comp4 unit3a lecture slides

Introduction to Information and Computer Science

Computer Hardware

Lecture a

This material (Comp4_Unit3a) was developed by Oregon Health and Science University, funded by the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology under Award Number

IU24OC000015.

Computer HardwareLearning Objectives

• List the major elements of a computer (Lecture a)• Describe how data is stored in memory and in secondary storage

(Lecture b)• Describe how data is represented in binary notation (Lecture b)• Describe the function of the central processing unit (CPU) of the

computer (Lecture c)• Describe how data is input/output from a computer (Lecture c)• Describe how the elements of a computer system work together

(Lecture c)• Explain how specialized architectures and embedded systems are

used in healthcare settings (Lecture c)

Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012

2Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer Hardware

Lecture a

What is a Computer?

• An electronic device that receives input and produces output that is useful to people or devices

• Made up of hardware and software• Executes instructions found in software

programs



Lecture a

What is a Computer? (continued)

• Computers understand only binary numbers• All input is translated into a binary value• Output is generally translated from a binary

value to a code understood by users (people)– Output is sent from one computer to another

in binary format

4Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012

Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer Hardware

Lecture a

Computer Hardware Components

• Computer hardware consists of:– System components– Storage devices– Input devices– Output devices



Lecture a

System Components• Motherboard

– Made up of circuitry, chips, and thousands of thin copper wires

• Central Processing Unit (CPU)– The “brain” of the computer that is responsible for all

operations– Has its own memory which serves as a “work area.”– Modern computers have multiple processors (or

cores)



Lecture a

System Components (continued)• A modern motherboard

(highwycombe, 2011, CC BY-SA 3.0)



Lecture a

Motherboard Ports are…• Expansion ports on motherboard rear panel:

– Interface between the computer and external device

– An example is a mouse (PS/2) port, usually colored green

– Some expansion ports permit device connection while the computer is running ("hot swappable")



Lecture a

Motherboard Ports are also…• Expansion cards that plug into motherboard:

– PCI (peripheral component interface) slots hold expansion cards.

• For example, network interface card– PCI standards and architecture provide functionality

• Standards needed for interoperability between hardware manufactured by various vendors

• PCI Express (PCIe) replaces PCI-X and AGP and is found in modern computer systems



Lecture a

Motherboard Buses

• Buses– Copper wires on a motherboard that connect

motherboard devices for communications purposes– A motherboard has a number of buses;

• Main three buses:– Address bus―Destination address for this

communication– Control bus―Timing and specific commands– Data bus―Actual data to be acted upon



Lecture a

Motherboard Buses (continued)• For example, if a device requests data be saved

to the hard disk: – The “save” command is placed on the control

bus– The actual data to be saved is placed on the

data bus– The physical address on the HD is placed on

the address bus



Lecture a

What is a Device?• A computer device is hardware that is not part of

computer case or installed inside computer– Input devices provide data and control settings to

computer:• Key presses (keyboard)• Sound (microphone)• Movement (mouse)

– Output devices communicate data processing done by a computer to the world outside the computer:

• Monitor• Printer• Headphone• Speakers



Lecture a

What is a Device? (continued)

• Some devices are standalone hardware:– Computers are devices!– Routers manage access to networks– Digital cameras– Cell phones– Handheld equipment– Can you think of others?



Lecture a

Device Functionality

• Devices usually connect to the computer via ports but can connect wirelessly as well– Devices can also connect to the computer via

expansion cards• Devices communicate by sending/receiving

electronic signals that are translated to binary (machine language instructions)



Lecture a

Input Devices • Keyboard

– Device whose key strokes are usually interpreted by software into some type of symbol or symbols

– For example, the capital letter “A,” typed into word processing document, is sent electronically in binary code to motherboard (as “01000001”) and output on monitor in alphabetic format

• Mouse– Pointing device that functions by detecting motion using X and Y

coordinates system, relative to its point of origin on some type of surface

• Sound– Devices include CD/DVD players, microphones



Lecture a

Input Devices (continued)

• Touchpads―found on most modern laptops. Surface is pressure-sensitive and able to detect (finger) movement and translate this as mouse movement.

• Other common input devices include game joysticks, fingerprint readers, cameras, and bar code readers used in stores.



Lecture a

Input Devices (continued)• Computerized Tomography (CT) Scans

• “… a diagnostic procedure that uses special X-ray equipment to obtain cross-sectional pictures of the body.” [Wikepedia.com, 2011]

A patient is receiving a CT scan for cancer. Outside the scanning room, an imaging computer reveals a 3D

image of the body's interior.

(rosiescancerfund.com, 2010, CC BY 3.0)



Lecture a

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rosies_ct_scan.jpg

Input Devices (continued)• Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scans

• “…a nuclear medicine imaging technique which produces a three-dimensional image or picture of functional processes in the body.” [Wikepedia.com, 2010]

The image displays the GE Discovery D600 PET/CT System, with 16 slice CT

System, built in 2009.

(hg6996, C2009, PD-US)



Lecture a

Input Devices (continued)

• Ultrasonography • Sound waves are used to

produce an image. The echoes are received as input from a sonographic probe and translated into pixels.

( Rickey, D., 2006, CC-BY-SA-2.5)

Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 19

Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer Hardware

Lecture a

Input Devices (continued)• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)―a body is placed in a

magnetic field and flooded with a radio frequency pulse that produces an image of the body’s interior structure.

The image represents the output of an MRI scan of the human head.

(Reed, D., 2009, CC BY 3.0)



Lecture a

Output Devices• Monitor

– Display device that can show computer input and output on screen

• Printer– Device that usually produces a paper copy based on an

electronic document– Connects to the motherboard via USB, parallel, or other ports,

depending on device

• Flash drive– Secondary storage device that connects to the computer via a

USB port



Lecture a

Output Devices (continued)• Speakers

• Hardware devices connected to a sound card installed on motherboard

An onboard speaker does not connect to a “sound card” since sound card functionality is part of motherboard’s circuitry.

• Sonographic equipment• Produces images based

on sound waves received

(DuBose, T., 2008, CC BY-SA 3.0)



Lecture a

Output Devices (continued)• Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG)

– An interpretation of the electrical activity of the heart over time captured and externally recorded by skin electrodes

– A noninvasive recording produced by an electrocardiographic device

(MoodyGroove, 2007, PD-US)


Lecture a



Output Devices (continued)

• Voice synthesizer– Produces sound based on text input– Physicist Stephen Hawking’s synthesized “voice” is

known throughout the world although he lost his ability to speak in 1985

• Other common output devices– Projectors, scanners, and fax machines



Lecture a


Computer HardwareSummary – Lecture a

• Major computer elements include the motherboard, CPU, I/O devices, memory, secondary storage, buses, expansion cards, and ports

• Devices are hardware not installed inside the computer• Devices connect to the computer via ports• Input devices include the keyboard, mouse, and microphones• Medical input devices include CT scanner, PET scanner, ultrasound

probes, and MRI scanners • Output devices include monitors, printers, and flash drives• Medical output devices include sonographic image producers, EKG

systems, and voice synthesizers


Lecture a


Computer HardwareReferences – Lecture a

References• US National Institute of Health, National Cancer Institute. Computed Tomography (CT): Questions and Answers.

[Internet]. 2011 Nov [cited 2011 Nov 05]. Available from: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Detection/CT.

• Wikipedia. Positron emission tomography. [Internet]. 2011 Oct [cited 2011 Nov 05]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography

• Wikipedia. Stephen Hawking. [Internet]. 2011 Nov [cited 2011 Nov 05]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking



Lecture a

Computer HardwareReferences – Lecture a

Images• Slide 7: A modern motherboard [image on the Internet]. highwycombe (C2011). Accessed Jan 2012 from:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard. (CC BY-SA 3.0).• Slide 17: A patient is receiving a CT scan for cancer. Outside of the scanning room is an imaging computer that

reveals a 3D image of the body's interior. [image on the Internet]. rosiescancerfund.com (C2010). Accessed Jan 2012 from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron_emission_tomograph. (CC BY 3.0).

• Slide 18: PET/CT-System with 16-slice CT; the ceiling mounted device is an injection pump for CT contrast agent [image on the Internet]. hg6996 (C2009). Accessed Jan 2012 from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron_emission_tomograph. (PD-US).

• Slide 19: Medical sonographic instrument [image on the Internet]. Rickey, D. (C2006). Accessed Jan 2012 from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_ultrasonography. (CC-BY-SA-2.5).

• Slide 20: Para-sagittal MRI of the head, with aliasing artifacts (nose and forehead appear at the back of the head) [image on the Internet]. Reed, D. (C2008). Accessed Jan 2012 from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging. (CC BY 3.0).

• Slide 22: Orthogonal planes of a 3 dimensional sonographic volume with transverse and coronal measurements for estimating fetal cranial volume [image on the Internet]. DuBose, T. (C2008). Accessed Jan 2012 from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_ultrasonography. (CC BY-SA 3.0).

• Slide 23: 12 Lead EKG of a 26-year-old male [image on the Internet]. MoodyGroove (C2007). Accessed Jan 2012 from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocardiography. (PD-US).



Lecture a

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