comp4 unit1e lecture slides

Introduction to Information and Computer Science

Basic Computing Concepts, Including History

Lecture eThis material (Comp4_Unit1e) was developed by Oregon Health and Science University, funded by the Department of Health

and Human Services, Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology under Award Number IU24OC000015.

Basic Computing Concepts Including HistoryLearning Objectives

• Define what a computer is (Lecture a)• Describe different types of computers, including PCs,

mobile devices and embedded computers (Lecture a)• Define the common elements of computer systems

(Lecture a)• Describe the various hardware and software options for

typical desktop, laptop and server systems for home and business use with a focus on healthcare systems (Lectures b and c)

• Explain the development of computers and the Internet, including healthcare systems, up until the present time. (Lecture d and e)

2Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012

Introduction to Information and Computer Science Basic Computing Concepts Including

History Lecture e

Personal Computers

• Up until 1970s, large computers and mainframes were used by government, large industries and universities

• Reduced size and cost of microprocessors led to computers for personal use

• People who had been programming large machines at work and school could now own their own computers at home!



History Lecture e

First Personal ComputerAltair 8800

• Available in 1975 as a kit or fully assembled

• Programmed with switches

• Output was given with flashing lights

• Very popular with hobbyists– Bill Gates and Paul Allen

started Microsoft with compiler for Altair

4Introduction to Information and Computer Science Basic Computing

Concepts Including History Lecture e

Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012

(MITS, nd. Public domain PD-US)

Apple



History Lecture e

• Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak started Apple Computer Company in 1976

• Apple I (1976) was a kit—user had to provide keyboard, power supply and monitor.

• Apple II (1977) came with keyboard, monitor and floppy drive

Apple II

(Uthman, 2003. (CC BY-SA 2.0) )

(Rama & Musée Bolo, 2010. (CC BY-SA 2.0))

IBM Personal Computers• In 1981, IBM released its first

personal computer– Based on Intel 8088 chip– Used off the shelf parts,

software• Because its architecture

wasn't proprietary, led to the development of "clones"

• Used for business and personal use

• Launched success of Microsoft



History Lecture e

(Boffy, 2006. (CC BY-SA 3.0))

Software• These machines needed software to run

programs• The operating system is necessary for

coordinating with the hardware– DOS was developed for Apple– QDOS was developed for Intel Chip

• Bought by Microsoft• Became MS-DOS for IBM PC



History Lecture e

First Popular Software Program• VisiCalc was developed

by Harvard Business School students Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston in 1978

• Spreadsheet program for PC

• 100,000+ copies were sold the first year



History Lecture e

(Gortu, 2005)

The Internet• In the meantime, the beginnings of the

Internet were starting• In 1969, ARPANET connected 4 universities

– Sponsored by the US Government for connecting researchers

– Motivated by the Cold War• By 1971 there were 15 sites on the network• By 1980s there were over 1000 sites on the

network and the term Internet is born



History Lecture e

The Internet

• Other networks formed and eventually all merged to become the Internet

• In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee developed the World Wide Web software

• In 1992, Congress votes to allow commercial activity on the Internet

• In 1993, first web browsers were released• In 1997, PubMed was launched



History Lecture e

Historic World Wide Web Logo(Pé, 2007. PD-US)

The Perfect Storm in the 1990s• Personal computers became faster, cheaper

and smaller as technology advanced– More households and people purchased

computers• Microsoft introduced Windows

– Computer interaction easier with a mouse and graphical user interface

• The Internet was open to commercial use and browsers made exploring websites easy

The Internet Boom!



History Lecture e

Electronic Medical Records• Become more pervasive in the 1990s• In 1996, HIPAA was passed

establishing rules for accessing and storing electronic medical records

• By 2000, 16% private physicians, < 10% hospitals used EMRs

• By 2005, 25% private physicians used EMRs


Introduction to Information and Computer Science Basic Computing


VistA screenshot

(Hribar, 2010)

Since Then…• Personal Data Assistants introduce hand

held computing– Smartphones replace PDAs

• Wireless networks are widely available– Mobile computing is now pervasive

• Social networking sites connect people• Computers and the Internet are

ubiquitous• HITECH Act passed in 2009 to provide

incentives for EMR use starting in 201113Health IT Workforce Curriculum

Version 3.0/Spring 2012



The Future?• Computing technology will continue to

become faster, more powerful and smaller• How will mobile and cloud computing

evolve?• More ubiquitous?• More embedded computers?• Difficult to say for sure…




(Johnston, 2009. CC BY-SA 3.0)

Basic Computing Concepts Including History

Summary – Lecture e

15

• Personal computers developed in 1970s

• Altair 8800; Apple I; Apple II; and IBM PC

• Internet boom of the 1990s• Technology continues to develop

Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012

Introduction to Information and Computer Science Basic Computing Concepts

Including History Lecture e

Basic Computing Concepts Including History

Summary • Computers are electronic devices that input,

calculate and output data• Include PCs, smart phones, embedded

computers• Purchasing a new personal computer requires

research• Computers have evolved from simple counting

and calculating tools to the complex, fast electronic systems they are today.



History Lecture e

Basic Computing Concepts Including History References – Lecture e




References Bricklin, Daniel. Visicalc. [Website]. c2010. [cited 2011 Nov 18]; Available from: http://bricklin.com/visicalc.htm.Collen, Morris Frank B.E.E., M.D. A History of Medical Informatics in the United States: 1950 – 1990. Indianapolis:

BooksCraft, Inc.; 1995.Computer History Museum. History of the Internet. c2006. [cited 2011 Nov 18]; Available from:

http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/.Cringely, Bob. Triumph of the Nerds [DVD]. Ambrose Video; 2002.Electronic Health Record. Wikipedia [free encyclopedia on the Internet]. 2011 March 20; [cited 22 March 2011];

Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_health_record .History of Computing Hardware. Wikipedia [free encyclopedia on the Internet]. 2011 March 18; [cited 22 March 2010];

Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware.History of Computing. Wikipedia [free encyclopedia on the Internet]. 2011 March 9; [cited 22 March 2011]; Available

from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing.Kass-Bartelmes, Barbara L., M.P.H., C.H.E.S., Ortiz, Eduardo, M.D., M.P.H. Medical Informatics for Better and Safer

Health Care. Research in Action, Issue 6 [serial on the Internet]. 2002, June; [cited 22 March 2011]; Available from: http://www.ahrq.gov/data/informatics/informatria.htm.

VistA. Wikipedia [free encyclopedia on the Internet]. 2011 March 18; [cited 22 March 2011]; Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VistA.

http://bricklin.com/visicalc.htm

http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_health_record

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing

http://www.ahrq.gov/data/informatics/informatria.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VistA

Basic Computing Concepts Including HistoryReferences – Lecture e (continued)

ImagesSlide 4: MITS Altair 8800 computer. MITS (nd.) Holley, M. (1975).

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Altair_Computer_Ad_May_1975.jpg. Retrieved Nov. 2011 from the Wikimedia Commons website: http://commons.wikimedia.org. Public domain image (PD-US).

Slide 5: Apple I computer. Uthman, E. (2003, March) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apple_I_Computer.jpg. Retrieved Nov. 2011 from the Wikimedia Commons website: http://commons.wikimedia.org. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license (CC BY-SA 2.0).

Slide 5: Apple II computer. Rama & Musee Bolo (2010, July) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apple-II.jpg. Retrieved Nov. 2011 from the Wikipedia website: http://enwikipedia.org. This image is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 France license (CC SA-BY 2.0).

Slide 6: IBM PC. Boffy, B. (2006, August) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:IBM_PC_5150.jpg. Retrieved Nov. 2011 from the Wikimedia Commons website: http://commons.wikimedia.org. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license (CC BY-SA 3.0).

Slide 8: Visicalc Screenshot. (Gortu, 2005) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Visicalc.png. Retrieved Nov. 2011 from the Wikimedia Commons website: http://commons.wikimedia.org. This work is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License.

Slide 10: World Wide Web historic logo. Pe, H. (2007, May) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WWW_logo_by_Robert_Cailliau.svg. Retrieved Nov. 2011 from the Wikimedia Commons website: http://commons.wikimedia.org. Public domain (PD-US).

Slide 12: Vista screenshot. Hribar, M. (2010).Slide 14: Cloud computing diagram. Johnston, S. (2009, March)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cloud_computing.svg. Retrieved Nov. 2011 from the Wikimedia Commons website: http://commons.wikimedia.org. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license (CC SA-BY 3.0).




http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Altair_Computer_Ad_May_1975.jpg

http://commons.wikimedia.org/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apple_I_Computer.jpg


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Creative_Commons

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/deed.en

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apple-II.jpg

http://enwikipedia.org/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Creative_Commons

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/fr/deed.en

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:IBM_PC_5150.jpg


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Visicalc.png

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