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GSM Cellular Network
ECE125D/B12
M PU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYSchool of Electrical Electronics and Computer Engineering
Prepared or Submitted by:
ANTONIO, Freitz Allen P.
BERNARDINO, Christoffer
GALEON, Jeremiah Gem C
GONZALES. Jonn Kenneth
MANANGAN, Krizell Ann C
SILVERIO, Steven Matthew
Submitted to:
Engr. Jose B. Cardenas
December 6, 2011
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I. AcknowledgementII. Approval LetterIII. Letter Of TransmittalIV. Theoretical Background Of GSM
-Brief History of Wireless Telephone
-Global System for Mobile Communication
-GSM Network Structure
-The structure of a GSM network
V. Given/ Design RequirementsVI. Coverage Map/Study PlanVII. Cellular PlanVIII. Design ComputationsIX. Frequency PlanX. Table Of Compliance
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The group of future Electronics Engineers of the Philippines would like toacknowledge the following because without them, this design would not bepossible.
To the Almighty God, we thank you for your guidance and grace that youconstantly giving us.
Our sincerest thanks go to our professor, Engr. Jose Cardenas, for giving usthis design task for us to understand well the Cellular and Frequency Planningand prepare us to handle the competitiveness of our course outside the school.
We will be grateful for all of the lessons you had taught us, academic-wise ornot.
To the persons behind this project, thanks for the camaraderie, unity andcooperation. Our projects will never be done without a bunch of sleepless andrestless teenagers battling fatigue during midnight. Nevertheless, the experienceshaped us to be better individuals.
To our families, thanks for their unconditional love and support. For theconcern and understanding you have shown us, thank you so much.
To some people who helped us, our utmost appreciation for whatevercontributions you gave for the completion of this project.
To the panel that review this design and help us to make this designcomplete and specific, we extend our deepest gratitude to you.
God bless us all!
ANTONIO, Freitz Allen P.BERNARDINO, Christoffer B.
GALEON, Jeremiah Gem C.GONZALES. Jonn Kenneth A.
MANANGAN, Krizell Ann C.SILVERIO, Steven Matthew G.
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This is to certify that I have supervised the preparation and read the
design report prepared by Freitz Allen P. Antonio, Christoffer B. Bernardino,Jeremiah Gem C. Galeon, Jonn Kenneth A. Gonzales, Krizell Ann C. Mananganand Steven Matthew G. Silverio entitled GSM CELLULAR NETWORK and thatthe said design report has been submitted for final examination by Oralexamination Committee.
Engr. Jose B. CardenasCourse Adviser
As a member of the Oral examination committee, I certify that I haveexamined the design report, presented before the committee on 6th ofDecember 2011 and hereby recommend that it will be accepted as fulfillmentof the research report requirement to the degree of Bachelor of Science inElectronics and Communication Engineering.
Engr. Jose B. Cardenas Engr. Flordeliza Valiente Engr. Emma Ruth TiongPanel Member Panel Member Panel Member
The design report is hereby approved and accepted by the School of EEECE Cpe as partial fulfillment of the requirement in Bachelor of Science inElectronics and Communication Engineering.
Engr. Alejandro H. Ballado Jr.
Subject Chairperson, ECE
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Engr. Jose CardenasSchool of EE-ECE-CpE
Mapa Institute of TechnologyMuralla St., Intramuros, Manila
Dear Sir:In accordance to your requirements in Communications 5 Design, we
have prepared a documentation of our Plate entitled GSM: Cellular Networkand Frequency Planning. This paper contains the necessary and essentialtechnical information to support our design. It includes cell site locations,subscriber count, traffic load, number of transceivers to use per sector,
frequency plan, etc. Supporting calculations of this design are also included inthis document. We have also included some discussion about the basics ofcellular planning and GSM.
Through the course of the term, 2nd term SY 2010-2011, were given the
opportunity to learn much about GSM and how to design it. We feel that theknowledge we have gained in this design will be helpful in future work terms,and in our chosen fields.
If you have any questions and/or comments regarding the interpretationof this paper, our group is willing to discuss matters in your most convenient timeand place.
Respectfully,
ANTONIO, Freitz Allen P.BERNARDINO, Christoffer B.
GALEON, Jeremiah Gem C.
GONZALES. Jonn Kenneth A.MANANGAN, Krizell Ann C.
SILVERIO, Steven Matthew G.
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Brief History of Wireless Communications
Mobile telephony was provided by conventional two-way radio, whichallowed only a few dozen two-way radio channels in a given service area. Asinge, centrally located, high-power radio transmitter served a whole areaabout 50 miles in diameter. The very small number of users who could be servedin a given area meant that the service was quite costly, and the limitedcapacity of the service meant that many potential customers went unserved.Cellular mobile telephone service solved the problem of congestion, and itsmass market acceptance made mobile service affordable to many customers.
In the early 1970s, AT&T had applied earlier to the Federal
Communications Commission(FCC) for permission to offer an advanced mobilephone service(AMPS) based on the cellular principle, but the FCC wanted todetermine how to introduce competition into the provision of cellular service. Soin 1975, FCC opened 40 MHz of the 800MHz radio band to any qualifiedcommon carrier, brining competition to the service.
Global System for Mobile communications
GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile telephonysystem that is widely used in Europe and other parts of the world. GSM uses a
variation of time division multiple access (TDMA)and is the most widely used ofthe three digitalwireless telephony technologies (TDMA, GSM, andCDMA). GSMdigitizes and compresses data, then sends it down a channel with two otherstreams of user data, each in its own time slot. It operates at either the 900 MHzor 1800 MHz frequency band.
GSM is the far most popular and widely used implemented digital cellularsystem with more than a billion people using the system (by 2005). Features suchas, prepaid calling, international roaming, voice mail, SMS, call waiting. etc.,enhanced the popularity of the system. The key advantage of GSM systems hasbeen higher digital voice quality and low cost alternatives to making calls such
as text messaging. The advantage for network operators has been the ability todeploy equipment from different vendors because the open standard allowseasy interoperability.
The GSM system operates at a various radio frequencies, with most themoperating at 900 MHz and /or 1800 MHz. The cell radius in the GSM networkvaries depending upon the antenna height, antenna gains, propagationconditions, etc. Due to this cell sizes are classified into four kinds in GSM
http://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid183_gci211948,00.htmlhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid7_gci214175,00.htmlhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid40_gci213380,00.htmlhttp://searchtelecom.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid103_gci213842,00.htmlhttp://searchtelecom.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid103_gci213842,00.htmlhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid40_gci213380,00.htmlhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid7_gci214175,00.htmlhttp://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid183_gci211948,00.html -
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networks: macro, micro, pico and umbrella, with macro cells being the biggestand umbrella cells being the smallest.
Network structure
The network behind the GSM system seen by the customer is large andcomplicated in order to provide all of the services which are required. It isdivided into a number of sections and these are each covered in separatearticles.
The Base Station Subsystem (the base stations and their controllers). The Network and Switching Subsystem (the part of the network most
similar to a fixed network). This is sometimes also just called the corenetwork.
The GPRS Core Network (the optional part which allows packet basedInternet connections).
All of the elements in the system combine to produce many GSM servicessuch as voice calls and SMS.
GSM network Architecture
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Mobile Station (MS)Mobile Equipment (ME)
Portable, vehicle mounted, hand held device Uniquely identified by an IMEI(International Mobile
Equipment Identity)
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Smart card contains the International MobileSubscriber
Identity (IMSI)
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
1. Encodes, encrypts, multiplexes, modulates andfeeds the RF signals to the antenna. Communicates with Mobile station and BSC Consists of Transceivers (TRX) units
Base Station Controller (BSC)
Manages Radio resources for BTS Assigns Frequency and time slots for all MSs in itsarea Handles call set up Handover for each MS It communicates with MSC and BTS
Network Switching Subsystem(NSS)Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Heart of the network Manages communication between GSM and other
networks
Call setup function and basic switching Call routing
Home Location Register (HLR)
permanent database about mobile subscribers in alarge service area(generally one per GSM networkoperator)
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Visitor Location Register (VLR)
Temporary database which updates whenever newMS enters its area, by HLR database
Authentication Center (AUC)
Protects against intruders in air interface Maintains authentication keys and algorithms and
provides security triplets ( RAND,SRES,Kc)
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
Database that is used to track handsets using theIMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)
Subscriber Identity Module
One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM),commonly known as a SIM card. The SIM is a detachable smart card containingthe user's subscription information and phonebook. This allows the user to retainhis or her information after switching handsets. Alternatively, the user can alsochange operators while retaining the handset simply by changing the SIM.
Some operators will block this by allowing the phone to use only a single SIM, oronly a SIM issued by them; this practice is known as SIM locking, and is illegal insome countries.
GSM security
GSM was designed with a moderate level of security. The system wasdesigned to authenticate the subscriber using a pre-shared key and challenge-response. Communications between the subscriber and the base station can beencrypted. The development of UMTS introduces an optional USIM, that uses a
longer authentication key to give greater security, as well as mutuallyauthenticating the network and the user - whereas GSM only authenticated theuser to the network (and not vice versa). The security model therefore offersconfidentiality and authentication, but limited authorization capabilities, and nonon-repudiation.
GSM uses several cryptographic algorithms for security. The A5/1 and A5/2stream ciphers are used for ensuring over-the-air voice privacy. A5/1 was
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developed first and is a stronger algorithm used within Europe and the UnitedStates; A5/2 is weaker and used in other countries. A large security advantageof GSM over earlier systems is that the cryptographic key stored on the SIM cardis never sent over the wireless interface. Serious weaknesses have been found inboth algorithms, however, and it is possible to break A5/2 in real-time in a
ciphertext-only attack. The system supports multiple algorithms so operators mayreplace that cipher with a stronger one.
References:
http://www.wireless.ece.ufl.edu/jshea/eel6509/misc/history.html http://wireless.itworld.com/4244/040322histowireless/page_1.html http://www.cellular.co.za/gsmhistory.htm http://www.privateline.com/mt_cellbasics/ Noll, Michael, Introduction to Telephones and Telephone Systems 3rd
ed., ArTech House Boston-London, pp. 215-240
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Requirement for GSM:
For the given area, submit a cellular design using small or micro cells;optional pico cells. Determine minimum number of transceivers needed and theBTS EIRP.
Assume (given) NSO data = projectedCenter of target circle = UST, Manila
Radius = 2.3 kmPenetration Rate = 3.8%Propagation Coefficient = 3.8BW constraints in chn-pr = 5Air Gos = 3.8%Traffic Model = Erlang BTraffic per subscriber = 0.0038 E
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This figure shows the coverage area that we are assigned to. The center is at
UST, Manila and has a 2.3 kilometer radius.
Figure 1
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It shows that the coverage area was subdivided into cells.
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Figure 2
Figure 3
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Design Computations
The design requires having the minimum or optimum number of transceivers within the area. Market
penetration is 3.8% of which non-stationary and flexible traffic is regarded. The traffic per residential
subscriber is 0.0038E.
Given Parameters:
Given
Radius 2.3 km
Market Penetration 3.8 %
Propagation Coefficient 3.8
Allowable BW in Channel Pairs 5 FDD Channel Pairs
GOS % 3.8 %
S/I Ration in dB 9.8 dB
Traffic per Subscriber 0.0038 Erlang
Number of Cells per Cluster
9.8
X= 9.5499
K = 2.8453 3 >> therefore there will be 3 cells per cluster
Number of Voice Channels
5 FDD Channel Pairs = 10 Voice Channels x 8 = 80 Voice Channels
Number of Voice Channels per Cell
Number of Voice Channels per Cell =
=
= 26.667
C
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Therefore, there is a maximum of 26 voice channels in a cell, 2 of which are used for signaling, hence
24 usable voice channels per cell.
Transceiver Computation
Cell 1
Traffic Computation
Traffic per Cell = No. of Subscribers per Cell * Traffic per Subscriber
Traffic per Cell = 404 * 0.0038 Erlang
Traffic per Cell = 1.53520 traffic/cell
Channel Computation
Using the Erlang B Calculator (CALCUCEL), we can compute for the available number of channels with a
GOS of 3.8%.
No. of Voice Channels = 7 Channels
Transceiver Computation
No. of Transceiver =
No. of Transceiver =
= 1.125 2 Transceivers
Therefore, the number of transceivers for Cell 1 is 2
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Cell 2
Traffic Computation
Traffic per Cell = No. of Subscribers per Cell * Traffic per Subscriber
Traffic per Cell = 826 * 0.0038 Erlang
Traffic per Cell = 3.13880 traffic/cell
Channel Computation
Using the Erlang B Calculator (CALCUCEL), we can compute for the available number of channels with a
GOS of 3.8%.
No. of Voice Channels = 9 Channels
Transceiver Computation
No. of Transceiver =
No. of Transceiver =
= 1.375
2 Transceivers
Therefore, the number of transceivers for Cell 2 is 2
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Cell 3
Traffic Computation
Traffic per Cell = No. of Subscribers per Cell * Traffic per Subscriber
Traffic per Cell = 378 * 0.0038 Erlang
Traffic per Cell = 1.43630 traffic/cell
Channel Computation
Using the Erlang B Calculator (CALCUCEL), we can compute for the available number of channels with a
GOS of 3.8%.
No. of Voice Channels = 6 Channels
Transceiver Computation
No. of Transceiver =
No. of Transceiver =
= 1 Transceiver
Therefore, the number of transceiver for Cell 3 is 1
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Cell 5
Traffic Computation
Traffic per Cell = No. of Subscribers per Cell * Traffic per SubscriberTraffic per Cell = 847 * 0.0038 Erlang
Traffic per Cell = 3.21860 traffic/cell
Channel Computation
Using the Erlang B Calculator (CALCUCEL), we can compute for the available number of channels with a
GOS of 3.8%.
No. of Voice Channels = 10 Channels
Transceiver Computation
No. of Transceiver =
No. of Transceiver =
= 1.5 2 Transceivers
Therefore, the number of transceivers for Cell 5 is 2
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Cell 6
Traffic Computation
Traffic per Cell = No. of Subscribers per Cell * Traffic per SubscriberTraffic per Cell = 373 * 0.0038 Erlang
Traffic per Cell = 1.41740 traffic/cell
Channel Computation
Using the Erlang B Calculator (CALCUCEL), we can compute for the available number of channels with a
GOS of 3.8%.
No. of Voice Channels = 6 Channels
Transceiver Computation
No. of Transceiver =
No. of Transceiver =
= 1 Transceiver
Therefore, the number of transceivers for Cell 6 is 1
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Cell 7
Traffic Computation
Traffic per Cell = No. of Subscribers per Cell * Traffic per SubscriberTraffic per Cell = 866 * 0.0038 Erlang
Traffic per Cell = 3.29080 traffic/cell
Channel Computation
Using the Erlang B Calculator (CALCUCEL), we can compute for the available number of channels with a
GOS of 3.8%.
No. of Voice Channels = 10 Channels
Transceiver Computation
No. of Transceiver =
No. of Transceiver =
= 1.5 2 Transceivers
Therefore, the number of transceivers for Cell 7 is 2
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Cell 8
Traffic Computation
Traffic per Cell = No. of Subscribers per Cell * Traffic per Subscriber
Traffic per Cell = 1133 * 0.0038 Erlang
Traffic per Cell = 4.30540 traffic/cell
Channel Computation
Using the Erlang B Calculator (CALCUCEL), we can compute for the available number of channels with a
GOS of 3.8%.
No. of Voice Channels = 11 Channels
Transceiver Computation
No. of Transceiver =
No. of Transceiver =
= 1.625 2 Transceivers
Therefore, the number of transceivers for Cell 8 is 2
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Cell 9
Traffic Computation
Traffic per Cell = No. of Subscribers per Cell * Traffic per Subscriber
Traffic per Cell = 1068 * 0.0038 Erlang
Traffic per Cell = 4.05840 traffic/cell
Channel Computation
Using the Erlang B Calculator (CALCUCEL), we can compute for the available number of channels with a
GOS of 3.8%.
No. of Voice Channels = 11 Channels
Transceiver Computation
No. of Transceiver =
No. of Transceiver =
= 1.625 2 Transceivers
Therefore, the number of transceivers for Cell 9 is 2
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Cell 10
Traffic Computation
Traffic per Cell = No. of Subscribers per Cell * Traffic per Subscriber
Traffic per Cell = 1182 * 0.0038 Erlang
Traffic per Cell = 4.49160 traffic/cell
Channel Computation
Using the Erlang B Calculator (CALCUCEL), we can compute for the available number of channels with a
GOS of 3.8%.
No. of Voice Channels = 12 Channels
Transceiver Computation
No. of Transceiver =
No. of Transceiver =
= 1.75 2 Transceivers
Therefore, the number of transceivers for Cell 10 is 2
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Cell 11
Traffic Computation
Traffic per Cell = No. of Subscribers per Cell * Traffic per Subscriber
Traffic per Cell = 1218 * 0.0038 Erlang
Traffic per Cell = 4.62840 traffic/cell
Channel Computation
Using the Erlang B Calculator (CALCUCEL), we can compute for the available number of channels with a
GOS of 3.8%.
No. of Voice Channels = 12 Channels
Transceiver Computation
No. of Transceiver =
No. of Transceiver =
= 1.75 2 Transceivers
Therefore, the number of transceivers for Cell 11 is 2
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Cell 12
Traffic Computation
Traffic per Cell = No. of Subscribers per Cell * Traffic per Subscriber
Traffic per Cell = 1243 * 0.0038 Erlang
Traffic per Cell = 4.72340 traffic/cell
Channel Computation
Using the Erlang B Calculator (CALCUCEL), we can compute for the available number of channels with a
GOS of 3.8%.
No. of Voice Channels = 12 Channels
Transceiver Computation
No. of Transceiver =
No. of Transceiver =
= 1.75 2 Transceivers
Therefore, the number of transceivers for Cell 12 is 2
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Cell 13
Traffic Computation
Traffic per Cell = No. of Subscribers per Cell * Traffic per Subscriber
Traffic per Cell = 858 * 0.0038 Erlang
Traffic per Cell = 3.26040 traffic/cell
Channel Computation
Using the Erlang B Calculator (CALCUCEL), we can compute for the available number of channels with a
GOS of 3.8%.
No. of Voice Channels = 10 Channels
Transceiver Computation
No. of Transceiver =
No. of Transceiver =
= 1.5 2 Transceivers
Therefore, the number of transceivers for Cell 13 is 2
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Cell 14
Traffic Computation
Traffic per Cell = No. of Subscribers per Cell * Traffic per Subscriber
Traffic per Cell = 426 * 0.0038 Erlang
Traffic per Cell = 1.61880 traffic/cell
Channel Computation
Using the Erlang B Calculator (CALCUCEL), we can compute for the available number of channels with a
GOS of 3.8%.
No. of Voice Channels = 7 Channels
Transceiver Computation
No. of Transceiver =
No. of Transceiver =
= 1.125 2 Transceivers
Therefore, the number of transceiver for Cell 14 is 2
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Cell 15
Traffic Computation
Traffic per Cell = No. of Subscribers per Cell * Traffic per Subscriber
Traffic per Cell = 689 * 0.0038 Erlang
Traffic per Cell = 2.61820 traffic/cell
Channel Computation
Using the Erlang B Calculator (CALCUCEL), we can compute for the available number of channels with a
GOS of 3.8%.
No. of Voice Channels = 9 Channels
Transceiver Computation
No. of Transceiver =
No. of Transceiver =
= 1.375 2 Transceivers
Therefore, the number of transceiver for Cell 15 is 2
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Cell 16
Traffic Computation
Traffic per Cell = No. of Subscribers per Cell * Traffic per Subscriber
Traffic per Cell = 1168 * 0.0038 Erlang
Traffic per Cell = 4.43840 traffic/cell
Channel Computation
Using the Erlang B Calculator (CALCUCEL), we can compute for the available number of channels with a
GOS of 3.8%.
No. of Voice Channels = 12 Channels
Transceiver Computation
No. of Transceiver =
No. of Transceiver =
= 1.75 2 Transceivers
Therefore, the number of transceiver for Cell 16 is 2
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Cell 17
Traffic Computation
Traffic per Cell = No. of Subscribers per Cell * Traffic per Subscriber
Traffic per Cell = 499 * 0.0038 Erlang
Traffic per Cell = 1.89620 traffic/cell
Channel Computation
Using the Erlang B Calculator (CALCUCEL), we can compute for the available number of channels with a
GOS of 3.8%.
No. of Voice Channels = 7 Channels
Transceiver Computation
No. of Transceiver =
No. of Transceiver =
= 1.125 2 Transceivers
Therefore, the number of transceiver for Cell 17 is 2
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Cell 18
Traffic Computation
Traffic per Cell = No. of Subscribers per Cell * Traffic per Subscriber
Traffic per Cell = 1039 * 0.0038 Erlang
Traffic per Cell = 3.94820 traffic/cell
Channel Computation
Using the Erlang B Calculator (CALCUCEL), we can compute for the available number of channels with a
GOS of 3.8%.
No. of Voice Channels = 11 Channels
Transceiver Computation
No. of Transceiver =
No. of Transceiver =
= 1.625 2 Transceivers
Therefore, the number of transceiver for Cell 18 is 2
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Cell 19
Traffic Computation
Traffic per Cell = No. of Subscribers per Cell * Traffic per Subscriber
Traffic per Cell = 610 * 0.0038 Erlang
Traffic per Cell = 2.31800 traffic/cell
Channel Computation
Using the Erlang B Calculator (CALCUCEL), we can compute for the available number of channels with a
GOS of 3.8%.
No. of Voice Channels = 8 Channels
Transceiver Computation
No. of Transceiver =
No. of Transceiver =
= 1.25 2 Transceivers
Therefore, the number of transceiver for Cell 19 is 2
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Flexible Traffic Computation
Central Terminal Station
Traffic = No. of Passengers Daily * Traffic per Subscriber
Traffic = 47 * 0.0038 Erlang
Traffic = 0.1786 traffic/cell
Channel Computation
Using the Erlang B Calculator (CALCUCEL), we can compute for the available number of channels with a
GOS of 3.8%.
No. of Voice Channels = 3 Channels
Transceiver Computation
No. of Transceiver =
No. of Transceiver =
= 0.625
1 Transceiver
Therefore, the number of transceiver for Central Station is 1
\
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Flexible Traffic Computation
Carriedo and Doroteo Jose Station
Traffic = No. of Passengers Daily * Traffic per Subscriber
Traffic = 97 * 0.0038 Erlang
Traffic = 0.3686 traffic/cell
Channel Computation
Using the Erlang B Calculator (CALCUCEL), we can compute for the available number of channels with a
GOS of 3.8%.
No. of Voice Channels = 4 Channels
Transceiver Computation
No. of Transceiver =
No. of Transceiver =
= 0.75
1 Transceiver
Therefore, the number of transceiver for Carriedo and Doroteo Jose Station is 1
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Flexible Traffic Computation
Bambang and Tayuman Station
Traffic = No. of Passengers Daily * Traffic per Subscriber
Traffic = 37 * 0.0038 Erlang
Traffic = 0.1406 traffic/cell
Channel Computation
Using the Erlang B Calculator (CALCUCEL), we can compute for the available number of channels with a
GOS of 3.8%.
No. of Voice Channels = 3 Channels
Transceiver Computation
No. of Transceiver =
No. of Transceiver =
= 0.625 1 Transceiver
Therefore, the number of transceiver for Bambang and Tayuman Station is 1
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Flexible Traffic Computation
Blumentritt and Abad Santos Station
Traffic = No. of Passengers Daily * Traffic per Subscriber
Traffic = 41 * 0.0038 Erlang
Traffic = 0.1558 traffic/cell
Channel Computation
Using the Erlang B Calculator (CALCUCEL), we can compute for the available number of channels with a
GOS of 3.8%.
No. of Voice Channels = Channels
Transceiver Computation
No. of Transceiver =
No. of Transceiver =
= 0.625
1 Transceiver
Therefore, the number of transceiver for Blumentritt and Abad Santos Station is 1
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Summary
*color coding represents clusterization
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Frequency Planning
GSM 900
Uplink:890- 895 MHz
Downlink:935- 940 MHz
Duplex Distance:45 MHz
Carrier Separation:200 Khz
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