COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION MPA503

Development Administration

SUMMARY/RECAP

• ECOLOGICAL APPRTOACHRIGGS MODELS• AGRARIA – INDUSTRIA• ITERMEDIATE – TRANSITA• FUSED – PRISMATIC – DIFFRACTED• BAZAAR – CANTEEN MODEL• REVISED PRISMATIC MODELDAHLs CONTRIBUTION

EMERGENCEEMERGED IN 1950s AND 1960s UNDER THE

FOLLOWING SCENARIO:• LESS ATTENTION TO GOALS

OFADMINISTRATION• NEWLY INDEPENDENT COUNTRIES IN

ASIA,AFRICA AND SOUTH AMERICA• U.N SPONSORED SCHEMES • AMERICAN TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC

PLANS• COMPARATIVE ADMINISTRATION

GROUP(1960)• SEARCH FOR NEW MODELS

DEFINITIONSDEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION INVOLVES

MANAGING A GOVERNMENT/ITS AGENCY SO THAT IT ACQUIRES INCREASING CAPABILITY TO ADAPT TO AND ACT UPON NEW AND CONTINUING SOCIAL CHANGES TO ATTAIN A SUSTAINED GROWTH IN POLITICAL,ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL FIELDS (HAN BEEN LEE)

DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION IS THE ENGINEERING OF SOCIAL CHANGE (M.LANDAU)

DEFINITIONS• DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION IN

CONTEXTUAL AND OPERATIONAL IMPLIES EFFICIENT ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES OF A NATION TO ACHIEVE THE GOALS OF DEVELOPMENT (K.R.HOPE)

• DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION IS THE ADMINISTRATION OF DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS INECONOMIC,SOCIAL AND POLITICALSPHERES INCLUDING PROGRAMS FOR IMPROVING BUREAUCRACY TO ENSURE NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (JOSE ABUEVA)

DEFINITIONS• DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION FOCUSES

ON ORGANIZING AND ADMINISTERING PUBLIC AGENCIES IN A WAY WHICH STIMULATES AND FACILITATES DEFINED PROGRAMS OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC PROGRESS.IT SEEKS TO MAKE CHANGE ATTRACTIVE AND POSSIBLE

PURPOSE: SOCIO – ECONOMIC PROGRESS LOYALTIES: ACCOUNTABLE TO PEOPLE ATTITUDES:

POSITIVE,INNOVATIVE,PERSUASIVEGEORGE GANT

CHARACTERISTICS

• CHANGE OREINTATION• GOAL ORIENTATION• COMMITMENT• CLIENT OREINTATION• TEMPORAL DIMENSION• CITIZEN PARTICIPATIVE ORIENTATION

CHARACTERISTICS

• INNOVATIVENESS: IMPROVING ADMINISTRATIVE

STRUCTURES• ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE• EFFECTIVE COORDINATION• RESPONSIVENESS

APPROACHES• 1950s & 1960s EMPHASISED WESTERN MODEL

AND GNP AS A MEASURE OF PROGRESS• ECONOMIC APPROACH HIGHLIGHTED BY ADAM

SMITH,KARL MARX,KEYNES FOCUSSED ON ECONOMIC GROWTH THROUGH INDUSTRIALISATION

• DIFFUSION APPROACH EXPLAINED DEVELOPMENT THROUGH A PROCESS WHERIN A THIRD WORLD COUNTRY ADOPTS CAPITAL,TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE FROM WESTERN COUNTRIES

APPROACHES• PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH :EXPLAINS

DEVELOPMENT IN TERMS OF PRESENCE OF SOME INDIVIDUAL PERSONALITY TRAITS LIKE ACHIEVEMENT – MOTIVATION,CHANGE ORIENTATION,LESS AUTHORITARIAN ETC

• DEPENDENCY THEORY : HIGHLIGHTS THAT PERSISTENT POVERTY OF THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES IS A REFLECTION OF THEIR DEPENDENCY ON WESTERN INDUSTRIALISED COUNTRIES DUE TO COLONIALISM & NEO-COLONIALISM,

CONTEMPORARY APPROACHESCONTEXT BASED(NOT UNIVERSAL SINGLE

THEORY )APPROACHES TO DEVELOPMENT WHICH ARE PLURALISTIC AND MORE INDIGENOUS /LESS WESTERN HAVING THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS:

1. GREATER EQUALITY IN DISTRIBUTION OF DEVELOPMENT BENIFITS

2. POPULAR PARTICIPATION,KNOWLEDGE SHARING AND EMPOWERMENT TO FACILITATE SELF DEVELOPMENT BY INDIVIDUALS,GROUPS AND COMMUNITIES

CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES

3. SELF RELIANCE AND INDEPENDENCE IN DEVELOPMENT EMPHASISING THE POTENTIAL OF LOCAL RESOURCES

4. LIMITING GROWTH OF POPULATION5. INTEGRATION OF APPROPRIATE

TECH NOLOGY WITH BIG MODERN TECHNOLOGIES TO FACILITATE DEVELOPMENT

TRENDS

• BLUEPRINT TO LEARNING PROCESSBLUE PRINT APPROACH IS RIGID AND CLOSE

ENDED WHEREAS THE LEARNING APPROACH IS FLEXIBLE AND OPEN ENDED

THE BLUEPRINT APPROACH EMPHASISES ADVANCED PLANNING FOR THE PEOPLE,THE LEARNING APPROACH EMPHASISES PLANNING WITH PEOPLE AND DOING SO DURING THE PROCESS OF ADMINISTERING A DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM

TRENDSFROM PRODUCTION CENTERED TO PEOPLE

CENTERED

THE PRODUCTION CENTERED APPROACH INVOLVES PRODUCTION OF GOODS AND SERVICES TO MAXIMISE RETURNS ON INVESTMENT,IT CONCENTRATES ON INDUSTRIAL GROWTH AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT

THE PEOPLE CENTERED APPROACH EMPHASISES THE NEEDS OF THE PEOPLE

,EMPOWERMENT OF THE PEOPLE,RESPONSIVE ADMINISTRATION,SELF RELIANCE,HUMAN GROWTH,SOCIO-ECONOMIC EQUALITY,WELL-BEING AND SUSTAINABILITY

DEVELOPMENT VS TRADITIONAL

• CHANGE ORIENTED/STATUS QUO• DYNAMIC & RIGID/HIERARCHICAL &

RIGID• EFFECTVENESS & GOALS/ECONOMY

& EFFICIENCY• COMPLEX OBJECTIVES/SIMPLE

OBJECTIVES

DEVELOPMENT VS TRADITIONAL

• NEW TASKS/ROUTINE OPERATIONS• DECENTRALISATION/CENTRALISATION• DETAILED PLANNING/NOT MUCH

PLANNING• CREATIVE & INNOVATIVE/RESISTS

CHANGE• PARTICIPATIVE STYLE/AUTHORITATIVE

STYLE

DEVELOPMENT VS TRADITIONAL

• WIDE SCOPE/LIMITED SCOPE OF OPERATIONS

• TEMPORAL DIMENSION/NO TIME LIMIT• OUTWARD LOOKING/INWARD LOOKING

CRITICISM

• COMPLEMENTARY TO EACH OTHER• DISTINCTION UNREALISTIC AND OVER

SIMPLISTIC• IMPRESSION THAT DEVELOPMENT

ADMINISTRATION IS CONCERNED SOLELY WITH THE ADMINISTRATION OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES REDUCES THE UTILITY OF THE CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION WHEN APPLIED TO COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

PROBLEMS

• LACK OF EXPERIENCE OF ADMINISTRATORS• LACK OF GOOD MANAGERS AND

TECHNIQUES• LACK OF COMMITMENT• INFLUENCE OF OLD TRADITIONS AND

CUSTOMS• POLITICAL PARTIES CONCERNED MORE WITH

THEIR OWN PERPETUATION• LACK OF COORDINATION BETWEEN

GENERALISTS AND SPECIALISTS

CORRUPTION

• PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IS ITSELF SUSCEPTIBLE TO CORRUPTION SINCE OFFICIALS EXERCISE A LOT OF POWER

• MUCH OF THE BENEFITS OF RAPID ECONOMIC GROWTH OR A STABLE POLITICAL ORDER MAY BE LOST IN THE GROWING TIDE OF COPRRUPTION