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GSM Cellular Network

ECE125D/B12

M PU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYSchool of Electrical Electronics and Computer Engineering

Prepared or Submitted by:

ANTONIO, Freitz Allen P.

BERNARDINO, Christoffer

GALEON, Jeremiah Gem C

GONZALES. Jonn Kenneth

MANANGAN, Krizell Ann C

SILVERIO, Steven Matthew

Submitted to:

Engr. Jose B. Cardenas

December 6, 2011


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I. AcknowledgementII. Approval LetterIII. Letter Of TransmittalIV. Theoretical Background Of GSM

-Brief History of Wireless Telephone

-Global System for Mobile Communication

-GSM Network Structure

-The structure of a GSM network

V. Given/ Design RequirementsVI. Coverage Map/Study PlanVII. Cellular PlanVIII. Design ComputationsIX. Frequency PlanX. Table Of Compliance


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The group of future Electronics Engineers of the Philippines would like toacknowledge the following because without them, this design would not bepossible.

To the Almighty God, we thank you for your guidance and grace that youconstantly giving us.

Our sincerest thanks go to our professor, Engr. Jose Cardenas, for giving usthis design task for us to understand well the Cellular and Frequency Planningand prepare us to handle the competitiveness of our course outside the school.

We will be grateful for all of the lessons you had taught us, academic-wise ornot.

To the persons behind this project, thanks for the camaraderie, unity andcooperation. Our projects will never be done without a bunch of sleepless andrestless teenagers battling fatigue during midnight. Nevertheless, the experienceshaped us to be better individuals.

To our families, thanks for their unconditional love and support. For theconcern and understanding you have shown us, thank you so much.

To some people who helped us, our utmost appreciation for whatevercontributions you gave for the completion of this project.

To the panel that review this design and help us to make this designcomplete and specific, we extend our deepest gratitude to you.

God bless us all!

ANTONIO, Freitz Allen P.BERNARDINO, Christoffer B.

GALEON, Jeremiah Gem C.GONZALES. Jonn Kenneth A.

MANANGAN, Krizell Ann C.SILVERIO, Steven Matthew G.


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This is to certify that I have supervised the preparation and read the

design report prepared by Freitz Allen P. Antonio, Christoffer B. Bernardino,Jeremiah Gem C. Galeon, Jonn Kenneth A. Gonzales, Krizell Ann C. Mananganand Steven Matthew G. Silverio entitled GSM CELLULAR NETWORK and thatthe said design report has been submitted for final examination by Oralexamination Committee.

Engr. Jose B. CardenasCourse Adviser

As a member of the Oral examination committee, I certify that I haveexamined the design report, presented before the committee on 6th ofDecember 2011 and hereby recommend that it will be accepted as fulfillmentof the research report requirement to the degree of Bachelor of Science inElectronics and Communication Engineering.

Engr. Jose B. Cardenas Engr. Flordeliza Valiente Engr. Emma Ruth TiongPanel Member Panel Member Panel Member

The design report is hereby approved and accepted by the School of EEECE Cpe as partial fulfillment of the requirement in Bachelor of Science inElectronics and Communication Engineering.

Engr. Alejandro H. Ballado Jr.

Subject Chairperson, ECE


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Engr. Jose CardenasSchool of EE-ECE-CpE

Mapa Institute of TechnologyMuralla St., Intramuros, Manila

Dear Sir:In accordance to your requirements in Communications 5 Design, we

have prepared a documentation of our Plate entitled GSM: Cellular Networkand Frequency Planning. This paper contains the necessary and essentialtechnical information to support our design. It includes cell site locations,subscriber count, traffic load, number of transceivers to use per sector,

frequency plan, etc. Supporting calculations of this design are also included inthis document. We have also included some discussion about the basics ofcellular planning and GSM.

Through the course of the term, 2nd term SY 2010-2011, were given the

opportunity to learn much about GSM and how to design it. We feel that theknowledge we have gained in this design will be helpful in future work terms,and in our chosen fields.

If you have any questions and/or comments regarding the interpretationof this paper, our group is willing to discuss matters in your most convenient timeand place.

Respectfully,

ANTONIO, Freitz Allen P.BERNARDINO, Christoffer B.

GALEON, Jeremiah Gem C.

GONZALES. Jonn Kenneth A.MANANGAN, Krizell Ann C.

SILVERIO, Steven Matthew G.


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Brief History of Wireless Communications

Mobile telephony was provided by conventional two-way radio, whichallowed only a few dozen two-way radio channels in a given service area. Asinge, centrally located, high-power radio transmitter served a whole areaabout 50 miles in diameter. The very small number of users who could be servedin a given area meant that the service was quite costly, and the limitedcapacity of the service meant that many potential customers went unserved.Cellular mobile telephone service solved the problem of congestion, and itsmass market acceptance made mobile service affordable to many customers.

In the early 1970s, AT&T had applied earlier to the Federal

Communications Commission(FCC) for permission to offer an advanced mobilephone service(AMPS) based on the cellular principle, but the FCC wanted todetermine how to introduce competition into the provision of cellular service. Soin 1975, FCC opened 40 MHz of the 800MHz radio band to any qualifiedcommon carrier, brining competition to the service.

Global System for Mobile communications

GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile telephonysystem that is widely used in Europe and other parts of the world. GSM uses a

variation of time division multiple access (TDMA)and is the most widely used ofthe three digitalwireless telephony technologies (TDMA, GSM, andCDMA). GSMdigitizes and compresses data, then sends it down a channel with two otherstreams of user data, each in its own time slot. It operates at either the 900 MHzor 1800 MHz frequency band.

GSM is the far most popular and widely used implemented digital cellularsystem with more than a billion people using the system (by 2005). Features suchas, prepaid calling, international roaming, voice mail, SMS, call waiting. etc.,enhanced the popularity of the system. The key advantage of GSM systems hasbeen higher digital voice quality and low cost alternatives to making calls such

as text messaging. The advantage for network operators has been the ability todeploy equipment from different vendors because the open standard allowseasy interoperability.

The GSM system operates at a various radio frequencies, with most themoperating at 900 MHz and /or 1800 MHz. The cell radius in the GSM networkvaries depending upon the antenna height, antenna gains, propagationconditions, etc. Due to this cell sizes are classified into four kinds in GSM
http://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid183_gci211948,00.htmlhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid7_gci214175,00.htmlhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid40_gci213380,00.htmlhttp://searchtelecom.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid103_gci213842,00.htmlhttp://searchtelecom.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid103_gci213842,00.htmlhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid40_gci213380,00.htmlhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid7_gci214175,00.htmlhttp://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid183_gci211948,00.html


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networks: macro, micro, pico and umbrella, with macro cells being the biggestand umbrella cells being the smallest.

Network structure

The network behind the GSM system seen by the customer is large andcomplicated in order to provide all of the services which are required. It isdivided into a number of sections and these are each covered in separatearticles.

The Base Station Subsystem (the base stations and their controllers). The Network and Switching Subsystem (the part of the network most

similar to a fixed network). This is sometimes also just called the corenetwork.

The GPRS Core Network (the optional part which allows packet basedInternet connections).

All of the elements in the system combine to produce many GSM servicessuch as voice calls and SMS.

GSM network Architecture


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Mobile Station (MS)Mobile Equipment (ME)

Portable, vehicle mounted, hand held device Uniquely identified by an IMEI(International Mobile

Equipment Identity)

Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

Smart card contains the International MobileSubscriber

Identity (IMSI)

Base Station Subsystem (BSS)Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

1. Encodes, encrypts, multiplexes, modulates andfeeds the RF signals to the antenna. Communicates with Mobile station and BSC Consists of Transceivers (TRX) units

Base Station Controller (BSC)

Manages Radio resources for BTS Assigns Frequency and time slots for all MSs in itsarea Handles call set up Handover for each MS It communicates with MSC and BTS

Network Switching Subsystem(NSS)Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

Heart of the network Manages communication between GSM and other

networks

Call setup function and basic switching Call routing

Home Location Register (HLR)

permanent database about mobile subscribers in alarge service area(generally one per GSM networkoperator)


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Visitor Location Register (VLR)

Temporary database which updates whenever newMS enters its area, by HLR database

Authentication Center (AUC)

Protects against intruders in air interface Maintains authentication keys and algorithms and

provides security triplets ( RAND,SRES,Kc)

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

Database that is used to track handsets using theIMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)

Subscriber Identity Module

One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM),commonly known as a SIM card. The SIM is a detachable smart card containingthe user's subscription information and phonebook. This allows the user to retainhis or her information after switching handsets. Alternatively, the user can alsochange operators while retaining the handset simply by changing the SIM.

Some operators will block this by allowing the phone to use only a single SIM, oronly a SIM issued by them; this practice is known as SIM locking, and is illegal insome countries.

GSM security

GSM was designed with a moderate level of security. The system wasdesigned to authenticate the subscriber using a pre-shared key and challenge-response. Communications between the subscriber and the base station can beencrypted. The development of UMTS introduces an optional USIM, that uses a

longer authentication key to give greater security, as well as mutuallyauthenticating the network and the user - whereas GSM only authenticated theuser to the network (and not vice versa). The security model therefore offersconfidentiality and authentication, but limited authorization capabilities, and nonon-repudiation.

GSM uses several cryptographic algorithms for security. The A5/1 and A5/2stream ciphers are used for ensuring over-the-air voice privacy. A5/1 was


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developed first and is a stronger algorithm used within Europe and the UnitedStates; A5/2 is weaker and used in other countries. A large security advantageof GSM over earlier systems is that the cryptographic key stored on the SIM cardis never sent over the wireless interface. Serious weaknesses have been found inboth algorithms, however, and it is possible to break A5/2 in real-time in a

ciphertext-only attack. The system supports multiple algorithms so operators mayreplace that cipher with a stronger one.

References:

http://www.wireless.ece.ufl.edu/jshea/eel6509/misc/history.html http://wireless.itworld.com/4244/040322histowireless/page_1.html http://www.cellular.co.za/gsmhistory.htm http://www.privateline.com/mt_cellbasics/ Noll, Michael, Introduction to Telephones and Telephone Systems 3rd

ed., ArTech House Boston-London, pp. 215-240


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Requirement for GSM:

For the given area, submit a cellular design using small or micro cells;optional pico cells. Determine minimum number of transceivers needed and theBTS EIRP.

Assume (given) NSO data = projectedCenter of target circle = UST, Manila

Radius = 2.3 kmPenetration Rate = 3.8%Propagation Coefficient = 3.8BW constraints in chn-pr = 5Air Gos = 3.8%Traffic Model = Erlang BTraffic per subscriber = 0.0038 E


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This figure shows the coverage area that we are assigned to. The center is at

UST, Manila and has a 2.3 kilometer radius.

Figure 1


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It shows that the coverage area was subdivided into cells.


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Figure 2

Figure 3


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Design Computations

The design requires having the minimum or optimum number of transceivers within the area. Market

penetration is 3.8% of which non-stationary and flexible traffic is regarded. The traffic per residential

subscriber is 0.0038E.

Given Parameters:

Given

Radius 2.3 km

Market Penetration 3.8 %

Propagation Coefficient 3.8

Allowable BW in Channel Pairs 5 FDD Channel Pairs

GOS % 3.8 %

S/I Ration in dB 9.8 dB

Traffic per Subscriber 0.0038 Erlang

Number of Cells per Cluster

9.8

X= 9.5499

K = 2.8453 3 >> therefore there will be 3 cells per cluster

Number of Voice Channels

5 FDD Channel Pairs = 10 Voice Channels x 8 = 80 Voice Channels

Number of Voice Channels per Cell

Number of Voice Channels per Cell =

=

= 26.667

C


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Therefore, there is a maximum of 26 voice channels in a cell, 2 of which are used for signaling, hence

24 usable voice channels per cell.

Transceiver Computation

Cell 1

Traffic Computation

Traffic per Cell = No. of Subscribers per Cell * Traffic per Subscriber

Traffic per Cell = 404 * 0.0038 Erlang

Traffic per Cell = 1.53520 traffic/cell

Channel Computation

Using the Erlang B Calculator (CALCUCEL), we can compute for the available number of channels with a

GOS of 3.8%.

No. of Voice Channels = 7 Channels


No. of Transceiver =


= 1.125 2 Transceivers

Therefore, the number of transceivers for Cell 1 is 2


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Cell 2

Traffic Computation




Channel Computation


GOS of 3.8%.





= 1.375

2 Transceivers



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Cell 3

Traffic Computation




Channel Computation


GOS of 3.8%.





= 1 Transceiver

Therefore, the number of transceiver for Cell 3 is 1


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Cell 5

Traffic Computation

Traffic per Cell = No. of Subscribers per Cell * Traffic per SubscriberTraffic per Cell = 847 * 0.0038 Erlang


Channel Computation


GOS of 3.8%.








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Cell 6

Traffic Computation



Channel Computation


GOS of 3.8%.





= 1 Transceiver



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Cell 7

Traffic Computation



Channel Computation


GOS of 3.8%.








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Cell 8

Traffic Computation




Channel Computation


GOS of 3.8%.








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Cell 9

Traffic Computation




Channel Computation


GOS of 3.8%.








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Cell 10

Traffic Computation




Channel Computation


GOS of 3.8%.








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Cell 11

Traffic Computation




Channel Computation


GOS of 3.8%.








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Cell 12

Traffic Computation




Channel Computation


GOS of 3.8%.








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Cell 13

Traffic Computation




Channel Computation


GOS of 3.8%.








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Cell 14

Traffic Computation




Channel Computation


GOS of 3.8%.








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Cell 15

Traffic Computation




Channel Computation


GOS of 3.8%.








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Cell 16

Traffic Computation




Channel Computation


GOS of 3.8%.








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Cell 17

Traffic Computation




Channel Computation


GOS of 3.8%.








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Cell 18

Traffic Computation




Channel Computation


GOS of 3.8%.








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Cell 19

Traffic Computation




Channel Computation


GOS of 3.8%.








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Flexible Traffic Computation

Central Terminal Station

Traffic = No. of Passengers Daily * Traffic per Subscriber

Traffic = 47 * 0.0038 Erlang

Traffic = 0.1786 traffic/cell

Channel Computation


GOS of 3.8%.





= 0.625

1 Transceiver

Therefore, the number of transceiver for Central Station is 1

\


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Carriedo and Doroteo Jose Station




Channel Computation


GOS of 3.8%.





= 0.75

1 Transceiver

Therefore, the number of transceiver for Carriedo and Doroteo Jose Station is 1


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Bambang and Tayuman Station




Channel Computation


GOS of 3.8%.





= 0.625 1 Transceiver

Therefore, the number of transceiver for Bambang and Tayuman Station is 1


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Blumentritt and Abad Santos Station




Channel Computation


GOS of 3.8%.

No. of Voice Channels = Channels




= 0.625

1 Transceiver

Therefore, the number of transceiver for Blumentritt and Abad Santos Station is 1


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Summary

*color coding represents clusterization


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Frequency Planning

GSM 900

Uplink:890- 895 MHz

Downlink:935- 940 MHz

Duplex Distance:45 MHz

Carrier Separation:200 Khz


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