give birth to live offspring, but a few rare species ……… eggs in the but a few rare species ……… eggs in the soil until they hatch.soil until they hatch.

To incubateTo incubate They incubateThey incubate IncubateIncubate To have incubatedTo have incubated

POINT ON THE ONE UNDERLINED WORD OR PHRASE THAT MUST BE CHANGED FOR THE SENTENCE TO BE CORRECT .

AnyAny type type of electromagnetic energy of electromagnetic energy such as such as transformerstransformers and power lines and power lines maymay produces produces harmful harmful radiation.radiation.

POINT THE ONE PHRASE THAT BEST POINT THE ONE PHRASE THAT BEST COMPLETES THE SENTENCE.COMPLETES THE SENTENCE.

One of the most historically significant cities of the Eastern United States. Philadelphia, the original capital ,---------the city of brotherly love.

to name it it names is naming it is named

POINT THE PHRASE THAT BEST COMPLETES POINT THE PHRASE THAT BEST COMPLETES THE SENTENCETHE SENTENCE

Many recently built suburban Many recently built suburban communities,that surround Delhi …….city communities,that surround Delhi …….city councils or chamber of commerce.councils or chamber of commerce.

Not havingNot having Have no Have no They do not have They do not have That have noThat have no

Point one underlined word or phrase that must Point one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correctbe changed for the sentence to be correct

AlthoughAlthough synthetic nylon is mainly synthetic nylon is mainly synthesizesynthesize it is also manufactured it is also manufactured to to makemake ropes, for fabric, insulation, ropes, for fabric, insulation, fiberglass, and household fiberglass, and household utensils.utensils.

One small tablespoon of parmesan One small tablespoon of parmesan cheese cheese containercontainer approximately two approximately two grams of grams of saturated saturated fat, more than fat, more than dailydaily recommended allowance. recommended allowance.

All metalAll metal containers containers used for used for food food storagestorage must first be thoroughly washed must first be thoroughly washed and then and then disinfectiondisinfection to protect against to protect against harmful harmful bacteria.bacteria.

NOUNSNOUNS

Point the underlined word or phrase Point the underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the that must be changed for the sentence to be correct.sentence to be correct.

The The discoverdiscover of prehistoric mammoth of prehistoric mammoth remains have validated the remains have validated the accuracy accuracy of of the creature’s picture the creature’s picture depicted depicted by cave by cave dwellersdwellers who who once resided in the South once resided in the South of France.of France.

The texture,temperature,and general The texture,temperature,and general appearance of a dog’s nose appearance of a dog’s nose tell……..about its physical condition.tell……..about its physical condition.

As muchAs much Much moreMuch more MuchMuch That much asThat much as

Singular and plural nounsSingular and plural nouns

EarthquakesEarthquakes occur in several geographical occur in several geographical

locationslocations, , many of whichmany of which are in conjunction are in conjunction with with faults,faults, the areas where opposing the areas where opposing plates pass one another. plates pass one another.

If the underlined noun is talking about If the underlined noun is talking about several objects, or referring to an object in several objects, or referring to an object in general,the noun should be plural. If the general,the noun should be plural. If the noun is referring to just one specific or noun is referring to just one specific or special object, the noun should be special object, the noun should be singular.singular nouns must be preceded singular.singular nouns must be preceded by the indefinite articles “a” and “an”.by the indefinite articles “a” and “an”.

PRONUNCIATION

TICK THE ONE UNDERLINED WORD OR TICK THE ONE UNDERLINED WORD OR PHRASE THAT MUST BE CHANGED FOR PHRASE THAT MUST BE CHANGED FOR

THETHE SENTENCE TO BE CORRECTSENTENCE TO BE CORRECT

No carbon-based No carbon-based organismorganism, , fromfrom a two- a two-ounce baby mouse to a 150-ton blue ounce baby mouse to a 150-ton blue whaleswhales, lives , lives withoutwithout oxygen. oxygen.

Analysis of radioactive Analysis of radioactive substancessubstances found in found in prehistoric clay has bolstered prehistoric clay has bolstered theorytheory that that the the massmass extinctionextinction of the dinosaurs was of the dinosaurs was the result the result ofof meteorite impact. meteorite impact.

ARTICLESARTICLES TICK THE ONE UNDERLINED WORD OR PHRASE TICK THE ONE UNDERLINED WORD OR PHRASE THAT MUST BE CHANGED FOR THETHAT MUST BE CHANGED FOR THE SENTENCE SENTENCE

TO BE CORRECTTO BE CORRECT

According to According to hishis journals, Charles journals, Charles Darwin was amazed Darwin was amazed forfor thethe rich rich diversitydiversity of animal species he of animal species he discovered in the Galapagos Islands.discovered in the Galapagos Islands.

The The mating callsmating calls of of somesome tree frogs can tree frogs can be be heard heard for for many a miles.many a miles.

After beginningAfter beginning of any industrial of any industrial revolution, the rural population revolution, the rural population steadilysteadily shifts shifts toward urban centres.toward urban centres.

PRONOUNSPRONOUNS TICK THE ONE UNDERLINED WORD OR PHRASE TICK THE ONE UNDERLINED WORD OR PHRASE

THAT MUST BE CHANGED FOR THETHAT MUST BE CHANGED FOR THE SENTENCE TO SENTENCE TO

BE CORRECTBE CORRECT All rays of lightAll rays of light passing passing through a lens through a lens

are refracted except are refracted except them them that pass that pass directly through a point directly through a point calledcalled the the optical centre.optical centre.

Alvin Ailey was an American Alvin Ailey was an American choreographer choreographer whowho dance works dance works combined the movements of ballet combined the movements of ballet with with thosethose of of modern methods.modern methods.

Male rodents are often chased away Male rodents are often chased away fromfrom nests by females because nests by females because theythey have a tendency to attack have a tendency to attack young of ownyoung of own species.species.

APPOSITIVES APPOSITIVES TICK ON THE ONE WORD OR PHRASE THAT TICK ON THE ONE WORD OR PHRASE THAT

BEST COMPLETES THE SENTENCEBEST COMPLETES THE SENTENCE

Viruses, …… , do not carry out the Viruses, …… , do not carry out the functions of living cells, such as functions of living cells, such as respiration and growth.respiration and growth.

Microscopic parasitesMicroscopic parasites Are microscopic parasitesAre microscopic parasites Parasites are microscopic Parasites are microscopic To parasite are microscope To parasite are microscope

ADJECTIVES

TICK ON THE ONE WORD OR PHRASE THAT TICK ON THE ONE WORD OR PHRASE THAT BEST COMPLETES THE SENTENCEBEST COMPLETES THE SENTENCE

When Martin Luther was condemned as a When Martin Luther was condemned as a religiousreligious outlaw outlaw during during the the century century sixteenthsixteenth, he experienced profound , he experienced profound spiritual and spiritual and physical physical torment.torment.

Often seen Often seen close toclose to the entrances of the entrances of theirtheir burrows, fiddler crabs posses a burrows, fiddler crabs posses a four inchedfour inched claws used for claws used for bothboth courtship rituals and courtship rituals and defense.defense.

FILL ON THE ONE WORD OR PHRASE THAT FILL ON THE ONE WORD OR PHRASE THAT BEST COMPLETES THE SENTENCEBEST COMPLETES THE SENTENCE

Airplanes that used to take more than half Airplanes that used to take more than half a day to cross the Atlantic are now a day to cross the Atlantic are now ………… to make the crossing in several ………… to make the crossing in several hours.hours.

Faster thanFaster than Fast enoughFast enough So fastSo fast Faster Faster

ADVERBSADVERBSTICK ON THE ONE WORD OR PHRASE THAT TICK ON THE ONE WORD OR PHRASE THAT

BEST COMPLETES THE SENTENCEBEST COMPLETES THE SENTENCE

The DNA double helix theory discovered The DNA double helix theory discovered since since the 1950’s the 1950’s radicallyradically altered altered the waythe way scientists scientists approachapproach genetics and genetics and biochemistry.biochemistry.

A A soso loud sound, loud sound, such assuch as a rocket launch, a rocket launch, carries more than a billion times morecarries more than a billion times more energyenergy than the sound of a mosquito than the sound of a mosquito buzzing.buzzing.

In 1977, Richard Helms pleaded In 1977, Richard Helms pleaded guiltyguilty to to charges of charges of inaccurateinaccurate testifying testifying aboutabout CIA CIA activities activities in in Chile.Chile.


In 1960 , John F. Kennedy ……….. Richard In 1960 , John F. Kennedy ……….. Richard Nixon in the race for the presidency of the Nixon in the race for the presidency of the United States.United States.

Narrowly defeatingNarrowly defeating Narrow defeatedNarrow defeated Narrow defeatNarrow defeat Narrowly defeatedNarrowly defeated

SUBORDINATIONSUBORDINATIONTICK THE ONE UNDERLINED WORD OR PHRASE TICK THE ONE UNDERLINED WORD OR PHRASE

THAT MUST BE CHANGED FOR THETHAT MUST BE CHANGED FOR THE SENTENCE TO SENTENCE TO

BE CORRECTBE CORRECT

In just three months, H. G. Wells wrote the In just three months, H. G. Wells wrote the famous classicfamous classic The Time MachineThe Time Machine for for what hewhat he won a Newberry Caldecot award.won a Newberry Caldecot award.

Since the 1960’s population and Since the 1960’s population and development development have steadily increased have steadily increased alongalong the Amazon the Amazon River, all of River, all of which itwhich it is is easilyeasily accessible to accessible to ships.ships.

Some honeybees Some honeybees are raisedare raised for their ability to for their ability to pollinate, pollinate, whichwhich ensures plant fertilization ensures plant fertilization forfor increase fruit yields.increase fruit yields.

TICK ON THE ONE WORD OR PHRASE THAT BEST COMPLETES THE SENTENCE

While living in theWhile living in the White House, Eleanor White House, Eleanor Roosevelt was harshly criticized by those Roosevelt was harshly criticized by those who later …….. her humanitarian efforts.who later …….. her humanitarian efforts.

They praised They praised Praised Praised Were praisedWere praised Praising Praising

NOUN CLAUSESNOUN CLAUSES


Just inside the outer layer of the earth’s Just inside the outer layer of the earth’s atmosphere …….. needed to protect it atmosphere …….. needed to protect it from foreign substances.from foreign substances.

Are the elementsAre the elements Where the elements areWhere the elements are The elements areThe elements are Which are the elementsWhich are the elements


Phosphorous is nearly insoluble in water, Phosphorous is nearly insoluble in water, but ………… ignites spontaneously, but ………… ignites spontaneously, burning to form white fumes.burning to form white fumes.

The exposure to airThe exposure to air Exposed when to airExposed when to air When exposed to airWhen exposed to air It is exposed to airIt is exposed to air

PASSIVE AND ACTIVE MODIFIERSPASSIVE AND ACTIVE MODIFIERS

TICK THE ONE UNDERLINED WORD OR PHRASE THAT MUST BE CHANGED FOR THE SENTENCE

TO BE CORRECT

Every theatre is required by law Every theatre is required by law to installto install a a curtain curtain thatthat can drop across the stage, can drop across the stage, protectingprotecting the audience the audience for for backstage backstage fires.fires.

Many of the ancient Egyptian tombs Many of the ancient Egyptian tombs discovering discovering in the early in the early nineteenth nineteenth century century offered a new store of knowledge on art , offered a new store of knowledge on art , style style of of government, and way of life.government, and way of life.


The giant sea tortoises ……….. extinction The giant sea tortoises ……….. extinction on the Galapagos Islands come ashore on the Galapagos Islands come ashore only to breed and lay eggs.only to breed and lay eggs.

are facingare facing facedfaced facingfacing faceface

GERUNDS AND INFINITIVESGERUNDS AND INFINITIVESTICK THE ONE UNDERLINED WORD OR PHRASE

THAT MUST BE CHANGED FOR THE SENTENCE TO BE CORRECT

Some vaccinations have eliminated Some vaccinations have eliminated certaincertain diseases from society and have diseases from society and have simultaneously simultaneously prevented others prevented others such such asas typhoid and hepatitis from typhoid and hepatitis from spread.spread.

Health care programmes attempt toHealth care programmes attempt to reduce reduce medical costs by medical costs by alterationalteration certain lifestyle choices that could certain lifestyle choices that could lead lead toto later later problems.problems.


Both Lincoln and Kennedy ignored the Both Lincoln and Kennedy ignored the warnings of their secretaries to avoid warnings of their secretaries to avoid ………….. the events where they were ………….. the events where they were assassinated.assassinated.

Attending Attending The attendance that The attendance that For attendingFor attending To attendTo attend

PREPOSITIONSTICK THE ONE UNDERLINED WORD OR PHRASE

THAT MUST BE CHANGED FOR THE SENTENCE TO BE CORRECT

At most modern ski resorts , rangers are At most modern ski resorts , rangers are fullyfully prepared prepared to assistto assist any skier stranded any skier stranded if if snowstorms.snowstorms.

The common Zebra isThe common Zebra is easy easy prey to prey to itsits faster faster predators , predators , but account ofbut account of its stripes , the its stripes , the predators are often predators are often disorienteddisoriented and unable to and unable to focus.focus.

Animals Animals rangerange in weight in weight to to the one-ounce the one-ounce gnat-rat,gnat-rat,undetectableundetectable on most scales, to the on most scales, to the 150- ton blue whale, the largest 150- ton blue whale, the largest livingliving mammal known.mammal known.

CONJUNCTIONSCONJUNCTIONS


Researchers have discovered that Researchers have discovered that listening to classical music can not only listening to classical music can not only lower stress levels , …………… reduce lower stress levels , …………… reduce blood pressure.blood pressure.

AlsoAlso But also But also Not alsoNot also But not alsoBut not also

TICK THE ONE UNDERLINED WORD OR PHRASE THAT MUST BE CHANGED FOR THE SENTENCE TO BE

CORRECT

LikeLike aerology, meteorology studies the aerology, meteorology studies the currentscurrents of free air not of free air not adjacent toadjacent to the earth’s the earth’s surface, surface, and and higher up in the atmosphere.higher up in the atmosphere.

To ensureTo ensure proper proper identificationidentification , the prows pf , the prows pf Viking warships were either adorned Viking warships were either adorned with with carved figures carved figures nornor vividly painted. vividly painted.

AlthoughAlthough pilots heavily depend on numerous pilots heavily depend on numerous dials and monitors dials and monitors to flyingto flying large aircraft, their large aircraft, their best defense best defense againstagainst accidents is common accidents is common sense.sense.

COMPARISONS AND SUPERLATIVES


Microwaves that once took up entire Microwaves that once took up entire kitchen counters are now ….. to fit kitchen counters are now ….. to fit conveniently under cabinets and on conveniently under cabinets and on cupboard shelves.cupboard shelves.

So tinySo tiny As tiny asAs tiny as Tiny enoughTiny enough Tinier thanTinier than

TICK THE ONE UNDERLINED WORD OR PHRASE THAT MUST BE CHANGED FOR THE SENTENCE TO BE

CORRECT

Of the 180 types of inborn errors of Of the 180 types of inborn errors of metabolism , the metabolism , the mostmost harmful may cause harmful may cause death in a new born baby or death in a new born baby or result severeresult severe physical or physical or mentalmental handicap. handicap.

Although K-2 is not the Although K-2 is not the most highestmost highest peak in peak in the Himalayas , professional climbers consider the Himalayas , professional climbers consider itit the the most difficultmost difficult and dangerous mountain and dangerous mountain to to climb.climb.

Widely acknowledgedWidely acknowledged as one of as one of the hardiestthe hardiest shrub shrub in the New World, the rhododendron was in the New World, the rhododendron was grown grown in North America by pioneers setting in North America by pioneers setting the land East of the Mississippi River.the land East of the Mississippi River.

communication - grammar

Business

significant

drug addiction

galapagos

underlined

noun

tick

word

air