comparing adjectives regular and irregular forms lfa 61 and 64 dec. 9-15, 2014
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Comparing Adjectives
Regular and Irregular FormsLFA 61 and 64
Dec. 9-15, 2014
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3 Degrees of Adjectives!
• Positive: long, high, strong• Comparative: longer, higher, stronger• Superlative: longest, highest, strongest
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How to make comparatives
• Add –ior for M/F, add –ius for N
• longior, longius: longer• altior, altius: higher• fortior, fortius: stronger
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How to make superlatives
• Add –issimus
• Longissimus: longest• Altissimus: highest• Fortissimus: strongest
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There are always…exceptions
• Adjectives that end in –er form their superlatives by adding –RIMUS instead of –issimus
• celer, celeris, celere CELERRIMUS• acer, acris, acre ACERRIMUS
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One more exception!
• The adjectives similis, dissimilis, facilis, difficilis, gracilis, and humilis add –LIMUS instead of –issimus for the superlative
• similis, simile: SIMILLIMUS (most similar)
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Using Comparatives in Latin#1
• The man is stronger than the boy.• Vir est fortior quam puer.• Comparative + quam…the 2nd noun being
compared is in the same case as the 1st noun.
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Using Comparatives in Latin#2
• Vir est fortior puero.• Comparative + ablative… no “quam” is used,
just put the 2nd noun in the ablative case. This is called the “ablative of comparison.”
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Declining Adjectives
• See page 423 of your book for how adjectives decline.
• Comparative adjectives –ior and –ius decline like 3rd declension nouns (see next slide)
• Superlative adjectives –issimus, -issima, -issimum decline like 1st and 2nd declension nouns.
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altus, -a, -umaltior, altius
altissimus, -a, -um
• M/F (sg.) N (pl.)• altior altius• altioris altioris• altiori altiori• altiorem altius• altiore altiore
• M/F (pl.) N (pl.)• altiores altiora• altiorum altiorum• altioribus altioribus• altiores altiora• altioribus altioribus
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Comparing Adjectives Practice(turn in to box)
• Write the positive, comparative, and superlative forms (Latin and English) for the following adjectives:
• gratus• nobilis• clarus• levis• longus
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Irregular Adjectives
• English has irregular adjectives: • Good, better, best• NOT good, gooder, goodest• Latin has irregular adjectives, too!• THESE ARE YOUR VOCABULARY WORDS FOR
THIS SECTION: BE SURE TO COPY AND STUDY THEM!
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Irregular Adjectives
• bonus, -a, -um
• melior, melius
• optimus, -a, -um
• English derivatives:– ameliorate– optimist
• good
• better
• best
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Irregular Adjectives
• malus, -a, -um
• peior, peius
• pessimus, -a, -um
• English derivatives:– pejorative– pessimist
• bad
• worse
• worst
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Irregular Adjectives
• magnus, -a, -um
• maior, maius
• maximus, -a, -um
• Engish derivatives:– major– maximum
• big, great
• bigger, greater
• biggest, greatest
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Irregular Adjectives
• parvus, -a, -um
• minor, minus
• minimus, -a, -um
• English derivatives:– minor– minimum
• small
• smaller
• smallest
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Irregular Adjectives
• multus, -a, -um
• plus (nom.), pluris (gen.) + genitive noun
• plurimus
• much, many
• more
• most, very many
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How “Plus” Works
• Plus is a neuter noun. It takes a genitive.
• More food = plus cibi (lit., “more of food”)
• More money = plus pecuniae (lit., “more of money”)
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Additional Vocab:
• extremus, -a, -um: farthest, last, end of• inferior, inferius: lower• proximus, -a, -um: nearest, next (w./dative)• summus, -a, -um: highest, top of• ulterior, ulterius: farther• ultimus, -a, -um: farthest