completing the fafsa 2012-13

7/30/2019 Completing the FAFSA 2012-13

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Okhwjnvèm vdn IAI_A_H <71<(1?I|nn Awwjòav`ke ik| Infn|aj _v~fnev A`f

@EV\KFÔV@KE %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9 Dk} vk okhwjnvn vdn awwjòav`ke %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9 ^sèm a Infn|aj _v~fnev A`f W@E vk s`me pk~| awwjòav`ke %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% = @i pk~ i`jnf a IAI_A w|ny`k~sjp %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 4 MNEN\AJ @EIK\HAV@KE %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 0 ]dp okhwjnvn a IAI_A; %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 0 Infn|aj sv~fnev a`f w|km|ahs %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 0 Ah @ nj`m`ljn ik| infn|aj sv~fnev a`f; %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 11 _k~|ons ki @eik|hav`ke %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%% 1? I|nq~nevjp Asbnf Q~nsv`kes %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 19 Vdn W|`yaop Aov %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% << Vdn Wawn|}k|b \nf~ov`ke Aov ki 100> %%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%% %%%%% <? VDN AWWJ@OAV@KE W\KON__ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% <6 Mnvvèm sva|vnf %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% <6 _~lh`vvèm pk~| okhwjnvnf awwjòav`ke %%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%% <9 ]dav dawwnes aivn| pk~ awwjp %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% <9 ]dne vk ntwnov vdn |ns~jvs %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% <9 Bnp awwjòav`ke favns aef fnafjèns %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% <= \non`yèm sv~fnev a`f %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% <= VDN AWWJ@OAV@KE Q^N_V@KE_ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% <4 Kyn|y`n} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% <4 Q~nsv kes 1(?1 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% <4

W~|wksn %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% <4 Q~nsv`kes 1(1? %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% <4

1(?% Eahn%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% <4 6(=% Ha`jèm aff|nss% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% <4



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4% _koàj _no~|`vp e~hln|% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?7 0% Pk~| favn ki l`|vd% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?7 17% Pk~| wn|haenev vnjnwdken e~hln|% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?7 11(1<% Pk~| f|`yn|‐s jònesn e~hln| aef svavn% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?7 1?% Pk~| n(ha`j aff|nss% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?7

Q~nsv`kes 16(?1 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?7 16% O`v`nesd`w svav~s% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?7 1>% Aj`ne \nm`sv|av`ke E~hln| $A(E~hln|)% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?< 19% Ha|`vaj svav~s% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?< 1=% Favn ki ha|`vaj svav~s% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?< 14% _vavn ki jnmaj |ns`fneon% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?< 10% Jnmaj |ns`fnev lnik|n Cae~a|p 1* <77=% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?< <7% Favn $hkevd aef pna|) ki jnmaj |ns`fneon% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?< <1% A|n pk~ hajn k| inhajn; %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?< <<% _njnov`yn _n|yòn |nm`sv|av`ke% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?? <?% @jjnmaj F|~m Kiinesns% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?? <6(<>% Iavdn|‐s+hkvdn|‐s d`mdnsv sodkkj jnynj% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?? <9% D`md sodkkj f`wjkha+MNF+Dkhn _odkkjnf+Eken ki vdn alkyn% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?6 <=% D`md sodkkj èik|hav`ke% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?6 <4% I`|sv laodnjk|‐s fnm|nn% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?6 <0% M|afn jnynj f~|èm <71<(<71? sodkkj pna|% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?6 ?7% Fnm|nn k| on|vìòavn% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?6 ?1% @e aff`v`ke vk m|aevs* a|n pk~ èvn|nsvnf è lnèm okes`fn|nf ik| }k|b(sv~fp; %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?>

Q~nsv kes ?<(>= %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?> W~|wksn %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?> Dk} vk okhwjnvn vdn èokhn vat snov`ke %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?> Ik|n`me èokhn %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?9 Q~nsv`kes ?<(?6 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?=

?<% I`jèm |nv~|e% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?= ??% Vpwn ki |nv~|e i`jnf% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?= ?6% Nj`m`ljn vk i`jn a 1767A k| 1767NS% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?= ?>% Afc~svnf M|kss @eokhn% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?= ?9% @eokhn vat% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?4 ?=% Ntnhwv`kes% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?4 ?4% _v~fnev‐s èokhn na|enf i|kh }k|bèm% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?4 ?0% _wk~sn‐s èokhn na|enf i|kh }k|bèm% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?4

Q~nsv`kes 67(6< %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?4 _v~fnev Assnv @eik|hav`ke @esv|~ov`kes %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?4

K}en|sd`w ki ae assnv %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?0 Assnvs vdav a|n ekv |nwk|vnf %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?0 @eynsvhnevs %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 67

_v~fnev Assnv @eik|hav`ke Q~nsv`kes %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %% 61 67% Vkvaj o~||nev lajaeon ki oasd* sayèms* aef odnobèm aook~evs% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 61 61% Env }k|vd ki èynsvhnevs% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 61 6<% Env }k|vd ki l~sènss aef+k| èynsvhnev ia|h% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6< 6?% _v~fnev‐s <711 Aff`v`keaj Ièaeoàj @eik|hav`ke% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6<

a% Nf~oav`ke o|nf`vs% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6< l% Od`jf s~wwk|v waphnevs% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6< o% Vataljn na|eèms i|kh ennf(lasnf nhwjkphnev w|km|ahs% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6? f% _v~fnev m|aevs aef kvdn| a}a|fs% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6? n% Okhlav Wap k| _wnoàj Okhlav Wap% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6? i% Na|eèms i|kh }k|b ~efn| a okkwn|av`yn nf~oav`ke w|km|ah% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6?

66% _v~fnev‐s <711 êvatnf @eokhn% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6? a% Waphnevs vk vat(fnin||nf wnes`ke aef sayèms wjaes% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6? l% @\A aef kvdn| wjaes% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6?



?

o% Od`jf s~wwk|v |non`ynf% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6? f% Vat(ntnhwv èvn|nsv èokhn% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6? n% êvatnf wk|v`kes ki @\A f`sv| l~v`kes% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 66 i% êvatnf wk|v`kes ki wnes`kes% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 66 m% Dk~sèm* ikkf* aef kvdn| j`yèm ajjk}aeons% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%% 66 d% Ynvn|aes‐ ekenf~oav`ke lneni`vs% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 66 `% Kvdn| ~evatnf èokhn aef lneni`vs% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 66 c% Hkenp |non`ynf% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 66

Q~nsv kes 6>(>= %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6> W~|wksn %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6>

6>% ]n|n pk~ lk|e lnik|n Cae~a|p 1* 1040; %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 69 69% As ki vkfap* a|n pk~ ha||`nf; %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 69 6=% Av vdn lnmèeèm ki vdn <71<(<71? sodkkj pna|* }`jj pk~ ln }k|bèm ke a hasvn|‐s k| fkovk|avn w|km|ah $s~od as ae HA* HLA* HF* CF* Wd%F%* NfF* m|af~avn on|vìòavn* nvo%); %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 69 64% A|n pk~ o~||nevjp sn|yèm ke aov`yn f~vp è vdn ^%_% A|hnf Ik|ons ik| w~|wksns kvdn| vdaev|aèèm; %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 69 60% A|n pk~ a ynvn|ae ki vdn ^%_% A|hnf Ik|ons; %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6= >7% Fk pk~ dayn od`jf|ne }dk |non`yn hk|n vdae daji ki vdn`| s~wwk|v i|kh pk~ lnv}nne C~jp 1* <71<aef C~en ?7* <71?; %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6= >1% Fk pk~ dayn fnwnefnevs $kvdn| vdae pk~| od`jf|ne k| swk~sn) }dk j`yn }`vd pk~ aef }dk |non`ynhk|n vdae daji ki vdn`| s~wwk|v i|kh pk~* ek} aef vd|k~md C~en ?7* <71?; %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6= ><% Av aep v`hn sèon pk~ v~|enf amn 1?* }n|n lkvd pk~| wa|nevs fnonasnf* }n|n pk~ è iksvn| oa|n* k| }n|n pk~ a fnwnefnev k| }a|f ki vdn ok~|v; %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 64 >?% A|n pk~ k| }n|n pk~ ae nhaeo`wavnf hèk| as fnvn|hènf lp a ok~|v è pk~| svavn ki jnmaj|ns`fneon; %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 64 >6% A|n pk~ k| }n|n pk~ è jnmaj m~a|fàesd`w as fnvn|hènf lp a ok~|v è pk~| svavn ki jnmaj|ns`fneon; %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 64 >>% Av aep v`hn ke k| aivn| C~jp 1* <711* f`f pk~| d`md sodkkj k| sodkkj f`sv|òv dkhnjnss jà`skefnvn|hèn vdav pk~ }n|n ae ~eaookhwae`nf pk~vd }dk }as dkhnjnss; %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 64 >9% Av aep v`hn ke k| aivn| C~jp 1* <711* f`f vdn f`|novk| ki ae nhn|mneop sdnjvn| k| v|aes`v`keajdk~sèm w|km|ah i~efnf lp vdn ^%_% Fnwa|vhnev ki Dk~sèm aef ^|lae Fnynjkwhnev fnvn|hèn vdavpk~ }n|n ae ~eaookhwae`nf pk~vd }dk }as dkhnjnss; %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 60 >=% Av aep v`hn ke k| aivn| C~jp 1* <711* f`f vdn f`|novk| ki a |~ea}ap k| dkhnjnss pk~vd lasò onevn| k| v|aes`v`keaj j`yèm w|km|ah fnvn|hèn vdav pk~ }n|n ae ~eaookhwae`nf pk~vd }dk }as dkhnjnssk| }as snji(s~wwk|vèm aef av |`sb ki lnèm dkhnjnss; %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 60

Q~nsv kes >4(0< %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >7 W~|wksn %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >7 ]dk `s okes`fn|nf a wa|nev; %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >7 Q~nsv`kes >4(=4 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >1

>4% Wa|nevs‐ ha| vaj svav~s as ki vkfap% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >1 >0% Hkevd aef pna| pk~| wa|nevs }n|n ha||`nf* snwa|avnf* f`yk|onf k| }`fk}nf% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >1 97% Iavdn|‐s+svnwiavdn|‐s _koàj _no~|`vp e~hln|% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >1 91(9?% Iavdn|‐s+svnwiavdn|‐s jasv eahn* i`|sv è`vàj* aef favn ki l`|vd% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >1 96% Hkvdn|‐s+svnwhkvdn|‐s _koàj _no~|`vp e~hln|% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >< 9>(9=% Hkvdn|‐s+svnwhkvdn|‐s jasv eahn* i`|sv è`vàj* aef favn ki l`|vd% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ><

94% Pk~| wa|nevs‐ n(ha`j aff|nss% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >< 90% _vavn ki jnmaj |ns`fneon% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >< =7% Jnmaj |ns`fnev lnik|n Cae~a|p 1* <77=% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >< =1% Favn $hkevd aef pna|) ki jnmaj |ns`fneon% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >< =<% E~hln| è wa|nevs‐ dk~sndkjf% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >? =?% E~hln| ki okjjnmn sv~fnevs è wa|nevs‐ dk~sndkjf% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >? =6(=4% Lneni`vs pk~| wa|nevs $k| aepken è pk~| wa|nevs‐ dk~sndkjf) |non`ynf f~|èm <717 k| <711% >6

@esv|~ov`kes ik| Q~nsv`kes =0(07 $Dk} vk okhwjnvn vdn èokhn vat snov`ke) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >6 Ik|n`me èokhn %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >>



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Q~nsv`kes =0(07 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >> =0% I`jèm |nv~|e% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >> 47% Vpwn ki |nv~|e i`jnf% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >> 41% Nj`m`ljn vk i`jn a 1767A k| 1767NS% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >> 4<% F`sjkoavnf ]k|bn|% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >9 4?% Afc~svnf M|kss @eokhn% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >9 46% @eokhn vat% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >= 4>% Ntnhwv`kes% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >= 49% Iavdn|‐s+svnwiavdn|‐s eokhn na|enf i|kh }k|bèm% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >= 4=% Hkvdn|‐s+svnwhkvdn|‐s èokhn na|enf i|kh }k|bèm% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >=

Q~nsv`kes 44(07 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >4 Wa|nev Assnv @eik|hav`ke @esv|~ov`kes %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >4

K}en|sd`w ki ae assnv %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >4 Assnvs vdav a|n ekv |nwk|vnf %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >4 @eynsvhnevs %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >0

Wa|nev Assnv @eik|hav`ke Q~nsv`kes%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 97 44% Vkvaj o~||nev lajaeon ki oasd* sayèms* aef odnobèm aook~evs% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 97 40% Env }k|vd ki èynsvhnevs% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 97 07% Env }k|vd ki l~sènss aef+k| èynsvhnev ia|h% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 91 01% Wa|nevs‐ <711 Aff`v`keaj Ièaeoàj @eik|hav`ke% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 91

a% Nf~oav`ke o|nf`vs% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 91 l% Od`jf s~wwk|v waphnevs% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9< o% Vataljn na|eèms i|kh ennf(lasnf nhwjkphnev w|km|ahs% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9< f% _v~fnev m|aevs aef kvdn| a}a|fs% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9< n% Okhlav Wap k| _wnoàj Okhlav Wap% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9< i% Na|eèms i|kh }k|b ~efn| a okkwn|av`yn nf~oav`ke w|km|ah% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9<

0<% Wa|nevs‐ <711 êvatnf @eokhn% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9< a% Waphnevs vk vat(fnin||nf wnes`ke aef sayèms wjaes% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9< l% @\A aef kvdn| wjaes% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9< o% Od`jf s~wwk|v |non`ynf% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9< f% Vat(ntnhwv èvn|nsv èokhn% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9< n% êvatnf wk|v`kes ki @\A f`sv| l~v`kes% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9? i% êvatnf wk|v`kes ki wnes`kes% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9? m% Dk~sèm* ikkf* aef kvdn| j`yèm ajjk}aeons% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%% 9? d% Ynvn|aes‐ ekenf~oav`ke lneni`vs% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9? `% Kvdn| ~evatnf èokhn aef lneni`vs% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9?

Q~nsv`kes 0?(177 $@efnwnefnev _v~fnevs) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 96 W~|wksn %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 96

0?% E~hln| e sv~fnev‐s $aef swk~sn‐s) dk~sndkjf% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9> 06% E~hln| ki okjjnmn sv~fnevs è dk~sndkjf% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9> 0>(00% Lneni`vs pk~ $k| pk~| swk~sn k| aepken è pk~| dk~sndkjf) |non`ynf f~|èm <717 k| <711% %%% 9> 177% F`sjkoavnf ]k|bn|% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 99

Q~nsv`kes 171% a(d $Okjjnmn Okfns aef Dk~sèm Wjaes) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9= W~|wksn %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9=

Infn|aj _odkkj Okfn% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 94

Dk~sèm wjaes% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 94 Favn aef _`meav~|ns %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 94

W~|wksn %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 94 17<% Favn vd`s ik|h }as okhwjnvnf% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 90 17?% _v~fnev aef wa|nev s`meav~|ns%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 90

M`yèm wn|h`ss`ke vk svavn amneo`ns vk klvaè èokhn vat èik|hav`ke aef on|vìpèm pk~| awwjòav`ke

fava %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 90



=

w|konss% @i pk~ a|n kejèn aef ennf aff`v`keaj ass`svaeon }`vd a wa|vò~ja| q~nsv`ke* pk~oae ~sn vdn kejèn dnjw ik~ef è vdn ‚Dnjw aef Dèvs‘ lkt ke vdn |`mdv(daef s`fn ki vdnso|nne ik| naod q~nsv`ke pk~ aes}n|% Pk~ hap ajsk ièf dnjw ~efn| ‚Vdn Awwjòav`keQ~nsv`kes‘ snov`ke ki vd`s fko~hnev%

Awwjpèm kejèn `s mnen|ajjp iasvn| aef nas`n| ik| vd|nn |naskes3

• IAI_A ke vdn ]nl das l~`jv(è dnjw vk m~`fn pk~ vd|k~md vdn awwjòav`ke w|konss%

• _b`w jkmò è IAI_A ke vdn ]nl m~`fns pk~ vk aes}n| bnp q~nsv`kes aef hapajjk} pk~ vk sb`w kvdn| q~nsv`kes aef okhwjnvn vdn awwjòav`ke iasvn|%

• Vdn sodkkjs pk~ j`sv ke pk~| awwjòav`ke }`jj |non`yn pk~| w|konssnf èik|hav`keiasvn|%

@i pk~ fk ekv dayn a okhw~vn| }`vd @evn|env aoonss av dkhn* pk~ oae ~s~ajjp ièf @evn|env

aoonss av pk~| jkoaj j`l|a|p* d`md sodkkj* k| a ièaeoàj a`f kiiòn av a ena|lp oahw~s%Kyn| 04 wn|onev ki awwjòav`kes a|n s~lh`vvnf njnov|keòajjp%

^sèm a Infn|aj _v~fnev A`f W@E vk s`me pk~| awwjòav`ke

Pk~ aef pk~| wa|nevs a|n neok~|amnf vk awwjp ik| a Infn|aj _v~fnev A`f W@E vk s`me pk~| kejèn awwjòav`ke% Ik| a sv~fnev }dk w|ky`fns wa|nevaj èik|hav`ke ke vdn IAI_A* avjnasv ken wa|nev }dksn èik|hav`ke `s w|ky`fnf ke vdn awwjòav`ke h~sv s`me% Javn|* è vdnFnwnefneop Q~nsv`kes snov`ke $Q~nsv`kes 6>(>=)* }n }`jj okyn| dk} pk~ oae fnvn|hènì pk~| wa|nevs }`jj ennf vk w|ky`fn èik|hav`ke ke vdn IAI_A%

Pk~| W@E }`jj sn|yn as ae `fnevì`n| aef as pk~| njnov|keò s`meav~|n% @v }k|bs h~od j`bnvdn wn|skeaj `fnevìòav`ke e~hln| pk~ mnv i|kh pk~| laeb% Pk~ oae awwjp ik| a W@E i|kh}`vdè IAI_A ke vdn ]nl k| av vdn Infn|aj _v~fnev A`f W@E }nls`vn av }}}%wè%nf%mky% Aivn| okhwjnvèm vdn W@E awwjòav`ke* pk~ h~sv odkksn dk} pk~ }aev pk~| W@E fnj`yn|nfvk pk~% Vdn odkòns a|n vk

• O|navn pk~| k}e W@E

• Dayn a spsvnh(mnen|avnf W@E èsvaevjp f`swjapnf kejèn

• Dayn a spsvnh(mnen|avnf W@E èsvaevjp snev è a sno~|n jèb vk pk~| n(ha`j aff|nss

• Dayn a spsvnh(mnen|avnf W@E ha`jnf vk pk~| ha`jèm aff|nss%

Pk~ k| pk~| wa|nev $ì pk~ a|n a fnwnefnev sv~fnev) hap ~sn vdn en} W@E `hhnfàvnjp vks`me pk~| IAI_A% Vdne }`vdè ken vk vd|nn faps ki vdn W@E lnèm `ss~nf* pk~| eahn*favn ki l`|vd* aef _koàj _no~|`vp E~hln| $__E) a|n yn|ì`nf }`vd vdn _koàj _no~|`vpAfhè`sv|av`ke $__A)% @i vdn __A okei`|hs pk~| èik|hav`ke* pk~| W@E `s vdne yaj`f ik| ajj `vs ~sns* }dòd èoj~fn3

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4

• Aoonss vk pk~| _v~fnev A`f \nwk|v kejèn

• Aoonss vk pk~| fava vk habn ok||nov`kes

• Vdn kwv`ke vk okhwjnvn a IAI_A \nen}aj }`vd hksv ki pk~| èik|hav`ke |nvaènf

i|kh vdn w|ny`k~s pna|

• Aoonss vk pk~| èik|hav`ke ke kvdn| Infn|aj _v~fnev A`f }nls`vns* s~od as vdn Eav`keaj _v~fnev Jkae Fava _psvnh

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@i vdn|n `s a w|kljnh }`vd vdn __A havod* pk~| W@E }`jj ln fnaov`yavnf aef pk~ }`jj lnekvì`nf%

Pk~ a|n ekv |nq~`|nf vk dayn a W@E vk okhwjnvn aef s~lh`v ae k|`mèaj awwjòav`ke2dk}nyn|* ~sèm a W@E `s vdn iasvnsv }ap vk s`me pk~| awwjòav`ke%

Lkvd ]nl aef wawn| IAI_A i`jn|s hap w|ky`fn vdn`| n(ha`j aff|nssns lp okhwjnvèmQ~nsv`ke 1?% @i pk~ w|ky`fn pk~| n(ha`j aff|nss pk~ }`jj |non`yn pk~| sv~fnev ièaeoàja`f ok||nswkefneon lp n(ha`j% Kvdn|}`sn* jnayn Q~nsv`ke 1? ljaeb aef pk~ }`jj |non`ynajj ki pk~| ok||nswkefneon lp wksvaj ha`j%

As w|ny`k~sjp svavnf* IAI_A ke vdn ]nl awwjòaevs a|n ekv |nq~`|nf vk dayn a W@E vkawwjp% @i pk~ fk ekv dayn a W@E vk njnov|keòajjp s`me pk~| awwjòav`ke* pk~ oae w|èv*s`me* aef ha`j è a s`meav~|n wamn% @i pk~ odkksn vk s~lh`v pk~| awwjòav`ke aef ha`j è as`meav~|n wamn* a W@E }`jj a~vkhavòajjp ln snev vk pk~* lp n(ha`j k| lp wksvaj ha`j* ì }nfnvn|hèn vdav pk~ fk ekv aj|nafp dayn a W@E ass`menf vk pk~% @i pk~ aj|nafp dayn a W@Eaef ennf a okwp ki `v snev vk pk~* pk~ oae mk vk }}}%wè%nf%mky vk |nq~nsv a f~wjòavn

okwp%

@i pk~ dayn aep q~nsv`kes alk~v vdn W@E w|konss* pk~ sdk~jf n`vdn| y`s`v vdn W@E }nls`vnav }}}%wè%nf%mky k| oajj vdn Infn|aj _v~fnev A`f @eik|hav`ke Onevn| av 1(477(6(INF(A@F $1(477(6??(?<6?)%

@i pk~ i`jnf a IAI_A w|ny`k~sjp

@i pk~ dayn a w|ny`k~s awwjòav`ke ke i`jn* }dne pk~ sva|v vk okhwjnvn pk~| <71<(1?awwjòav`ke pk~ }`jj ln asbnf ì pk~ }aev vdn èik|hav`ke i|kh vdav awwjòav`ke vk w|n(i`jjvdn en} awwjòav`ke% Pk~ }`jj ln m`yne vd`s kwv`ke ì pk~ i`jnf a <711(1< IAI_A% Vd`s

w|konss }`jj ajjk} pk~ vk okhwjnvn vdn <71<(1? IAI_A è jnss v`hn%











0

Mnen|aj @eik|hav`ke

]dp okhwjnvn a IAI_A;

Infn|aj _v~fnev A`f ~sns vdn fava ke pk~| IAI_A vk oajo~javn ae Ntwnovnf Iah`jp

Okev|`l~v`ke $NIO)% Vdn NIO `s ae èfòavk| ki pk~| iah`jp‐s ièaeoàj sv|nemvd vk wapik| nf~oav`ke aivn| d`md sodkkj% Pk~| sodkkj }`jj s~lv|aov pk~| NIO i|kh pk~| vkvaj oksvki avvnefaeon% Vdn |ns~jv `s pk~| ièaeoàj ennf%

Vdn NIO `s ekv vdn ahk~ev ki hkenp vdav pk~| iah`jp h~sv w|ky`fn% \avdn|* pk~ sdk~jfvdèb ki vdn NIO as ae èfnt vdav vdn okjjnmn }`jj ~sn vk fnvn|hèn dk} h~od ièaeoàja`f $m|aevs* jkaes* k| }k|b(sv~fp) pk~ }k~jf |non`yn ì pk~ }n|n vk avvnef vdav sodkkj%

Pk~| awwjòav`ke |ns~jvs a|n v|aesh`vvnf vk vdn sodkkj$s) j`svnf ke pk~| IAI_A* aef vdnsodkkj$s) ~sns vdn NIO ahk~ev vk fnvn|hèn vdn ahk~ev ki ièaeoàj a`f vdav pk~ a|nnj`m`ljn vk |non`yn% Haep svavns aef sodkkjs ajsk ~sn vdn IAI_A fava vk a}a|f a`f i|kh

vdn`| w|km|ahs% _khn svavns aef sodkkjs ajsk hap |nq~`|n pk~ vk okhwjnvn aff`v`keajawwjòav`kes%

Okhwjnvèm aef s~lh`vvèm a IAI_A `s i|nn* }dnvdn| pk~ i`jn njnov|keòajjp k| ke wawn|%

Infn|aj sv~fnev a`f w|km|ahs

Vdn|n a|n vd|nn oavnmk|`ns ki infn|aj sv~fnev a`f3 m|aevs* jkaes aef }k|b(sv~fp% M|aevs w|ky`fn ièaeoàj a`f vdav fkns ekv dayn vk ln |nwa`f% Jkaes w|ky`fn lk||k}nf hkenp vdavh~sv ln |nwa`f }`vd èvn|nsv% ]k|b(sv~fp ajjk}s sv~fnevs vk na|e hkenp vk dnjw wap ik| nf~oav`ke ntwnesns }d`jn ne|kjjnf è sodkkj%

Pk~| ièaeoàj a`f ‚waobamn‘‖vdn a`f pk~| sodkkj a}a|fs pk~‖`s j`bnjp vk èoj~fni~efs i|kh vdn infn|aj sv~fnev a`f w|km|ahs% Ekvn vdav ekv ajj sodkkjs wa|vò`wavn è ajj ki vdn infn|aj sv~fnev a`f w|km|ahs afhè`svn|nf lp vdn ^%_% Fnwa|vhnev ki Nf~oav`ke% Vdnhack| w|km|ahs a|n fnso|`lnf lnjk}3

• Infn|aj Wnjj M|aevs a|n aya`jaljn vk ~efn|m|af~avn sv~fnevs kejp $}`vd ken hèk| ntonwv`ke ik| vnaodn| on|vìòav`ke sv~fnevs)% M|aevs fk ekv dayn vk ln |nwa`f% Ik| vdn <71<(1? a}a|f pna| $C~jp 1* <71< vk C~en ?7* <71?)* Wnjj M|aev a}a|fs }`jj|aemn ~w vk a hat`h~h ki &>*>>7%

• Vnaodn| Nf~oav`ke Ass`svaeon ik| Okjjnmn aef D`mdn| Nf~oav`ke $VNAOD)M|aevs a|n ik| ~efn|m|af~avn k| m|af~avn sv~fnevs }dk a|n okhwjnvèmok~|sn}k|b k| }dk wjae vk okhwjnvn ok~|sn}k|b enonssa|p vk lnokhn aenjnhneva|p k| snokefa|p sodkkj vnaodn| è a w~ljò k| w|`yavn njnhneva|p k| snokefa|p sodkkj% êfn|m|af~avn sv~fnevs hap |non`yn ~w vk &6*777 wn| pna| vk a&19*777 amm|nmavn% M|af~avn sv~fnevs hap |non`yn ~w vk &6*777 wn| pna| vk ae



17

&4*777 amm|nmavn% _v~fnevs a|n ekv |nq~`|nf vk ln Wnjj M|aev nj`m`ljn vk |non`yn vdnen} infn|aj m|aev $vdav `s* sv~fnevs fk ekv dayn vk fnhkesv|avn ièaeoàj ennf)%

@hwk|vaev Ekvn3 _wnoìò okef`v`kes awwjp vk vdn VNAOD M|aev% Ajj sv~fnevs}dk aoonwv vdn VNAOD M|aev h~sv s`me a vnaodn| sn|yòn am|nnhnev% Naod

sv~fnev h~sv am|nn vk sn|yn as a i~jj(v`hn* d`mdjp q~ajì`nf vnaodn| è a d`md ennfi`njf è a w~ljò k| w|`yavn njnhneva|p k| snokefa|p sodkkj vdav sn|yns jk}(èokhnsv~fnevs% _v~fnevs }dk ia`j vk i~ji`jj vdn vnaodèm sn|yòn am|nnhnev h~sv |nwapvdn m|aev as ae ~es~ls`f`nf F`|nov _vaiik|f Jkae* }`vd èvn|nsv aoo|~èm i|kh vdnfavns ki vdn k|`mèaj f`sl~|snhnevs% Y`s`v }}}%sv~fneva`f%nf%mky ik| hk|nèik|hav`ke%

• @|aq aef Aimdae`svae _n|yòn M|aevs a|n ik| sv~fnevs }dksn wa|nev k| m~a|fàef`nf as a |ns~jv ki h`j`va|p sn|yòn è @|aq k| Aimdae`svae aivn| 0+11+<771* aef}dk* av vdn v`hn ki vdn wa|nev‐s k| m~a|fàe‐s fnavd }n|n jnss vdae <6 pna|s kjf k| }n|n ne|kjjnf av jnasv wa|v(v`hn av ae èsv`v~v`ke ki d`mdn| nf~oav`ke% Vdn m|aev `s

ik| sv~fnevs }dk a|n ekv Wnjj(nj`m`ljn% _v~fnevs hap |non`yn ~w vk ~w vk vdnhat`h~h Wnjj M|aev a}a|f* }dòd }`jj |aemn ~w vk &>*>>7 f~|èm vdn <71<(1?a}a|f pna|% Vdn waphnev `s afc~svnf ik| jnss(vdae(i~jj(v`hn sv~fp%

• ]`jjàh F% Ik|f Infn|aj F`|nov Jkaes a|n sv~fnev jkaes vdav h~sv ln |nwa`f aefa|n aya`jaljn vk lkvd ~efn|m|af~avn aef m|af~avn sv~fnevs% Vdn infn|ajmkyn|ehnev w|ky`fns vdn i~efs ik| pk~| F`|nov Jkae vd|k~md pk~| sodkkj% I`|sv(pna| fnwnefnev ~efn|m|af~avns a|n nj`m`ljn ik| a s~ls`f`nf jkae ~w vk &?*>77 aefae aff`v`keaj ~es~ls`f`nf ahk~ev ki ~w vk &<*777 ik| a vkvaj ki ~w vk &>*>77% As~ls`f`nf jkae `s a}a|fnf ke vdn las`s ki ièaeoàj ennf% @i pk~-|n nj`m`ljn ik| as~ls`f`nf jkae* vdn mkyn|ehnev }`jj wap $s~ls`f`n) vdn èvn|nsv ke pk~| jkae

}d`jn pk~-|n è sodkkj* ik| vdn i`|sv s`t hkevds aivn| pk~ jnayn sodkkj* aef f~|èmaep wn|`kfs }dne pk~| waphnevs a|n fnin||nf $wksvwkenf)% Ik| ae ~es~ls`f`nfjkae* pk~ a|n |nswkes`ljn ik| vdn èvn|nsv i|kh vdn v`hn vdn ~es~ls`f`nf jkae `sf`sl~|snf ~ev`j `v `s wa`f è i~jj% Aee~aj hat`h~h jkae ahk~evs èo|nasn ik| s~lsnq~nev pna|s ki sv~fp* }`vd nyne d`mdn| ahk~evs ik| m|af~avn sv~fnevs%_~ls`f`nf jkaes i`|sv f`sl~|snf vk ~efn|m|af~avn sv~fnevs ke k| aivn| C~jp 1* <711vd|k~md C~en ?7* <71<* dayn ae èvn|nsv |avn ki ?%6 wn|onev% _~ls`f`nf jkaes i`|svf`sl~|snf vk m|af~avn sv~fnevs ke k| aivn| C~jp 1* <711 vd|k~md C~en ?7* <71< dayna i`tnf |avn ki 9%4 wn|onev%

• F`|nov WJ^_ Jkaes a|n ~es~ls`f`nf jkaes hafn vk wa|nevs ki fnwnefnev

~efn|m|af~avn sv~fnevs aef vk m|af~avn k| w|kinss`keaj sv~fnevs% A m|af~avn k| w|kinss`keaj sv~fnev h~sv okhwjnvn vdn I|nn Awwjòav`ke ik| Infn|aj _v~fnev A`f $IAI_A) aef vdn sodkkj h~sv fnvn|hèn vdn sv~fnev-s nj`m`l`j`vp ik| vdn hat`h~haee~aj ahk~ev ki a F`|nov Jkae $s~ls`f`nf k| ~es~ls`f`nf) lnik|n vdn sv~fnevhap awwjp ik| a WJ^_ Jkae% Dk}nyn|* vdn sv~fnev `s ekv |nq~`|nf vk aoonwv vdnF`|nov Jkae i~efs as a okef`v`ke ik| |non`yèm a WJ^_ Jkae% A fnwnefnev~efn|m|af~avn sv~fnev }dksn wa|nev `s ~ealjn vk klvaè a WJ^_ Jkae hap lk||k}aff`v`keaj F`|nov Jkae i~efs av vdn d`mdn| jkae j`h`vs kvdn|}`sn aya`jaljn kejp vk

http://www.studentaid.ed.gov/






11

èfnwnefnev ~efn|m|af~avns% F`|nov WJ^_ Jkaes i`|sv f`sl~|snf ke k| aivn| C~jp 1*<711 vd|k~md C~en ?7* <71<* dayn a i`tnf èvn|nsv |avn ki =%0 wn|onev%

• Oahw~s(Lasnf W|km|ahs a|n afhè`svn|nf lp wa|vò`wavèm sodkkjs% Vdn|n a|nvd|nn ki vdnsn w|km|ahs%

k Infn|aj _~wwjnhnevaj Nf~oav`keaj Kwwk|v~e`vp M|aevs a|n m|aevsaya`jaljn ik| ~efn|m|af~avns kejp2 a}a|fs |aemn i|kh &177(&6*777%

k Infn|aj ]k|b(_v~fp w|ky`fns ckls vk ~efn|m|af~avn aef m|af~avn sv~fnevs*ajjk}èm vdnh vk na|e hkenp vk dnjw wap nf~oav`ke ntwnesns%

k Infn|aj Wn|bès Jkaes a|n jk}(èvn|nsv $> wn|onev) jkaes vdav h~sv ln |nwa`f2vdn hat`h~h aee~aj jkae ahk~ev `s &>*>77 ik| ~efn|m|af~avn sv~fnevs aef&4*777 ik| m|af~avn sv~fnevs%

Vdn alkyn w|km|ahs w|ky`fn hk|n vdae &1>7 l`jj`ke è a`f vk dnjw alk~v 16 h`jj`kesv~fnevs wap ik| wksvsnokefa|p nf~oav`ke%

Ekvn vdav aoonwvèm aep ki vd`s a`f fkns ekv okhh`v vdn sv~fnev vk h`j`va|p k| kvdn| mkyn|ehnev sn|yòn%

Ah @ nj`m`ljn ik| infn|aj sv~fnev a`f;

@e mnen|aj* vk |non`yn a`f i|kh vdn infn|aj sv~fnev a`f w|km|ahs* pk~ h~sv hnnv vdnikjjk}èm |nq~`|nhnevs3

• Ln a ^%_% o`v`ne k| nj`m`ljn ekeo`v`ne%

• Dayn a d`md sodkkj f`wjkha* Mnen|aj Nf~oav`keaj Fnynjkwhnev $MNF)on|vìòavn* wass ae aww|kynf ‚al`j`vp vk lneni`v‘ vnsv* s~oonssi~jjp okhwjnvn s`to|nf`v dk~|s k| vdn nq~`yajnev ok~|sn }k|b vk}a|f a fnm|nn k| on|vìòavn* k| daynokhwjnvnf a d`md sodkkj nf~oav`ke è a dkhn sodkkj snvvèm vdav `s |nokme`nf as adkhn sodkkj k| w|`yavn sodkkj ~efn| svavn ja}%

• Ne|kjj k| ln aoonwvnf ik| ne|kjjhnev è ae nj`m`ljn w|km|ah as a |nm~ja| sv~fnevsnnbèm a fnm|nn k| on|vìòavn%

• Ln |nm`svn|nf }`vd _njnov`yn _n|yòn ì |nq~`|nf $è mnen|aj* ì pk~ a|n a hajn amn14 vd|k~md <>)%

• Hnnv sav`siaovk|p aoafnhò w|km|nss svaefa|fs snv lp pk~| sodkkj%

• On|vìp vdav pk~ a|n ekv è fnia~jv ke a infn|aj jkae k| k}n hkenp ke a infn|ajm|aev%

• On|vìp vdav pk~ }`jj ~sn infn|aj sv~fnev a`f kejp ik| nf~oav`keaj w~|wksns%



1<

Aef* kejp ì pk~ dayn w|ny`k~sjp |non`ynf infn|aj sv~fnev a`f3

• On|vìp vdav pk~ }n|n ekv okeyòvnf ik| a f|~m kiinesn vdav koo~||nf }d`jn pk~}n|n ne|kjjnf è sodkkj aef |non`yèm infn|aj sv~fnev a`f%

@i pk~ dayn w|ny`k~sjp |non`ynf infn|aj sv~fnev a`f* pk~ hap ekv ln nj`m`ljn vk |non`ynaff`v`keaj infn|aj a`f ì }d`jn pk~ }n|n ne|kjjnf è sodkkj aef |non`yèm infn|aj sv~fneva`f pk~ daf a f|~m kiinesn ik| snjjèm k| wkssnssèm `jjnmaj f|~ms aef vdav kiinesn jnf vk aokeyòv`ke ~efn| infn|aj k| svavn ja}%

@i pk~ dayn w|ny`k~sjp |non`ynf infn|aj sv~fnev a`f aef dayn okeon|es alk~v pk~| nj`m`l`j`vp ik| <71<(1? lnoa~sn ki a f|~m kiinesn* pk~ hap oajj k~| Infn|aj _v~fnev A`f@eik|hav`ke Onevn| av 1(477(6(INF(A@F $1(477(6??(?<6?) ik| ass`svaeon% @i pk~ a|nawwjpèm kejèn* pk~ }`jj ln }ajbnf vd|k~md vdn w|konss }`vd a sn|`ns ki so|nneèmq~nsv`kes% @i pk~ a|n awwjpèm ke wawn|* pk~ }`jj |non`yn a }k|bsdnnv vd|k~md vdn ha`j vkfnvn|hèn }dnvdn| vdn okeyòv`ke aiinovs pk~| nj`m`l`j`vp ik| infn|aj sv~fnev a`f è vdn

~wokhèm a}a|f pna|%



1?

_k~|ons ki @eik|hav`ke

Ik| èik|hav`ke ke aep infn|aj sv~fnev ièaeoàj a`f w|km|ahs* pk~ hap oajj vdn Infn|aj_v~fnev A`f @eik|hav`ke Onevn| $I_A@O) av

• 1(477(6(INF(A@F $1(477(6??(?<6?) ( vkjj i|nn* k|

• 1(477(=?7(401? $VVP) ( vkjj i|nn ik| vdn dna|èm `hwa`|nf%

Vdn I_A@O w|ky`fns vdn ikjjk}èm sn|yòns3

• Dnjws pk~ okhwjnvn a IAI_A k| habn ok||nov`kes vk a w|konssnf IAI_A ke vdn

]nl

• Dnjws pk~ okhwjnvn vdn wawn| IAI_A

• Aes}n|s q~nsv`kes alk~v vdn Infn|aj _v~fnev A`f W@E

• Odnobs vdn w|konssèm svav~s ki pk~| IAI_A

• Ha`js f~wjòavn _v~fnev A`f \nwk|vs $_A\s)

• Odaemns pk~| ha`jèm aff|nss aef n(ha`j aff|nss

• Odaemns vdn sodkkjs pk~ j`svnf ke pk~| awwjòav`ke

• Ntwjaès vdn _A\ aef dk} vk habn ok||nov`kes

• Odnobs ke }dnvdn| a sodkkj wa|vò`wavns è vdn infn|aj sv~fnev a`f w|km|ahs

• Ntwjaès }dk `s nj`m`ljn ik| infn|aj sv~fnev a`f

• Ntwjaès dk} infn|aj sv~fnev a`f `s a}a|fnf aef wa`f

• Ntwjaès vdn yn|ìòav`ke w|konss

• _nefs |nq~nsvnf w~ljòav`kes%

Vdn I_A@O `s ekv aljn vk fk vdn ikjjk}èm3

• Habn wkjòp

• Ntwnf`vn vdn infn|aj sv~fnev a`f awwjòav`ke w|konss

• F`so~ss pk~| infn|aj sv~fnev a`f i`jn }`vd ae ~ea~vdk|`nf wn|ske



16

• @eij~neon ae èf`y`f~aj sodkkj‐s ièaeoàj a`f wkjò`ns%

Pk~ hap ajsk ièf mnen|aj èik|hav`ke alk~v infn|aj sv~fnev a`f aef haep ki k~| w~ljòav`kes* l|kod~|ns* aef iaov sdnnvs lp mkèm vk }}}%sv~fneva`f%nf%mky+w~ls%

I~efèm Pk~| Nf~oav`ke3 Vdn M~`fn vk Infn|aj _v~fnev A`f dnjws sv~fnevs aef wa|nevs~efn|svaef vdn ièaeoàj a`f w|konss aef f`|novs vdnh vk |nsk~|ons ke vdn okhw|ndnes`yn

}nls`vn3 }}}%sv~fneva`f%nf%mky% Vd`s w~ljòav`ke* }dòd `s aya`jaljn è Nemj`sd*_wae`sd* aef L|a`jjn* `s ik| d`md sodkkj sv~fnevs* okjjnmn sv~fnevs* wa|nevs* aef af~jvjna|en|s jkkbèm ik| infn|aj sv~fnev a`f ik| vdn`| wksvsnokefa|p nf~oav`ke% @v oae ln ik~efav }}}%sv~fneva`f%nf%mky+m~`fn%

I~efèm Pk~| Nf~oav`ke3 A~f`k D`mdj`mdvs èv|kf~ons ljèf aef y`s~ajjp `hwa`|nfsv~fnevs vk o|`vòaj èik|hav`ke vk okes`fn| as vdnp w|nwa|n ik| nf~oav`ke aivn| d`mdsodkkj% @e aff`v`ke* A~f`k D`mdj`mdvs èv|kf~ons vdnh vk kvdn| |nsk~|ons $}nls`vns aefL|a`jjn aef w|èv w~ljòav`kes) vdav w|ky`fn hk|n fnva`js |njavèm vk naod vkwò j`svnf è vdn

okevnevs% A~f`k D`mdj`mdvs dnjws sv~fnevs fno`fn }dav vk sv~fp* }dav sodkkj `s |`mdv ik| vdnh* }dav vk jkkb ik|‖ aef jkkb k~v ik| ‖è ièaeoèm vdn`| nf~oav`ke* }dav oa|nn| odkòns vk habn aef h~od hk|n% A~f`k D`mdj`mdvs oae ln ik~ef av}}}%sv~fneva`f%nf%mky+a~f`k %

Pk~| Infn|aj _v~fnev Jkaes3 Jna|e vdn Lasòs aef Haeamn Pk~| Fnlv Vd`s lkkbjnv* }dòd `s aya`jaljn è Nemj`sd aef L|a`jjn* okyn|s }dav vpwns ki infn|ajsv~fnev jkaes a|n aya`jaljn* dk} h~od vk lk||k}* v`ws ke |nwapèm jkaes s~oonssi~jjp* vdnfìin|neon lnv}nne w|`yavn aef infn|aj sv~fnev jkaes* vdn okesnq~neons ki fnia~jv* aefkvdn| dèvs ke dk} vk haeamn fnlv% Mk vk }}}%sv~fneva`f%nf%mky+|nwapèmw~l ik| fnva`js%

Okjjnmn W|nwa|av`ke Odnobj`sv ntwjaès dk} vk w|nwa|n aoafnhòajjp aef ièaeoàjjp ik| okjjnmn vd|k~md ‚vk fk‘ j`svs a`hnf av njnhneva|p aef snokefa|p sodkkj sv~fnevs aef vdn`| wa|nevs* as }njj as af~jv sv~fnevs% Vd`s `s vdn w|`ha|p w~ljòav`ke ik| aep sv~fnevokes`fn|èm okjjnmn% @v `s aya`jaljn è Nemj`sd* _wae`sd* aef L|a`jjn% Ik| hk|nèik|hav`ke* mk vk }}}%sv~fneva`f%nf%mky+okjjw|nw %

Hp I~v~|n* Hp ]ap3 I`|sv _vnws Vk}a|f Okjjnmn `s a }k|blkkb ik| h`ffjn aef c~e`k| d`md sodkkj sv~fnevs vdav ntwjaès dk} vk mk vk okjjnmn aef dk} vk wap ik| d`mdn| nf~oav`ke% Vdn w~ljòav`ke èoj~fns oda|vs* odnobj`svs* aef kvdn| aov`y`v`ns vk nemamnsv~fnevs as vdnp maè hk|n èik|hav`ke alk~v okjjnmn w|nwa|av`ke aef oksvs% @v `s aya`jaljnè Nemj`sd aef L|a`jjn% Ik| hk|n èik|hav`ke* mk vk }}}%sv~fneva`f%nf%mky+na|jp %

Fk Pk~ Ennf Hkenp ik| Okjjnmn; Infn|aj _v~fnev A`f av a Mjaeon `s a iaov sdnnv vdav w|ky`fns a q~òb mj`hwsn k~vjèèm vdn infn|aj sv~fnev a`f w|km|ahs* nj`m`l`j`vp o|`vn|à*aef awwjòav`ke v`ws% @v `s aya`jaljn è Nemj`sd aef L|a`jjn%

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19

I|nq~nevjp Asbnf Q~nsv`kes

Q% ]dn|n oae @ mk vk mnv ass`svaeon ì @ dayn q~nsv`kes }d`jn @ ah okhwjnvèm vdn

IAI_A;

A% Ke vdn dkhn wamn* }}}%iaisa%mky* mk vk ‚Okevaov ^s‘ av vdn vkw ki vdn wamn% Vd`s

wamn j`svs ajj ki vdn aya`jaljn kwv`kes ik| mnvvèm aff`v`keaj ass`svaeon% Pk~ oae mnvj`yn dnjw vd|k~md a sno~|n kejèn odav snss`ke }`vd ken ki k~| o~svkhn| sn|yòn|nw|nsnevav`yns% Pk~ oae oajj ~s av 1(477(6(INF(A@F $1(477(6??(?<6?)% VVP ~sn|soae oajj 1(477(=?7(401?% Jasvjp* pk~ ajsk oae n(ha`j ~s }`vd aep vnodeòaj `ss~ns pk~hap dayn }d`jn pk~ a|n okhwjnvèm vdn awwjòav`ke% Vdn aff|nss `sInfn|aj_v~fnevA`f+O~svkhn|_n|yònGnf%mky %

Q% ]dp fkns vdn Fnwa|vhnev ki Nf~oav`ke asb ik| eokhn èik|hav`ke i|kh vdn

pna| lnik|n @ mk vk sodkkj;

A% Vdn ja} |nq~`|ns vdav vd`s eik|hav`ke ln ~snf* sèon sv~f`ns dayn okes`svnevjp sdk}evdav yn|ìàljn èokhn vat èik|hav`ke i|kh vdn hksv |nonevjp okhwjnvnf vat pna|

$<711 ik| vdn <71<(1? a}a|f pna|) `s hk|n aoo~|avn vdae w|kcnovnf $<71<) èik|hav`keaef w|ky`fns a |naskealjn las`s ik| fnvn|hèèm iah`jp ièaeoàj sv|nemvd èoajo~javèm vdn Ntwnovnf Iah`jp Okev|`l~v`ke $NIO)%

Q% ]dav sdk~jf @ $vdn sv~fnev) fk ì hp iah`jp das ~e~s~aj o`|o~hsvaeons vdav

a|ne‐v hnev`kenf è vdn awwjòav`ke;

A% @i pk~ k| pk~| iah`jp das ~e~s~aj o`|o~hsvaeons $s~od as jkss ki nhwjkphnev* jkss ki lneni`vs* fnavd* k| f`yk|on)* okhwjnvn vdn IAI_A vk vdn ntvnev vdav pk~ oae aefs~lh`v `v as èsv|~ovnf% Vdne vajb vk vdn ièaeoàj a`f afhè`sv|avk| $IAA) av vdnsodkkj pk~ wjae vk avvnef% @i pk~| iah`jp‐s o`|o~hsvaeons dayn odaemnf i|kh vdn vatpna| <711* vdn IAA hap fno`fn ke a oasn(lp(oasn las`s vk afc~sv fava njnhnevs ~snfvk oajo~javn pk~| NIO% Aep afc~svhnev vdn IAA habns h~sv |njavn kejp vk pk~| èf`y`f~aj o`|o~hsvaeons aef ekv vk aep okef`v`kes vdav nt`sv ik| a }dkjn ojass ki sv~fnevs% Vdn IAA‐s fno`s`ke `s ièaj aef oaeekv ln awwnajnf vk vdn ^%_% Fnwa|vhnevki Nf~oav`ke%

Q% ]dav sdk~jf @ $vdn sv~fnev) fk ì @ dayn a swnoàj o`|o~hsvaeon aef oaeekv mnv

hp wa|nev‐s fava vk |nwk|v ke vdn IAI_A;

A% @i pk~ a|n okes`fn|nf a fnwnefnev sv~fnev aef dayn ek okevaov }`vd pk~| wa|nevs aefa|n ~ealjn vk w|ky`fn pk~| wa|nevs fava ke vdn IAI_A* pk~ hap dayn a swnoàjo`|o~hsvaeon% @i pk~ a|n okhwjnvèm IAI_A ke vdn ]nl* aes}n| vdn q~nsv`kes|nma|fèm swnoàj o`|o~hsvaeons aef vdn |nhaèèm sv~fnev q~nsv`kes% _`me aef s~lh`vvdn ik|h ik| w|konssèm% @i pk~ a|n okhwjnvèm a wawn| awwjòav`ke* okhwjnvn as h~odki vdn ik|h as pk~ oae* s`me* aef s~lh`v `v ik| w|konssèm% Pk~| awwjòav`ke }`jj lnèokhwjnvn aef ek NIO }`jj ln oajo~javnf* dk}nyn|* vdn ièaeoàj a`f kiiòns av vdnsodkkjs j`svnf ke pk~| IAI_A }`jj sv`jj |non`yn pk~| fava% Okevaov vdksn sodkkjs j`svnfke pk~| IAI_A ik| i~|vdn| ass`svaeon vk okhwjnvn pk~| awwjòav`ke% Ekvn3 Ekv j`yèm}`vd pk~| wa|nevs k| vdn iaov vdav pk~| wa|nevs fk ekv }aev vk w|ky`fn vdn`| èik|hav`ke ke pk~| IAI_A* a|n ekv okes`fn|nf swnoàj o`|o~hsvaeons% Ntahwjns ki

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swnoàj o`|o~hsvaeons a|n pk~| wa|nev k| wa|nevs a|n èoa|on|avnf k| pk~ daf vk jnayndkhn lnoa~sn ki ae al~s`yn s`v~av`ke%

Q% @i @ j`yn }`vd ae a~ev* ~eojn* k| m|aefwa|nev* sdk~jf vdav |njav`yn‐s èokhn ln

|nwk|vnf ke hp IAI_A;

A% Mnen|ajjp* ek% Pk~ oae kejp |nwk|v pk~| l`|vd wa|nevs‐ k| afkwv`yn wa|nevs‐ eokhn kepk~| IAI_A% Kejp ì a |njav`yn das afkwvnf pk~ aef `s ek} pk~| afkwv`yn wa|nev oaepk~ |nwk|v vdav wn|ske‐s èik|hav`ke ke pk~| IAI_A% Dk}nyn|* pk~ h~sv |nwk|v ik| q~nsv`ke 66$c) aep oasd s~wwk|v m`yne lp |njav`yns ntonwv ikkf aef dk~sèm%

Q% @‐h ekv s~|n ì @ ah evn|nsvnf è }k|b(sv~fp f~|èm vdn sodkkj pna|% ]dav

sdk~jf @ nevn| ik| vdn q~nsv`kes asbèm ì @ ah èvn|nsvnf è lnèm okes`fn|nf ik|

}k|b(sv~fp;

A% _khn sodkkjs ~sn vdn aes}n| alk~v }k|b(sv~fp ke vdn IAI_A vk okesv|~ov a ièaeoàja`f waobamn ik| pk~% Aes}n|èm ‚Pns‘ vk lnèm èvn|nsvnf è }k|b(sv~fp fkns ekvklj`mavn pk~ vk aoonwv a }k|b(sv~fp wks`v`ke% @v ~s~ajjp c~sv hnaes vdav vdn sodkkj }`jj

okes`fn| kiin|èm pk~ a }k|b(sv~fp ckl as wa|v ki pk~| ièaeoàj a`f waobamn% @i pk~fk èfòavn ke vdn awwjòav`ke vdav pk~ a|n èvn|nsvnf è }k|b(sv~fp* pk~ oae odaemnpk~| hèf aef ekv aoonwv vdn }k|b(sv~fp ckl javn|% Bnnw è hèf vdav ì pk~ aes}n| ‚Ek‘ vk vdn }k|b(sv~fp q~nsv`ke }dne pk~ awwjp‖aef s~lsnq~nevjp odaemn pk~| hèf‖a }k|b(sv~fp ckl hap ekv ln aya`jaljn ì ajj ki vdn }k|b(sv~fp i~efs av vdnsodkkj dayn lnne a}a|fnf vk kvdn| sv~fnevs%

Q% ]dav ì @ j`yn }`vd a m`|ji|`nef k| lkpi|`nef }dk waps vdn |nev;

A% Pk~ sdk~jf ekv |nwk|v aep èik|hav`ke ik| a i|`nef k| |kkhhavn ~ejnss vdn v}k ki pk~a|n aov~ajjp ha||`nf k| a|n okes`fn|nf vk dayn a okhhke(ja} ha||àmn ~efn| svavnja}% Pk~ h~sv |nwk|v è Q~nsv`ke 66$c) aep oasd s~wwk|v m`yne lp vdn i|`nef* ntonwvikkf aef dk~sèm% Pk~ }k~jf dayn vk |nwk|v vdn |nev vdn |kkhhavn wa`f ke pk~| lndaji%

Q% ]dav‐s vdn fìin|neon lnv}nne oasd s~wwk|v aef e(bèf s~wwk|v;

A% Oasd s~wwk|v `s s~wwk|v m`yne n`vdn| è vdn ik|h ki hkenp k| hkenp vdav `s wa`f kepk~| $vdn sv~fnev‐s) lndaji% Pk~ h~sv |nwk|v oasd s~wwk|v as ~evatnf èokhn% Vd~s* ì a i|`nef k| |njav`yn m`yns pk~ m|kon|p hkenp* `v h~sv ln |nwk|vnf as ~evatnf èokhnè Q~nsv`ke 66$c)% @i vdn i|`nef k| |njav`yn waps pk~| njnov|ò l`jj k| wa|v ki pk~| |nev*pk~ h~sv ajsk |nwk|v vdksn waphnevs%

Ntahwjns ki è(bèf s~wwk|v a|n i|nn ikkf k| dk~sèm vdav a iah`jp |non`yns* ~s~ajjpè ntodaemn ik| }k|b k| sn|yòns% Pk~ ~s~ajjp fke‐v |nwk|v s~od s~wwk|v%

Dk}nyn|* vdn awwjòav`ke fkns |nq~`|n pk~ vk |nwk|v vdn yaj~n ki dk~sèm a iah`jp|non`yns as okhwnesav`ke ik| a ckl% Vdn hksv okhhke ntahwjn `s i|nn dk~sèm k| adk~sèm ajjk}aeon w|ky`fnf vk h`j`va|p wn|skeenj k| hnhln|s ki vdn ojn|mp* }dòd `s|nq~`|nf vk ln |nwk|vnf è Q~nsv`ke 66$m)%



14

Q% ]dne `s sv~fnev a`f okes`fn|nf èokhn;

A% Mnen|ajjp* m|aevs aef sodkja|sd`ws vdav fk ekv ntonnf v~`v`ke* inns* lkkbs* aef|nq~`|nf s~wwj`ns a|n ekv okes`fn|nf vk ln vatnf k| ~evatnf èokhn% @i pk~ dayn ae\KVO sodkja|sd`w* a w|`yavn sodkja|sd`w* k| aep kvdn| bèf ki m|aev k| sodkja|sd`w*vdav m|aev k| sodkja|sd`w }`jj ln okes`fn|nf as ae aya`jaljn |nsk~|on lp vdn ièaeoàj

a`f kiiòn }dne waobamèm a`f%

Pk~ sdk~jf |nwk|v m|aevs aef sodkja|sd`ws pk~ |nwk|vnf ke pk~| vat |nv~|e% Pk~sdk~jf vdne |nwk|v vdnsn `vnhs as ntoj~s`kes i|kh èokhn è Q~nsv`ke 6?$f)3_v~fnev‐s <711 Aff`v`keaj Ièaeoàj @eik|hav`ke% Vdnsn ahk~evs }`jj ln v|navnf asntoj~s`kes i|kh pk~| èokhn%

Q% @ ah ek} a %_% o`v`ne l~v dayn ae Aj`ne \nm`sv|av`ke E~hln| $A(E~hln|)%

Dk} fk @ èfòavn vd`s ke vdn awwjòav`ke;

A% @efòavn vdav pk~ a|n a ^%_% o`v`ne2 fk ekv w|ky`fn pk~| A(E~hln|%

Q% @‐h mkèm vk mnv ha||`nf vd`s s~hhn|% Dk} fk @ aes}n| vdn q~nsv`ke vdav asbs i @ ah ha||`nf;

A% Pk~ h~sv aes}n| Q~nsv`ke 69 lasnf ke pk~| ha|`vaj svav~s ke vdn fap pk~ okhwjnvnaef s`me pk~| IAI_A% Aes}n| ‚Pns‘ ì pk~ a|n ha||`nf ke vdn fap pk~ okhwjnvn aefs`me pk~| IAI_A* kvdn|}`sn* aes}n| ‚Ek%‘ @i pk~ aes}n| ‚Ek‘ aef vdne ha||p aivn| pk~ k|`mèajjp i`jn pk~| IAI_A* pk~ oaeekv odaemn pk~| aes}n|% ]dne pk~ awwjp èa s~lsnq~nev pna| aef |nhaè ha||`nf* pk~ }`jj i`jn as a ha||`nf sv~fnev av vdav v`hn%

Q% @i @‐h ae nhaeo`wavnf hèk|* ah @ ek} èfnwnefnev;

A% @i pk~ oae w|ky`fn a okwp ki a ok~|v‐s fno`s`ke vdav pk~ a|n k| }n|n ae nhaeo`wavnfhèk| as fnvn|hènf lp a ok~|v è pk~| svavn ki jnmaj |ns`fneon* pk~ hap hnnv vdnfniè`v`ke ki ae èfnwnefnev sv~fnev% Pk~ }k~jf aes}n| ‚Pns‘ vk q~nsv`ke >? ì pk~a|n o~||nevjp ae nhaeo`wavnf hèk|% Pk~ }k~jf ajsk aes}n| ‚Pns‘ ì pk~ }n|n aenhaeo`wavnf hèk| `hhnfàvnjp lnik|n pk~ |naodnf vdn amn ki lnèm ae af~jv è pk~| svavn% Vdn ok~|v h~sv ln jkoavnf è pk~| svavn ki jnmaj |ns`fneon av vdn v`hn vdn ok~|v‐sfno`s`ke }as `ss~nf% Pk~ hap ln asbnf vk w|ky`fn a okwp ki vdn ok~|v‐s fno`s`ke%

Q% ]dav ì @ ah e jnmaj m~a|fàesd`w* ah @ ek} èfnwnefnev;

A% @i pk~ oae w|ky`fn a okwp ki a ok~|v‐s fno`s`ke vdav pk~ a|n k| }n|n è a jnmajm~a|fàesd`w as fnvn|hènf lp a ok~|v è pk~| svavn ki jnmaj |ns`fneon* pk~ hap hnnvvdn fniè`v`ke ki ae èfnwnefnev sv~fnev% Pk~ }k~jf aes}n| ‚Pns‘ vk q~nsv`ke >6 ì pk~ a|n o~||nevjp è jnmaj m~a|fàesd`w% Pk~ }k~jf ajsk aes}n| ‚Pns‘ ì pk~ }n|n èjnmaj m~a|fàesd`w `hhnfàvnjp lnik|n pk~ |naodnf vdn amn ki lnèm ae af~jv è pk~| svavn% Vdn ok~|v h~sv ln jkoavnf è pk~| svavn ki jnmaj |ns`fneon av vdn v`hn vdn ok~|v‐sfno`s`ke }as `ss~nf% Pk~ hap ln asbnf vk w|ky`fn a okwp ki vdn ok~|v‐s fno`s`ke%



10

Q% @i @ }as a Eav`keaj M~a|f k| \nsn|yn nej`svnn aef }as oajjnf vk aov`yn f~vp k|

}as ae aov`yn f~vp h`j`va|p hnhln|* ah @ okes`fn|nf a ynvn|ae ik| w~|wksns ki

okhwjnvèm vdn IAI_A;

A% Pns% @i pk~ }n|n a hnhln| ki vdn Eav`keaj M~a|f k| a \nsn|yn nej`svnn oajjnf vkaov`yn f~vp ik| kvdn| vdae svavn k| v|aèèm w~|wksns* aef }n|n |njnasnf ~efn| a

okef`v`ke kvdn| vdae f`sdkek|aljn* pk~ a|n okes`fn|nf a ynvn|ae ik| IAI_A w~|wksns%

Q% @i @ ah o~||nevjp sn|yèm è vdn Eav`keaj M~a|f k| as a \nsn|yn nej`svnn aef ah

oajjnf vk aov`yn f~vp* ah @ okes`fn|nf ae èfnwnefnev sv~fnev ik| w~|wksns ki

okhwjnvèm vdn IAI_A;

A% Pns% @i pk~ a|n o~||nevjp sn|yèm è vdn Eav`keaj M~a|f k| as a \nsn|yn nej`svnn aefa|n oajjnf vk aov`yn f~vp ik| kvdn| vdae svavn k| v|aèèm w~|wksns* pk~ }k~jf aes}n| ‚Pns‘ vk Q~nsv`ke 60 aef }k~jf vdne ln okes`fn|nf ae èfnwnefnev sv~fnev%

Q% @‐jj ln i`jèm a vat |nv~|e vd`s pna| l~v @ w|klaljp }ke‐v mnv a|k~ef vk `v ~ev`j

Aw|`j% Dk} sdk~jf @ aes}n| vdn ièaeoàj q~nsv`kes; _dk~jf @ }a`v vk i`jj k~v vd`s

ik|h aivn| @‐yn i`jnf hp vat |nv~|e;A% @fnajjp* pk~ sdk~jf okhwjnvn a IAI_A aivn| pk~‐yn fken pk~| vat |nv~|e* l~v fke‐v}a`v ~ev`j Aw|`j% Haep sodkkjs a}a|f a`f ke a i`|sv(okhn* i`|sv(sn|ynf las`s% Ajsk* pk~hap ekv ln nj`m`ljn ik| svavn a`f ì pk~ }a`v ~ev`j Aw|`j vk s~lh`v pk~| IAI_A% Haepsvavn a`f fnafjèns a|n na|jp è vdn oajnefa| pna| $oajnefa| pna| <71< ik| vdn <71<(1?a}a|f pna|)% @i pk~ dayne‐v okhwjnvnf pk~| vat |nv~|e* pk~ sdk~jf oajo~javn pk~| afc~svnf m|kss èokhn $AM@) aef vatns wa`f ~sèm vdn èsv|~ov`kes ik| @\_ Ik|h 1767%Pk~ oae mnv vdn èsv|~ov`kes aef vdn ik|h av a w~ljò j`l|a|p k| fk}ejkaf vdnh èWk|valjn Fko~hnev Ik|hav $WFI) i|kh }}}%`|s%mky+ik|hsw~ls+èfnt%dvhj %

Bnnw è hèf vdav ì pk~ s~lh`v pk~| awwjòav`ke lnik|n pk~ okhwjnvn a vat |nv~|e*pk~ hap ennf vk habn ok||nov`kes javn| ì pk~| èokhn k| vat èik|hav`ke `se‐vaoo~|avn% Pk~ }`jj ajsk ennf vk |nv~|e aep infn|aj sv~fnev a`f pk~ |non`ynf lasnf~wke èok||nov èik|hav`ke%

Pk~ h`mdv dayn vk w|ky`fn pk~| sodkkj }`vd a okwp ki pk~| okhwjnvnf vat |nv~|e$ass~hèm pk~‐|n |nq~`|nf vk i`jn ken) lnik|n pk~ |non`yn infn|aj sv~fnev a`f%

Q% @i hp wa|nevs a|n f`yk|onf* }dksn èik|hav`ke fk @ ennf;

A% \nwk|v vdn èik|hav`ke ki vdn wa|nev }`vd }dkh pk~ j`ynf vdn hksv f~|èm vdn 1<hkevds w|nonfèm vdn favn pk~ okhwjnvnf vdn IAI_A% @v fkns ekv habn a fìin|neon}dòd wa|nev oja`hs pk~ as a fnwnefnev ik| vat w~|wksns% @i pk~ f`f ekv j`yn }`vdn`vdn| wa|nev k| j`ynf nq~ajjp }`vd naod wa|nev* vdn wa|nevaj èik|hav`ke h~sv ln w|ky`fnf ik| vdn wa|nev i|kh }dkh pk~ |non`ynf vdn hksv ièaeoàj s~wwk|v f~|èmvdn w|nonfèm 1< hkevds k| vdn wa|nev i|kh }dkh pk~ |non`ynf vdn hksv s~wwk|v vdnjasv v`hn s~wwk|v }as m`yne%

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<7

Q% @ ah nevn|èm ièaeoàj èik|hav`ke ik| hp hkvdn| aef svnwiavdn| ke vdn

IAI_A% _dk~jf @ m`yn hp iavdn|‐s _koàj _no~|`vp e~hln| $__E) aef jasv eahn*

k| hp svnwiavdn|‐s;

A% Pk~ sdk~jf w|ky`fn vdn __E aef jasv eahn ki vdn sahn wn|ske k| wnkwjn ik| }dkhpk~ a|n |nwk|vèm ièaeoàj èik|hav`ke% @e vd`s oasn* w|ky`fn vdn __Es aef eahns ki

pk~| hkvdn| aef svnwiavdn|%

Q% ]dav sdk~jf @ fk ì hp wa|nev }`vd }dkh @ j`yn `s |nha||`nf aef hp svnwwa|nev

|ni~sns vk s~wwjp èik|hav`ke;

A% @i pk~ a|n a fnwnefnev sv~fnev aef pk~| wa|nev s |nha||`nf* vdn svnwwa|nev‐sèik|hav`ke h~sv ln èoj~fnf k| pk~ }`jj ekv ln okes`fn|nf ik| infn|aj sv~fnevièaeoàj a`f% @i pk~ lnj`nyn vdav pk~| s`v~av`ke `s ~e`q~n k| ~e~s~aj kvdn| vdae vdnsvnwwa|nev‐s s`hwjn |ni~saj vk w|ky`fn vdn |nq~nsvnf èik|hav`ke* pk~ sdk~jf f`so~ssvdn havvn| i~|vdn| }`vd pk~| ièaeoàj a`f afhè`sv|avk|%

Q% Dk} fkns a iah`jp fno`fn }dk sdk~jf ln ok~evnf è vdn dk~sndkjf s`n;

A% Aepken è vdn `hhnfàvn iah`jp }dk |non`yns hk|n vdae >7. s~wwk|v i|kh afnwnefnev sv~fnev‐s wa|nevs k| ae èfnwnefnev sv~fnev aef swk~sn hap ln ok~evnf èvdn dk~sndkjf s`n nyne ì vdav wn|ske fkns ekv |ns`fn è vdn dk~sn% Ik| ntahwjn* as`ljèm }dk `s kyn| <6 l~v sv`jj |non`yns vdn hack|`vp ki d`s+dn| s~wwk|v i|kh vdn wa|nevs oae ln èoj~fnf% _`ljèms }dk a|n fnwnefnev $as fniènf lp vdn IAI_A) as ki vdn favn pk~ awwjp ik| a`f a|n ajsk èoj~fnf* |nma|fjnss ki }dnvdn| vdnp |non`yn hk|nvdae >7. ki vdn`| s~wwk|v i|kh vdn wa|nevs% Aep kvdn| wn|ske }dk |ns`fns è vdndk~sndkjf aef |non`yns hk|n vdae >7. s~wwk|v i|kh vdn wa|nevs hap ajsk ln ok~evnf*as jkem as vdnp }`jj okevè~n vk |ns`fn }`vd pk~| wa|nevs aef vdn s~wwk|v `s ntwnovnf vkokevè~n vd|k~md C~en ?7* <71?% Ae ~elk|e od`jf }dk }`jj ln lk|e f~|èm vdn <71<(1? a}a|f pna| hap ajsk ln ok~evnf è vdn dk~sndkjf s`n ì vdn wa|nevs* k| èfnwnefnev sv~fnev aef swk~sn* }`jj w|ky`fn hk|n vdae daji ki vdn od`jf‐s s~wwk|vvd|k~md vdn nef ki vdn <71<(1? a}a|f pna| $C~en ?7* <71?)%

Dk~sndkjf s`n aef vat ntnhwv`kes a|n ekv enonssa|`jp vdn sahn% Ntnhwv`kes jkkb avvdn w|ny`k~s pna| k| vat pna| aef dk~sndkjf s`n |nin|s vk vdn sodkkj pna| ik| }dòdvdn sv~fnev `s awwjpèm ik| a`f%

Q% Hp wa|nevs snwa|avnf ik~| hkevds amk% @ j`yn }`vd hp hkvdn|% Hp wa|nevs i`jnf

a ckèv vat |nv~|e aef oja`hnf hn as ae ntnhwv`ke% Fk @ |nwk|v èokhn ik| lkvd

wa|nevs* k| ik| c~sv hp hkvdn|;

A% \nwk|v kejp pk~| hkvdn|‐s èokhn aef assnv èik|hav`ke lnoa~sn pk~ j`ynf }`vd dn| vdn hksv f~|èm vdn wasv 1< hkevds% ^sn a ](< Ik|h k| kvdn| |nok|f$s) vk fnvn|hèndn| sda|n ki vdn èokhn |nwk|vnf aef vatns wa`f ke vdn vat |nv~|e%

Q% @i @ $vdn sv~fnev) ah snwa|avnf l~v i`jnf a ckèv vat |nv~|e* dk} `s vdn

èik|hav`ke |nwk|vnf;

A% Pk~ sdk~jf m`yn kejp pk~| wk|v`ke ki vdn ntnhwv`kes* èokhn aef vatns wa`f%



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Q% ]dk q~ajì`ns vk ln ok~evnf è vdn e~hln| e sodkkj; A% Aep wn|ske $kvdn| vdae pk~| wa|nevs) }dk `s ok~evnf è vdn dk~sndkjf aef }`jj ln

avvnefèm aep vn|h ki vdn aoafnhò pna| av jnasv daji v`hn q~ajì`ns vk ln ok~evnf% Vdn wn|ske h~sv ln }k|bèm vk}a|f a fnm|nn k| on|vìòavn jnafèm vk a |nokme`nfnf~oav`ke o|nfnevàj av a wksvsnokefa|p sodkkj nj`m`ljn vk wa|vò`wavn è vdn infn|aj

sv~fnev a`f w|km|ahs% Pk~ $vdn sv~fnev) ennf ekv ln ne|kjjnf daji v`hn vk ln ok~evnfè vdn e~hln| è sodkkj%

Q% ]dne fkns hp sodkkj dayn vk |non`yn vdn |ns~jvs i|kh hp awwjòav`ke;

A% Pk~| sodkkj h~sv dayn pk~| èik|hav`ke lp pk~| jasv fap ki ne|kjjhnev è <71<(1?*k| lp h`f(_nwvnhln| <71?* }dòdnyn| `s na|j`n|% @i pk~| sodkkj das ekv |non`ynf pk~| awwjòav`ke èik|hav`ke njnov|keòajjp* pk~ h~sv s~lh`v pk~| wawn| _A\ vk vdn sodkkj lp vdn fnafjèn% L~v fk ekv }a`v ~ev`j vdn fnafjèn favn sk pk~ dayn wjnevp ki v`hn vks~lh`v pk~| èik|hav`ke aef habn aep enonssa|p ok||nov`kes% N`vdn| vdn njnov|keò|nok|f* vdn @esv`v~v`keaj _v~fnev @eik|hav`ke \nok|f $@_@\)* k| vdn wawn| _A\ vdav das lnne w|konssnf lp vdn Fnwa|vhnev h~sv dayn ae kiiòàj NIO% Keon vdn sodkkj

|non`yns pk~| èik|hav`ke* `v }`jj ~sn pk~| NIO vk fnvn|hèn pk~| nj`m`l`j`vp ik| infn|aj sv~fnev a`f% Vdn IAA }`jj snef pk~ a ièaeoàj a`f a}a|f jnvvn| ntwjaèèm vdna`f vdn sodkkj `s kiin|èm%

Q% ]dav ì @ fke‐v mnv a _v~fnev A`f \nwk|v $_A\) k| _A\ Aobek}jnfmnhnev* k| @

ennf aekvdn| okwp ki vdav ik|h;

A% @i pk~ fk ekv |non`yn ae n(ha`j }`vd a jèb vk pk~| _A\ $ì pk~ w|ky`fnf ae n(ha`jaff|nss ke pk~| IAI_A)* k| pk~| wawn| _A\ k| _A\ Aobek}jnfmnhnev è vdn ha`j}`vdè v}k(vk(vd|nn }nnbs aivn| s~lh`vvèm pk~| awwjòav`ke* oajj vdn Infn|aj _v~fnevA`f @eik|hav`ke Onevn| av 1(477(6(INF(A@F $1(477(6??(?<6?)% @i pk~ dayn a vk~od(vken wdken* pk~ oae ~sn vdn a~vkhavnf spsvnh vk ièf k~v }dnvdn| pk~| awwjòav`kedas lnne w|konssnf k| vk |nq~nsv f~wjòavn okw`ns ki pk~| |nwk|v% Pk~ }`jj ennf vk w|ky`fn pk~| _koàj _no~|`vp e~hln| aef vdn i`|sv v}k jnvvn|s ki pk~| jasv eahn% Pk~oae ajsk odnob vdn svav~s ki pk~| IAI_A aef w|èv a okwp ki pk~| _A\ av}}}%iaisa%mky%

@i pk~ awwjp ~sèm IAI_A ke vdn ]nl* pk~ }`jj |non`yn a okei`|hav`ke wamn }`vd aokei`|hav`ke e~hln| aivn| pk~ snjnov ‚_~lh`v Hp IAI_A Ek}%‘ Vd`s okei`|hav`kem~a|aevnns vdav pk~| awwjòav`ke das lnne |non`ynf lp vdn ^%_% Fnwa|vhnev ki Nf~oav`ke* aef vdn okei`|hav`ke e~hln| oae ln ~snf lp vdn Infn|aj _v~fnev A`f@eik|hav`ke Onevn| vk v|aob pk~| awwjòav`ke ì enonssa|p% Ik| hk|n èik|hav`ke kevdn _A\ aef _A\ Aobek}jnfmnhnev* snn ‚Vdn Awwjòav`ke W|konss%‘

Q% ]dav ì @ vdèb skhnlkfp `s h`s~sèm infn|aj sv~fnev a`f i~efs;

A% @i pk~ dayn |naske vk s~swnov i|a~f* }asvn k| al~sn èykjyèm infn|aj sv~fnev a`fi~efs* pk~ sdk~jf oajj vdn ^%_% Fnwa|vhnev ki Nf~oav`ke‐s @eswnovk| Mnen|aj‐s vkjj(i|nn dkvjèn av3

1(477(H@_(^_NF $1(477(96=(4=??)






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Vdn W|`yaop Aov

Vdn ^%_% Fnwa|vhnev ki Nf~oav`ke $vdn Fnwa|vhnev) ~sns vdn èik|hav`ke vdav pk~ w|ky`fn ke vdn IAI_A vk oajo~javn ae Ntwnovnf Iah`jp Okev|`l~v`ke $NIO)% Vdn NIO `s~snf lp nj`m`ljn aef wa|vò`wavèm sodkkjs vdav pk~ snjnov k| j`sv ke pk~| IAI_A vk

fnvn|hèn pk~| nj`m`l`j`vp ik| infn|aj sv~fnev a`f% _nov`ke 64? aef 646 ki vdn D`mdn| Nf~oav`ke Aov $DNA) ki 109>* as ahnefnf* w|ky`fn vdn Fnwa|vhnev vdn a~vdk|`vp vk asb pk~ aef pk~| wa|nevs vdn q~nsv`kes ke vdn IAI_A aef vk okjjnov vdn _koàj _no~|`vpe~hln|s ki pk~ aef pk~| wa|nevs% ]n ~sn pk~| _koàj _no~|`vp e~hln| vk yn|ìp pk~| `fnev`vp aef |nv|`nyn pk~| |nok|fs* aef }n hap |nq~nsv pk~| _koàj _no~|`vp e~hln| amaèik| vdksn w~|wksns%

_vavn aef èsv`v~v`keaj sv~fnev ièaeoàj a`f w|km|ahs hap ajsk ~sn vdn èik|hav`ke vdavpk~ w|ky`fn ke vdn IAI_A vk fnvn|hèn ì pk~ a|n nj`m`ljn vk |non`yn svavn aefèsv`v~v`keaj a`f% Vdn|nik|n* vdn Fnwa|vhnev }`jj f`sojksn vdn èik|hav`ke vdav pk~ w|ky`fnke vd`s ik|h vk naod èsv`v~v`ke pk~ j`sv è Q~nsv`kes 171a(171d* svavn amneo`ns è pk~|

svavn ki jnmaj |ns`fneon* aef vdn svavn amneo`ns ki vdn svavns è }dòd vdn sodkkjs vdav pk~j`sv è Q~nsv`kes 171a(171d a|n jkoavnf%

@i pk~ a|n awwjpèm skjnjp ik| infn|aj a`f* pk~ h~sv aes}n| ajj ki vdn ikjjk}èm q~nsv`kesvdav awwjp vk pk~3 1(0* 16(19* 14* <1(<?* <9* <4(<0* ?<(?9* ?4(>4* 97(9=* 90* =<(46* 49(177* 17<(17?% @i pk~ fk ekv aes}n| vdnsn q~nsv`kes* pk~ }`jj ekv |non`yn infn|aj a`f%

]`vdk~v pk~| okesnev* vdn Fnwa|vhnev hap f`sojksn èik|hav`ke vdav pk~ w|ky`fn vknev`v`ns ~efn| a w~lj`sdnf ‚|k~vèn ~sn%‘ êfn| s~od a |k~vèn ~sn* }n hap f`sojksnèik|hav`ke vk vd`|f wa|v`ns }n dayn a~vdk|`nf vk ass`sv ~s è afhè`svn|èm k~| w|km|ahs2 vk kvdn| infn|aj amneo`ns ~efn| okhw~vn|(havodèm w|km|ahs* s~od as vdksn}`vd vdn @evn|eaj \nyne~n _n|yòn* _koàj _no~|`vp Afhè`sv|av`ke* _njnov`yn _n|yòn_psvnh* Fnwa|vhnev ki Dkhnjaef _no~|`vp* Fnwa|vhnev ki C~svòn* aef Ynvn|aes Aiia`|s2vk pk~| wa|nevs k| pk~| swk~sn2 aef vk hnhln|s ki Okem|nss ì pk~ asb vdnh vk dnjw pk~}`vd sv~fnev a`f q~nsv`kes%

@i vdn infn|aj mkyn|ehnev* vdn ^%_% Fnwa|vhnev ki Nf~oav`ke k| ae nhwjkpnn ki vdn ^%_%Fnwa|vhnev ki Nf~oav`ke `s èykjynf è j`v`mav`ke* vdn Fnwa|vhnev hap snef èik|hav`kevk vdn Fnwa|vhnev ki C~svòn* k| a ok~|v k| afc~fòav`yn lkfp* ì vdn f`sojks~|n `s |njavnf vkièaeoàj a`f aef on|vaè okef`v`kes a|n hnv% @e aff`v`ke* vdn Fnwa|vhnev hap snef pk~| èik|hav`ke vk a ik|n`me* infn|aj* svavn* k| jkoaj neik|onhnev amneop ì vdn èik|hav`kevdav pk~ s~lh`vvnf èfòavns a y`kjav`ke k| wkvnevàj y`kjav`ke ki ja}* ik| }dòd vdavamneop das c~|`sfòv`ke ik| èynsv`mav`ke k| w|ksno~v`ke% Ièajjp* vdn Fnwa|vhnev hapsnef èik|hav`ke |nma|fèm a oja`h vdav `s fnvn|hènf vk ln yaj`f aef kyn|f~n vk aokes~hn| |nwk|vèm amneop% Vd`s èik|hav`ke èoj~fns `fnevì`n|s i|kh vdn |nok|fs2 vdnahk~ev* svav~s aef d`svk|p ki vdn oja`h2 aef vdn w|km|ah ~efn| }dòd vdn oja`h a|ksn%



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Vdn Wawn|}k|b \nf~ov`ke Aov ki 100>

Vdn Wawn|}k|b \nf~ov`ke Aov ki 100> saps vdav ek ken `s |nq~`|nf vk |nswkef vk aokjjnov`ke ki èik|hav`ke ~ejnss `v f`swjaps a yaj`f KHL okev|kj e~hln|* }dòd ik| vdnIAI_A `s 146>(7771% Vdn v`hn |nq~`|nf vk okhwjnvn vdn wawn| k| WFI yn|s`ke ki vdn

IAI_A `s nsv`havnf vk ln vd|nn dk~|s2 vdn v`hn |nq~`|nf vk okhwjnvn vdn }nl yn|s`ke ki vdn IAI_A* ke IAI_A ke vdn ]nl* `s nsv`havnf vk ln ken dk~| aef iìvnne hè~vns2 vdnv`hn |nq~`|nf vk okhwjnvn vdn w|n(i`jjnf }nl yn|s`ke ki vdn IAI_A* ke IAI_A ke vdn

]nl* `s nsv`havnf vk ln iìvp(i`yn hè~vns% Vdnsn nsv`havns èoj~fn vdn v`hn enonssa|p vk|ny`n} èsv|~ov`kes* sna|od fava |nsk~|ons* mavdn| vdn fava ennfnf* okhwjnvn aef |ny`n}vdn èik|hav`ke okjjnov`ke* aef habn okw`ns ki k~vw~v fko~hnevs ik| i~v~|n |nin|neon% @i pk~ dayn okhhnevs alk~v vd`s nsv`havn k| s~mmnsv`kes ik| `hw|kyèm vdn ik|h* wjnasn}|`vn vk

^%_% Fnwa|vhnev ki Nf~oav`ke]asdèmvke* FO <7<7<(6=77

]n hap |nq~nsv aff`v`keaj èik|hav`ke i|kh pk~ vk w|konss pk~| awwjòav`ke hk|nniiò`nevjp% ]n }`jj okjjnov vd`s èik|hav`ke kejp as ennfnf aef ke a ykj~eva|p las`s%



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Vdn Awwjòav`ke W|konss

Mnvvèm sva|vnf

Pk~ dayn vd|nn kwv`kes vk okhwjnvn vdn awwjòav`ke3

• Kejèn $IAI_A ke vdn ]nl) av }}}%iaisa%mky $|nokhhnefnf)

• WFI IAI_A $Fk}ejkaf i`jn) av }}}%sv~fneva`f%nf%mky+WFIiaisa%

• Wawn| IAI_A $|nq~nsv a okwp lp oajjèm 1(477(6(INF(A@F)

Vk okhwjnvn IAI_A ke vdn ]nl* pk~ lnmè lp mkèm vk }}}%iaisa%mky aef ojòb ke‚_va|v Dn|n%‘ Entv* pk~ }`jj w|ky`fn pk~| eahn* favn ki l`|vd* aef _koàj _no~|`vpe~hln|% Pk~ }`jj ln m~`fnf svnw(lp(svnw vd|k~md vdn w|nj`hèa|p awwjòav`ke w|konss lpikjjk}èm vdn v`hn(sayèm s~mmnsv`kes lnjk}3

• Mavdn| vdn fko~hnevs pk~ ennf%

• W|èv aef okhwjnvn vdn IAI_A ke vdn ]nl ]k|bsdnnv $kwv`keaj)%

• Awwjp ik| a Infn|aj _v~fnev A`f W@E ì pk~ fk ekv dayn ken%

• Wa|nevs ki fnwnefnev sv~fnevs awwjp ik| a W@E ì vdnp fk ekv dayn ken%

• Wjae dk} vk s`me pk~| IAI_A $~sèm a W@E k| a s`meav~|n wamn)%

• Ekvn nj`m`l`j`vp |nq~`|nhnevs%

• Ekvn `hwk|vaev fnafjèn favns%

Pk~ oae ajsk ~sn vdn ‚L|k}sn Dnjw‘ av }}}%iaisa%mky%

@i pk~ fk ekv s`me pk~| IAI_A ke vdn ]nl awwjòav`ke njnov|keòajjp }`vd a W@E* pk~*aef pk~| wa|nevs* ì pk~ a|n a fnwnefnev sv~fnev* }`jj ennf vk w|èv k~v* s`me* aef ha`j è as`meav~|n wamn }`vd vdn w|kwn| s`meav~|ns }`vdè 16 faps% _~lh`vvèm a s`meav~|n wamn}`jj èo|nasn vdn v`hn `v vabns vk

• w|konss pk~| awwjòav`ke* k|

• v|aesh`v pk~| awwjòav`ke fava vk vdn sodkkjs pk~ j`svnf ke pk~| awwjòav`ke%

Vk okhwjnvn a WFI IAI_A* pk~ oae fk}ejkaf vdn i`jn i|kh}}}%sv~fneva`f%nf%mky+WFIiaisa% Pk~ hap vpwn è pk~| |nswkesns ke vdn ik|h aef w|èv `v* k| pk~ hap s`hwjp w|èv vdn ik|h aef }|`vn è pk~| aes}n|s% \nhnhln|* pk~h~sv s`me* favn* aef ha`j vdn ik|h vk vdn aff|nss w|ky`fnf% @i pk~ }aev vk okhwjnvn a




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wawn| IAI_A* pk~ h~sv oajj vdn Infn|aj _v~fnev A`f @eik|hav`ke Onevn| av 1(477(6(INF(A@F $1(477(6??(?<6?) vk dayn a ik|h ha`jnf vk pk~% @i pk~ odkksn vk i`jj k~v a WFIk| wawn| IAI_A* ~sn a wne }`vd ljaob èb% Ajsk* fkjja| ahk~evs sdk~jf ln |k~efnf vk vdnena|nsv }dkjn fkjja|% Favns h~sv ln |nwk|vnf è e~hln|s è vdn lktns w|ky`fnf* aefe~hln|s lnjk} 17 sdk~jf dayn a n|k è i|kev% $Ik| èsvaeon* Aw|`j }k~jf ln |nwk|vnf as

76%) W|èv ojna|jp è oaw`vaj jnvvn|s aef sb`w a swaon lnv}nne }k|fs%

Ajsk* fk ekv jnayn aep q~nsv`kes ljaeb n`vdn| ke vdn ]nl yn|s`ke k| wawn| yn|s`ke ~ejnssvkjf vk fk sk%

As pk~ okhwjnvn vdn IAI_A* pk~‖aef pk~| wa|nevs* ì awwjòaljn‖sdk~jf dayn vdnikjjk}èm |nok|fs aya`jaljn vk dnjw pk~ aes}n| q~nsv`kes ke vdn awwjòav`ke3

• _koàj _no~|`vp oa|f

• F|`yn|‐s jònesn $ì aep)

• Wn|haenev \ns`fnev \non`wv Oa|f $ì awwjòaljn)

• ](< ik|hs aef kvdn| <711 |nok|fs ki hkenp na|enf

• <711 èokhn vat |nv~|e $snn vdn èsv|~ov`kes ke vdn IAI_A ì vdn vat |nv~|e dasekv lnne okhwjnvnf)

• \nok|fs ki od`jf s~wwk|v wa`f

• \nok|fs ki vataljn na|eèms i|kh Infn|aj ]k|b(_v~fp k| kvdn| ennf(lasnf }k|b

w|km|ahs

• \nok|fs ki sv~fnev m|aev* sodkja|sd`w aef injjk}sd`w a`f* èoj~fèm Ahn|Òk|wsa}a|fs* vdav }as èoj~fnf è pk~| $k| pk~| wa|nevs‐) AM@

• O~||nev svkob* lkef* aef kvdn| èynsvhnev |nok|fs

• O~||nev l~sènss aef ia|h |nok|fs

• O~||nev laeb svavnhnevs%

A fnwnefnev sv~fnev $as fnvn|hènf è Q~nsv`kes 6>(>=) sdk~jf dayn ajj vdn |nok|fs j`svnfalkyn i|kh d`s k| dn| wa|nevs ntonwv ik| vdn`| f|`yn|‐s jònesns%

Ln s~|n vk |naf vdn èik|hav`ke ke vdn W|`yaop Aov aef ~sn ki pk~| _koàj _no~|`vpe~hln|%



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_~lh`vvèm pk~| okhwjnvnf awwjòav`ke

Fk~ljn(odnob pk~| aes}n|s vk habn s~|n vdnp a|n okhwjnvn aef aoo~|avn% Ln s~|n pk~dayn w|ky`fnf vdn enonssa|p s`meav~|ns njnov|keòajjp k| ke wawn|%

@i pk~ a|n awwjpèm njnov|keòajjp* ikjjk} vdn kejèn èsv|~ov`kes vk w|èv a okwp ki pk~| awwjòav`ke ik| pk~| |nok|fs% Ln s~|n vk s~lh`v pk~| awwjòav`ke aef |non`yn pk~| okei`|hav`ke wamn% @i pk~ a|n awwjpèm ke wawn|* habn okw`ns ki pk~| okhwjnvnfawwjòav`ke ik| pk~| i`jns lnik|n pk~ ha`j `v% Fk ekv w~v jnvvn|s* vat ik|hs* k| aep ntv|ahavn|àjs è vdn neynjkwn w|ky`fnf% Vdnp }`jj ln fnsv|kpnf% Habn s~|n vdav pk~ w~v aep`hwk|vaev fko~hnevs s~od as vat ik|hs k| jnvvn|s è a sno~|n i`jn sk pk~ oae |nin| vk vdnhè vdn i~v~|n ì pk~ ennf vdnh% ]dne pk~ mnv |nafp vk ha`j è pk~| okhwjnvnf awwjòav`ke* w~v vdn ik|h $wamns ? vd|k~md 4) è ae neynjkwn aef ha`j vdn okhwjnvnf awwjòav`ke vk vdnaww|kw|àvn aff|nss* }dòd `s j`svnf ke vdn i|kev wamn ki vdn wawn| IAI_A ~efn| ‚Ha`jèmPk~| IAI_A%‘

]dav dawwnes aivn| pk~ awwjp

Aivn| |non`yèm pk~| okhwjnvnf awwjòav`ke* vdn IAI_A w|konssk| }`jj aeajpn pk~| IAI_A èik|hav`ke aef* ~sèm a ik|h~ja nsvalj`sdnf èvk ja} lp Okem|nss* oajo~javn aeNtwnovnf Iah`jp Okev|`l~v`ke $NIO) ik| pk~% Vdn |ns~jvs ki pk~| awwjòav`ke }`jj lnsnev vk vdn sodkkjs pk~ j`sv ke pk~| awwjòav`ke aef vk pk~ è vdn ik|h ki a _v~fnev A`f

\nwk|v $_A\) k| a _A\ Aobek}jnfmnhnev % @i pk~ dayn a yaj`f n(ha`j aff|nss ke i`jn* pk~}`jj |non`yn ae n(ha`j vdav w|ky`fns pk~ }`vd a jèb vk y`n} aef w|èv pk~| _A\ favakejèn% ]n }`jj snef vd`s n(ha`j ì

• pk~| eahn* favn ki l`|vd* aef _koàj _no~|`vp e~hln| havod _koàj _no~|`vp

Afhè`sv|av`ke |nok|fs2 aef

• pk~| aef pk~| wa|nevs dayn s`menf vdn awwjòav`ke k| _A\%

@i pk~ fk ekv hnnv lkvd ki vdn okef`v`kes alkyn* pk~ }`jj |non`yn pk~| awwjòav`ke |ns~jvsè vdn ha`j3 A _v~fnev A`f \nwk|v $_A\)%

]dne vk ntwnov vdn |ns~jvs

Aivn| pk~ s~lh`v vdn I|nn Awwjòav`ke ik| Infn|aj _v~fnev A`f $IAI_A)* }n }`jj snefpk~ ae n(ha`j }`vdè ? vk > faps vk aoonss pk~| _v~fnev A`f \nwk|v $_A\)% Vdn _A\

okevaès a s~hha|p ki pk~| awwjòav`ke èik|hav`ke aef vdn w|konssèm |ns~jvs% @i pk~awwj`nf njnov|keòajjp* l~v f`f ekv w|ky`fn ae n(ha`j aff|nss k| s`me }`vd pk~| W@E* pk~}`jj |non`yn a _A\ Aobek}jnfmnhnev è vdn ha`j%

Pk~ ajsk oae odnob pk~| awwjòav`ke svav~s lp mkèm vk }}}%iaisa%mky aef ojòbèm ke‚_va|v Dn|n‘ vk jkm ke% @i pk~ i`jnf a wawn| IAI_A* pk~ oae odnob vdn svav~s è = vk 17faps i|kh vdn favn pk~ ha`jnf vdn awwjòav`ke% Aekvdn| }ap vk odnob vdn svav~s ki pk~|







<=

awwjòav`ke `s lp oajjèm vdn Infn|aj _v~fnev A`f @eik|hav`ke Onevn| $I_A@O) av 1(477(6(INF(A@F $1(477(6??(?<6?)%

@i pk~ ennf vk habn odaemns vk pk~| awwjòav`ke èik|hav`ke* ikjjk} vdn w|konf~|ns è vdn w|ny`k~s wa|am|awd% Pk~ }`jj vdne ln m`yne vdn kwv`ke vk habn aep enonssa|p odaemns k|

ok||nov`kes% Ekvn* dk}nyn|* vdav pk~ h~sv ekv habn aep odaemns vk èokhn k| assnvèik|hav`ke ì vdav èik|hav`ke }as ok||nov av vdn v`hn pk~ s~lh`vvnf pk~| k|`mèajawwjòav`ke% _~od èik|hav`ke |nw|nsnevs a ‚seawsdkv‘ ki pk~| iah`jp‐s ièaeoàj sv|nemvdaef sdk~jf ekv ln ~wfavnf%

Bnp awwjòav`ke favns aef fnafjèns

Vdn awwjòav`ke w|konssk| h~sv |non`yn pk~| okhwjnvnf awwjòav`ke ek javn| vdae C~en ?7*<71?% Pk~| sodkkj h~sv dayn pk~| ok||nov aef okhwjnvn awwjòav`ke èik|hav`ke lp pk~|

jasv fap ki ne|kjjhnev f~|èm vdn <71<(1? pna| k| lp h`f(_nwvnhln| <71?*

}dòdnyn| okhns i`|sv% Vdn|n a|n ek ntonwv`kes vk vdnsn favns%

Ekvn ajsk vdav ya|`k~s svavn aef sodkkj fnafjèns hap awwjp vk pk~% Vdnsn fnafjèns a|nkivne na|jp è vdn oajnefa| pna| $<71< ik| vdn <71<(1? a}a|f pna|)% Odnob }`vd pk~| sodkkj‐s ièaeoàj a`f kiiòn vk habn s~|n pk~ a|n a}a|n ki‖aef a|n aljn vk hnnv‖ajjsv~fnev ièaeoàj a`f fnafjèns% Vdn|nik|n* pk~ sdk~jf awwjp as skke aivn| Cae~a|p 1* <71<as wkss`ljn% _vavn fnafjèns a|n j`svnf ~efn| ‚Fnafjèns‘ ke vdn IAI_A ke vdn ]nl s`vn*ke vdn i|kev ki vdn IAI_A ke vdn ]nl ]k|bsdnnv * aef ke vdn i|kev ki vdn WFI aef wawn| IAI_A%

\non`yèm sv~fnev a`f

A`f i|kh vdn infn|aj sv~fnev a`f w|km|ahs }`jj ln wa`f vk pk~ vd|k~md pk~| sodkkj% Vdnsodkkj }`jj ekvìp pk~ ki pk~| a`f waobamn% Pk~| a`f a}a|fs }`jj j`bnjp ln f`sl~|snf naod waphnev wn|`kf $snhnsvn|* q~a|vn|* v|`hnsvn|* nvo%)% Vpwòajjp* pk~| sodkkj }`jj i |sv ~snvdn a`f vk wap v~`v`ke aef inn oda|mns aef |kkh aef lka|f* ì w|ky`fnf lp vdn sodkkj% Aep|nhaèfn| }`jj ln wa`f vk pk~ ik| pk~| kvdn| nf~oav`ke(|njavnf ntwnesns%

Vk hnnv pk~| ièaeoàj ennf* naod sodkkj pk~ j`sv ke vdn IAI_A }`jj snef pk~ a ekvòn ki vdn vpwns aef ahk~evs ki a`f pk~‐|n nj`m`ljn vk |non`yn% Ièaeoàj ennf `s vdn fìin|neon lnv}nne pk~| sodkkj‐s oksv ki avvnefaeon $èoj~fèm j`yèm ntwnesns)* as oajo~javnf lppk~| sodkkj* aef pk~| NIO% Vdn ahk~ev ki pk~| ièaeoàj a`f a}a|f }`jj ln aiinovnf lp}dnvdn| pk~‐|n a i~jj(v`hn k| wa|v(v`hn sv~fnev aef }dnvdn| pk~ avvnef sodkkj ik| a i~jjaoafnhò pna| k| jnss%

@i pk~ lnj`nyn vdav pk~ dayn ~e~s~aj o`|o~hsvaeons vdav sdk~jf ln vabne èvk aook~ev èfnvn|hèèm pk~| ièaeoàj ennf* okevaov vdn ièaeoàj a`f afhè`sv|avk| av vdn sodkkja}a|fèm pk~| a`f% ê~s~aj o`|o~hsvaeons h`mdv èoj~fn ntv|nhnjp d`md hnfòaj k| fnevaj ntwnesns k| a s`meìòaev odaemn è èokhn i|kh ken pna| vk vdn entv% Wjnasn ekvn

vdav vdn ièaeoàj a`f afhè`sv|avk|‐s fno`s`ke `s ièaj aef oaeekv ln awwnajnf vk vdn

^%_% Fnwa|vhnev ki Nf~oav`ke%



<0

afhè`sv|avk| $IAA) h~sv èoj~fn a jnvvn| }`vd vdn IAI_A èfòavèm vdav vdn sv~fnev `sèoa|on|avnf k| dkhnjnss aef `s vdn|nik|n ~sèm vdn sodkkj‐s aff|nss%^sn vdn ikjjk}èm valjn vk fnvn|hèn vdn v}k(oda|aovn| okfn ik| pk~| svavn* vn||`vk|p* w|kyèon k| ok~ev|p%

Ajalaha AJ

Ajasba AB

Ajln|va AL

Ahn|òae _ahka A_

A|`kea AS

A|baesas A\

A|hnf Ik|ons ( Ahn|òas AA

A|hnf Ik|ons ( N~|kwn AN

A|hnf Ik|ons ( Waoìò AW

L|`v`sd Okj~hlà LO

Oajìk|eà OA

Oaeafa OE

Okjk|afk OK

Okeenovò~v OV

Fnja}a|n FN

F`sv|òv ki Okj~hlà FO

Infn|avnf _vavns ki Hò|kensà IH

Ijk|`fa IJ

Mnk|mà MA

M~ah M^

Da}a`` D@

@fadk @F

@jjèk`s @J

@efàea @E

@k}a @A

Baesas B_

Bnev~obp BP

Jk~`sàea JA

Haèn HN

Hae`vkla HLHa|sdajj @sjaefs HD

Ha|pjaef HF

Hassaod~snvvs HA

Hntòk HT

Hòd`mae H@

Hèenskva HE

H`ss`ss`ww` H_

H`ssk~|` HK

Hkevaea HV

Enl|asba EN

Enyafa EY

En}ik~efjaef EI

En}ik~efjaef+Jal|afk| EJ

En} L|~es}òb EL En} Dahwsd`|n ED

En} Cn|snp EC

En} Hntòk EH

En} Pk|b EP

Ek|vd Oa|kjèa EO

Ek|vd Fabkva EF

Ek|vdn|e Ha|àea @sjaefs HW

Ek|vd}nsv Vn||`vk|`ns EV

Ekya _okvà E_

E~eay~v E^

Kd`k KD

Kbjadkha KB

Keva|`k KE

K|nmke K\

Waja~ W]

Wneespjyaeà WA

W|èon Nf}a|f @sjaef WN

W~n|vk \òk W\

Q~nlno WQ* QO

\dkfn @sjaef \@

_asbavodn}ae _B

_k~vd Oa|kjèa _O

_k~vd Fabkva _F

Vneenssnn VE

Vntas VT

^vad ^V

Yn|hkev YV

Y`|mè @sjaefs Y@

Y`|mèà YA

]asdèmvke ]A

]nsv Y`|mèà ]Y

]`sokesè ]@

]pkhèm ]P

P~bke PV



?7

4% _koàj _no~|`vp e~hln|% Pk~ a|n |nq~`|nf vk w|ky`fn a _koàj _no~|`vp e~hln| $__E)%Vdn W|`yaop Aov svavnhnev m`yns èik|hav`ke alk~v dk} pk~| __E hap ln ~snf%

Vdn ken ntonwv`ke vk vdn __E |nq~`|nhnev `s ik| sv~fnevs i|kh vdn Ha|sdajj @sjaefs*vdn Infn|avnf _vavns ki Hò|kensà* k| vdn \nw~ljò ki Waja~% @i pk~ a|n i|kh ken ki vdnsn

a|nas* pk~ a|n ekv |nq~`|nf vk dayn ae __E% @esvnaf* pk~ a|n |nq~`|nf vk nevn| ‚999‘ ik| vd`s q~nsv`ke aef vdn spsvnh }`jj ass`me vdn |nhaèèm s`t f`m`vs }d`jn w|konssèm pk~| awwjòav`ke%

@i pk~ fk ekv dayn ae __E k| ennf a |nwjaonhnev _koàj _no~|`vp oa|f* okevaov pk~| jkoaj_koàj _no~|`vp kiiòn% Ik| aff`v`keaj èik|hav`ke $è Nemj`sd k| _wae`sd)* pk~ oae oajjvdn __A av 1(477(==<(1<1? $1(477(?<>(7==4 ( VVP)‖k| mk vk `vs }nls`vn av}}}%ssa%mky%

0% Pk~| favn ki l`|vd% Pk~ a|n |nq~`|nf vk w|ky`fn pk~| favn ki l`|vd% Nevn| è vdnaww|kw|àvn lktns ki vdn wawn| IAI_A vdn hkevd* fap aef pna| è }dòd pk~ }n|n lk|e

$ik|havvnf as HHFFPPPP)% Vdn ‚10‘ wa|v ki vdn pna| `s w|n(w|èvnf ke vdn wawn| ik|hs% Fk ekv ~sn fasdns ke n`vdn| vdn ]nl k| wawn| awwjòav`kes% Ik| ntahwjn* ì pk~}n|n lk|e ke Aw|`j 1* 1007* pk~ }k~jf nevn| 76711007%

17% Pk~| wn|haenev vnjnwdken e~hln|% Nevn| pk~| wn|haenev vnjnwdken e~hln| }dn|npk~ oae ln okevaovnf% Ikjjk} vdn èsv|~ov`kes sdk}èm dk} vk nevn| vdn e~hln|% Ik| ntahwjn* wa|nevdnsns aef fasdns a|n ~snf ke vdn wawn| ik|hs3 $<7<) >>>(1<1<2 dk}nyn|*ke IAI_A ke vdn ]nl* pk~ }k~jf nevn| <7<>>>1<1<%

11(1<% Pk~| f|`yn|‐s jònesn e~hln| aef svavn% Nevn| pk~| f|`yn|‐s jònesn e~hln| $11)aef `vs svavn ki `ss~n $1<)% @i pk~ fk ekv dayn a f|`yn|‐s jònesn* jnayn Q~nsv`kes 11 aef 1< ljaeb%

1?% Pk~| n(ha`j aff|nss% Nevn| pk~| n(ha`j aff|nss ì pk~ }aev vk |non`yn pk~| èik|hav`ke njnov|keòajjp% Pk~ }`jj |non`yn ae n(ha`j }`vd a jèb vk pk~| _v~fnev A`f

\nwk|v $_A\) fava }`vdè ?(> faps aivn| pk~| IAI_A `s w|konssnf%

@i pk~ fk ekv dayn ae n(ha`j aff|nss k| w|nin| vk |non`yn pk~| èik|hav`ke lp wksvaj ha`j*jnayn vd`s q~nsv`ke ljaeb% @e vd`s oasn* ajj ekvìòav`kes }`jj ln ha`jnf vk pk~| wn|haenevha`jèm aff|nss% Vd`s w|konss oae vabn ~w vk < vk ? }nnbs vk |non`yn pk~| _A\ aef kvdn| ekvìòav`kes%

Q~nsv`kes 16(?1

16% O`v`nesd`w svav~s% Pk~ a|n |nq~`|nf vk èfòavn pk~| o`v`nesd`w svav~s% @i pk~ a|nokhwjnvèm a wawn| k| WFI IAI_A* i`jj è vdn aww|kw|àvn o`|ojn% Ke IAI_A ke vdn ]nl*snjnov pk~| o`v`nesd`w svav~s lp ~sèm vdn f|kw(fk}e hne~%

Ekvn3 Kejp ^%_% o`v`nes aef nj`m`ljn ekeo`v`nes a|n nj`m`ljn vk |non`yn infn|aj sv~fneva`f%

http://www.ssa.gov/

http://www.ssa.gov/

http://www.ssa.gov/



?1

Ik| ièaeoàj a`f w~|wksns* ae nj`m`ljn ekeo`v`ne `s ken ki vdn ikjjk}èm3

• A ^%_% wn|haenev |ns`fnev }dk das a Wn|haenev \ns`fnev Oa|f $@(>>1 k| @(1>1)$ajsk bek}e as a m|nne oa|f)

• A okef`v`keaj wn|haenev |ns`fnev }`vd a okef`v`keaj M|nne Oa|f $@(>>1O)

• A ekeo`v`ne }`vd ae A||`yaj(Fnwa|v~|n \nok|f $@(06) i|kh vdn Fnwa|vhnev ki Dkhnjaef _no~|`vp $FD_) $swnoìòajjp* vdn ^%_% O`v`nesd`w aef @hh`m|av`ke_n|yòns) sdk}èm aep ken ki vdn ikjjk}èm fns`meav`kes3 ‚\ni~mnn*‘ ‚Aspj~hM|aevnf*‘ ‚Wa|kjnf‘ $vdn @(06 h~sv okei`|h —wa|kjnf ik| a hè`h~h ki 1(pna| aefsvav~s‐ das ekv ntw`|nf)* ‚Okef`v`keaj Nev|aev‘ $yaj`f kejp ì `ss~nf lnik|n Aw|`j 1*1047) k| ‚O~lae(Da`vàe Nev|aev* svav~s wnefèm‘

• A sv~fnev ajsk hap q~ajìp as ae nj`m`ljn ekeo`v`ne ì dn k| sdn dkjfs a V(y`sa$ik| yòv`hs ki d~hae v|aiiòbèm) k| ì d`s k| dn| wa|nev dkjfs a V(1 y`sa%

@i pk~ a|n en`vdn| a ^%_% o`v`ne ek| ae nj`m`ljn ekeo`v`ne* pk~ a|n ekv nj`m`ljn ik| infn|aj sv~fnev a`f2 ik| ntahwjn* pk~ a|n ekv nj`m`ljn ì pk~ a|n è vdn ^%_% ke ken ki vdnikjjk}èm3

• Ae I(1* I(< k| H(1 sv~fnev y`sa

• A C(1 k| C(< ntodaemn y`s`vk| y`sa

• A L(1 k| L(< y`s`vk| y`sa

• A M sn|`ns y`sa $wn|vaèèm vk èvn|eav`keaj k|maeàv`kes)

• Ae D sn|`ns k| J sn|`ns y`sa $ajjk}èm vnhwk|a|p nhwjkphnev è vdn ^%_%)

• A ‚Ekvòn ki Aww|kyaj vk Awwjp ik| Wn|haenev \ns`fneon‘ $@(1=1 k| @(696)

• Ae @(06 svahwnf ‚Vnhwk|a|p W|kvnovnf _vav~s‘

Dk}nyn|* ì pk~| o`v`nesd`w svav~s das odaemnf i|kh a ekeo`v`ne vk a o`v`ne aef pk~dayn ekv èik|hnf vdn _koàj _no~|`vp Afhè`sv|av`ke $__A)* okevaov vdn __A vk ~wfavnpk~| svav~s% Kvdn|}`sn* vdn __A hap |nwk|v vdav pk~ a|n ekv a o`v`ne* aef pk~ }`jj dayn

vk w|ky`fn o`v`nesd`w fko~hnevav`ke lnik|n |non`yèm a`f%

@i pk~ a|n ae ènj`m`ljn ekeo`v`ne* }n sv`jj neok~|amn pk~ vk okhwjnvn vdn IAI_A aefs~lh`v `v ik| w|konssèm lnoa~sn pk~ hap ln nj`m`ljn ik| svavn k| èsv`v~v`keaj a`f% Wjnasnekvn vdav ì pk~ fk ekv dayn a _koàj _no~|`vp e~hln|* pk~| IAI_A }`jj ekv ln w|konssnf%Pk~ sdk~jf okevaov pk~| sodkkj ik| èik|hav`ke ke dk} vk w|konnf%



?<

1>% Aj`ne \nm`sv|av`ke E~hln| $A(E~hln|)% Pk~ a|n |nq~`|nf vk w|ky`fn pk~| A( E~hln| ì pk~ a|n ae nj`m`ljn ekeo`v`ne% Nevn| pk~| n`mdv( k| eèn(f`m`v A(E~hln|%Jnayn vdn i`|sv swaon ljaeb ì pk~ dayn ae n`mdv(f`m`v A(E~hln|% Vdn Fnwa|vhnev ki Nf~oav`ke }`jj odnob }`vd vdn Fnwa|vhnev ki Dkhnjaef _no~|`vp $FD_) vk okei`|h pk~| A(E~hln| aef pk~| nj`m`ljn ekeo`v`ne svav~s%

@i pk~ aes}n|nf ‚Ek* @ ah ekv a o`v`ne k| nj`m`ljn ekeo`v`ne‘ vk Q~nsv`ke 16* fk ekv w|ky`fn ae A(E~hln| è vd`s q~nsv`ke%

19% Ha|`vaj svav~s% Pk~ a|n |nq~`|nf vk w|ky`fn pk~| ha|`vaj svav~s as ki vdn favn vdnawwjòav`ke `s s`menf% Pk~| ha|`vaj svav~s f`|novjp aiinovs dk} pk~| èokhn aef assnvs a|nv|navnf è vdn Ntwnovnf Iah`jp Okev|`l~v`ke $NIO) oajo~jav`ke% @i pk~| ha|`vaj svav~sodaemns aivn| vdn favn pk~ i`|sv s`menf pk~| IAI_A* pk~ hap ln aljn vk ~wfavn vdavèik|hav`ke% I`|sv* odnob }`vd pk~| ièaeoàj a`f kiiòn% Vdnp }`jj fnvn|hèn ì vdn ~wfavn`s enonssa|p vk hk|n aoo~|avnjp |nijnov pk~| ièaeoàj s`v~av`ke%

1=% Favn ki ha|`vaj svav~s% Nevn| vdn favn $vdn hkevd aef vdn pna|) pk~ }n|n ha||`nf*snwa|avnf* f`yk|onf* k| }`fk}nf% @i pk~ enyn| ha||`nf* jnayn vd`s q~nsv`ke ljaeb%

14% _vavn ki jnmaj |ns`fneon% Pk~ a|n |nq~`|nf vk w|ky`fn pk~| svavn ki jnmaj |ns`fneon% @i pk~ a|n a fnwnefnev sv~fnev* vdn svavn ki jnmaj |ns`fneon `s ~s~ajjp vdn svavn è }dòd pk~| wa|nevs j`yn% @i pk~ hkynf i|kh pk~| iah`jp‐s svavn ki |ns`fneon èvk a svavn ik| vdn skjn w~|wksn ki avvnefèm a sodkkj* fk ekv ok~ev vdn svavn vk }dòd pk~ hkynf as pk~| jnmaj|ns`fneon%

Pk~| svavn ki jnmaj |ns`fneon `s ~snf è vdn NIO oajo~jav`ke vk fnvn|hèn vdn aww|kw|àvnajjk}aeon ik| svavn aef kvdn| vatns wa`f lp vdav svavn‐s |ns`fnevs% @e aff`v`ke* vd`sèik|hav`ke `s |nq~`|nf sk vdav vdn Fnwa|vhnev oae snef pk~| IAI_A èik|hav`ke vk vdnsvavn amneop è pk~| svavn ki jnmaj |ns`fneon% _vavn w|km|ahs hap ~sn vdn èik|hav`ke w|ky`fnf ke pk~| IAI_A vk fnvn|hèn pk~| nj`m`l`j`vp ik| svavn a`f%

10% Jnmaj |ns`fnev lnik|n Cae~a|p 1* <77=% _njnov ‚Pns‘ ì pk~ lnokhn a |ns`fnev ki pk~| svavn lnik|n Cae~a|p 1* <77= k| ‚Ek‘ ì pk~ lnokhn a |ns`fnev ki pk~| svavn ke k| aivn| Cae~a|p 1* <77=% _vavns dayn ya|pèm o|`vn|à ik| fnvn|hèèm }dnvdn| pk~ a|n a|ns`fnev ik| w~|wksns ki svavn ièaeoàj a`f% Dk}nyn|* ì pk~ nsvalj`sdnf a v|~n* i`tnf* aef wn|haenev dkhn è aep svavn hk|n vdae ik~| pna|s amk* pk~ }`jj hnnv `vs |ns`fneopo|`vn|à%

<7% Favn $hkevd aef pna|) ki jnmaj |ns`fneon% @i pk~ aes}n|nf ‚Ek‘ vk Q~nsv`ke 10* w|ky`fn vdn hkevd aef pna| pk~ lnoahn a jnmaj |ns`fnev ki pk~| svavn% Vdn svavn }`jj ~snvd`s èik|hav`ke vk fnvn|hèn }dnvdn| pk~ hnnv `vs swnoìò |ns`fneop o|`vn|à ik| svavna`f%

<1% A|n pk~ hajn k| inhajn; Pk~ a|n |nq~`|nf vk èfòavn }dnvdn| pk~ a|n hajn k| inhajn% Vd`s èik|hav`ke `s ennfnf lnoa~sn hajn sv~fnevs a|n havodnf }`vd vdn _njnov`yn



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_n|yòn Afhè`sv|av`ke% @i pk~ èfòavn vdav pk~ a|n a inhajn* pk~ }`jj ekv ln asbnf ì pk~}aev vk |nm`svn|%

<<% _njnov`yn _n|yòn |nm`sv|av`ke% @i pk~ a|n hajn* 14 vd|k~md <> pna|s ki amn* aef daynekv |nm`svn|nf }`vd _njnov`yn _n|yòn* pk~ oae aes}n| ‚\nm`svn| hn‘ aef _njnov`yn

_n|yòn }`jj |nm`svn| pk~% Pk~ oae ajsk |nm`svn| ke vdn ]nl av }}}%sss%mky%

Ekvn3 Hksv hajns* amn 14 vd|k~md <> h~sv ln |nm`svn|nf }`vd _njnov`yn _n|yòn vk lnnj`m`ljn ik| infn|aj sv~fnev a`f%

@i pk~ lnj`nyn vdav pk~ a|n ekv |nq~`|nf vk |nm`svn|* oajj vdn _njnov`yn _n|yòn kiiòn av1(46=(944(9444 ik| èik|hav`ke |nma|fèm ntnhwv`kes%

<?% @jjnmaj F|~m Kiinesns% Fk ekv jnayn vd`s q~nsv`ke ljaeb% Aes}n| ‚Ek‘ ì pk~ dayn

enyn| |non`ynf infn|aj sv~fnev a`f%

Dk}nyn|* ì pk~ dayn a f|~m okeyòv`ke ik| ae kiinesn vdav koo~||nf }d`jn pk~ }n|n|non`yèm infn|aj sv~fnev a`f $m|aevs* jkaes* k| }k|b(sv~fp) aes}n| ‚Pns‘ aef ì pk~ a|nokhwjnvèm a wawn| IAI_A* pk~ }`jj |non`yn a }k|bsdnnv è vdn ha`j }`vd pk~| _A\%Pk~ oae ~sn vdn }k|bsdnnv vk fnvn|hèn }dnvdn| vdn okeyòv`ke aiinovs pk~| nj`m`l`j`vpik| infn|aj sv~fnev a`f%

@i pk~ i`jn ke vdn ]nl aef aes}n| ‚Pns‘ vk vd`s q~nsv`ke ì pk~ dayn a f|~m okeyòv`keik| ae kiinesn vdav koo~||nf }d`jn pk~ }n|n |non`yèm infn|aj sv~fnev a`f $m|aevs* jkaes*k| }k|b(sv~fp)* pk~ }`jj ennf vk okhwjnvn skhn so|nneèm q~nsv`kes% Vdn èik|hav`kepk~ w|ky`fn kejèn }`jj w|n(wkw~javn vdn aes}n| vk Q~nsv`ke <? ke vdn IAI_A ke vdn

]nl awwjòav`ke%

@i pk~ dayn a okeyòv`ke ik| a f|~m kiinesn $pk~ }n|n ik~ef m~`jvp)* pk~ sdk~jf sv`jjokhwjnvn aef s~lh`v vdn IAI_A lnoa~sn nyne ì pk~ a|n ènj`m`ljn ik| infn|aj sv~fneva`f* pk~ h`mdv sv`jj ln nj`m`ljn ik| svavn k| èsv`v~v`keaj a`f% Haep svavns aef sodkkjs ~snvdn fava s~wwj`nf lp vdn IAI_A vk fnvn|hèn sv~fnevs‐ nj`m`l`j`vp ik| a`f i|kh vdksn eke(infn|aj nev`v`ns%

<6(<>% Iavdn|‐s+hkvdn|‐s d`mdnsv sodkkj jnynj% @efòavn pk~| iavdn|‐s+hkvdn|‐s d`mdnsvjnynj ki sodkkjèm% ‚Iavdn|‘ aef ‚hkvdn|‘ è vdnsn q~nsv`kes hnae pk~| l`|vd wa|nevs k| afkwv`yn wa|nevs* l~v ekv svnwwa|nevs k| iksvn| wa|nevs% @i pk~ fke‐v bek} vdn aes}n|*snjnov k| i`jj è ‚Kvdn|+~ebek}e%‘ Vdnsn q~nsv`kes fk ekv aiinov pk~| nj`m`l`j`vp ik| infn|aj sv~fnev a`f% _khn svavn aef èsv`v~v`keaj w|km|ahs ~sn vdn èik|hav`ke w|ky`fnfdn|n vk kiin| a`f vk i`|sv(mnen|av`ke okjjnmn sv~fnevs%

Ekvn vdav vd`s fniè`v`ke ki wa|nevs `s ~e`q~n vk vdnsn v}k q~nsv`kes % Ajj kvdn| q~nsv`kes ~sn vdn fniè`v`ke m`yne ke wamn 9 Rennf a swaon dn|nXki vdn wawn| ik|h aefnjsn}dn|n ke vd`s s`vn $snn Q~nsv`kes >4(0<)%

http://www.sss.gov/

http://www.sss.gov/

http://www.sss.gov/

http://www.sss.gov/



?6

<9% D`md sodkkj f`wjkha+MNF+Dkhn _odkkjnf+Eken ki vdn alkyn% Pk~ a|n |nq~`|nf vkèfòavn pk~| d`md sodkkj okhwjnv`ke svav~s k| `vs nq~`yajnev lnik|n lnmèeèm vdn <71<(<71? sodkkj pna|% Odkksn i|kh vdn ikjjk}èm3

D`md sodkkj f`wjkha

Mnen|aj Nf~oav`keaj Fnynjkwhnev $MNF) on|vìòavnDkhn sodkkjnf

Eken ki vdn alkyn

<=% D`md sodkkj èik|hav`ke% @i pk~ èfòavnf è Q~nsv`ke <9 vdav pk~ dayn a d`mdsodkkj f`wjkha* wjnasn èfòavn è vd`s q~nsv`ke vdn eahn* o`vp* aef svavn ki vdn d`mdsodkkj i|kh }dòd pk~ |non`ynf k| }`jj |non`yn pk~| d`md sodkkj f`wjkha% @i pk~ a|ni`jèm ke vdn }nl aef pk~| d`md sodkkj `s ekv ik~ef è vdn j`svèm* pk~ sdk~jf vpwn è vdneahn* as }njj as vdn o`vp aef vdn svavn è }dòd vdn sodkkj `s jkoavnf%

<4% I`|sv laodnjk|‐s fnm|nn% ]`jj pk~ dayn pk~| i`|sv laodnjk|‐s fnm|nn lnik|n C~jp 1*

<71<;

<0% M|afn jnynj f~|èm <71<(<71? sodkkj pna|% Odkksn i|kh vdn ikjjk}èm3

Enyn| avvnefnf okjjnmn aef 1sv(pna| ~efn|m|af~avn $d`md sodkkj sne`k|saef+k| i`|sv(v`hn sv~fnevs sdk~jf odkksn vd`s m|afn jnynj)

Avvnefnf okjjnmn lnik|n aef 1sv(pna| ~efn|m|af~avn

<ef(pna| ~efn|m|af~avn+skwdkhk|n

?|f(pna| ~efn|m|af~avn+c~e`k|

6vd(pna| ~efn|m|af~avn+sne`k|

>vd(pna|+kvdn| ~efn|m|af~avn

1sv(pna| m|af~avn+w|kinss`keajOkevè~èm m|af~avn+w|kinss`keaj k| lnpkef

M|afn jnynj fkns ekv hnae vdn e~hln| ki pna|s pk~ dayn avvnefnf okjjnmn% @v hnaes m|afnjnynj è |nma|f vk okhwjnvèm pk~| fnm|nn+on|vìòavn% $Ik| ntahwjn* ì pk~ a|n ne|kjjnfjnss vdae i~jj v`hn* `v }`jj vabn jkemn| ik| pk~ vk |naod vdn sahn m|afn jnynj vdae ik| a i~jj(v`hn sv~fnev%)

?7% Fnm|nn k| on|vìòavn% Odkksn i|kh vdn ikjjk}èm vk èfòavn vdn ntwnovnf fnm|nn k| on|vìòavn pk~ }`jj ln }k|bèm ke f~|èm vdn <71<(<71? sodkkj pna|% @i pk~| fnm|nn k| on|vìòavn fkns ekv i`v aep ki vdnsn oavnmk|`ns* k| ì pk~ a|n ~efno`fnf* odkksn

‚Kvdn|+~efno`fnf%‘

1sv laodnjk|‐s fnm|nn

<ef laodnjk|‐s fnm|nn

Asskoàvn fnm|nn $koo~wav`keaj k| vnodeòaj w|km|ah)

Asskoàvn fnm|nn $mnen|aj nf~oav`ke k| v|aesin| w|km|ah)

On|vìòavn k| f`wjkha ik| okhwjnvèm ae koo~wav`keaj* vnodeòaj* k| nf~oav`ke w|km|ah ki jnss vdae v}k pna|s



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On|vìòavn k| f`wjkha ik| okhwjnvèm ae koo~wav`keaj* vnodeòaj* k| nf~oav`ke w|km|ah ki v}k k| hk|n pna|s

Vnaodèm o|nfnevàj $eke(fnm|nn w|km|ah)

M|af~avn k| w|kinss`keaj fnm|nn

Kvdn|+~efno`fnf

?1% @e aff`v`ke vk m|aevs* a|n pk~ èvn|nsvnf è lnèm okes`fn|nf ik| }k|b(sv~fp;

Odkksn i|kh vdn ikjjk}èm3 Pns* Ek* Fke‐v bek}

Haep sodkkjs ~sn vdn èik|hav`ke i|kh vd`s q~nsv`ke vk fnvn|hèn }dav vpwns ki a`f vka}a|f% @i pk~ a|n ekv s~|n pk~ }aev }k|b(sv~fp* pk~ sdk~jf sv`jj èfòavn ae èvn|nsv è vdn w|km|ah% _èon hksv sodkkjs dayn j`h`vnf }k|b(sv~fp i~efs* vdnsn i~efs h`mdv ekv lnaya`jaljn av a javn| favn% Pk~ oae aj}aps odaemn pk~| hèf av a javn| favn aef fnojèn aepa}a|fnf a`f vdav pk~ fke‐v }aev%

Q~nsv`kes ?<(>= $Ajj awwjòaevs h~sv okhwjnvn)

@esv|~ov`kes

W~|wksn3 Ajj sv~fnevs $fnwnefnev aef èfnwnefnev) h~sv w|ky`fn vdn`| ièaeoàjèik|hav`ke ik| vdnsn q~nsv`kes% Vdn Ntwnovnf Iah`jp Okev|`l~v`ke $NIO) oajo~jav`ke*fnvn|hènf lp a ik|h~ja swnoì`nf lp ja}* ~sns a iah`jp‐s èokhn* assnvs* ntnhwv`kes*aef dk~sndkjf s`n vk fnvn|hèn }dnvdn| vdn iah`jp das f`so|nv`kea|p èokhn% @i vdniah`jp das f`so|nv`kea|p èokhn* a wk|v`ke* aef kejp a wk|v`ke* ki vdav èokhn `s èoj~fnfè vdn NIO as aya`jaljn ik| vdn sv~fnev‐s nf~oav`keaj oksvs%

Dk} vk okhwjnvn vdn èokhn vat snov`ke

@v `s lnsv vk ~sn a okhwjnvnf <711 èokhn vat |nv~|e vk i`jj k~v vd`s awwjòav`ke% Dk}nyn|*ì pk~ fk ekv dayn a okhwjnvnf vat |nv~|e* pk~ sdk~jf oajo~javn pk~| afc~svnf m|kssèokhn $AM@) aef vatns wa`f ~sèm vdn awwjòaljn @\_ èsv|~ov`kes% Pk~ oae mnv vdnèsv|~ov`kes aef vdn aww|kw|àvn vat ik|h av a w~ljò j`l|a|p k| fk}ejkaf vdnh è Wk|valjnFko~hnev Ik|hav $WFI) i|kh }}}%`|s%mky+ik|hsw~ls+èfnt%dvhj %

]dne pk~| awwjòav`ke `s okhwa|nf }`vd vdn vat |nv~|e aov~ajjp i`jnf* vdn ièaeoàjèik|hav`ke h~sv am|nn% @i vdn|n a|n fìin|neons* pk~ h~sv ok||nov vdn èik|hav`ke ~sèm

Ok||nov`kes ke vdn ]nl k| lp ok||novèm pk~| wawn| _A\ aef ha`jèm `v laob vk vdn ^%_%Fnwa|vhnev ki Nf~oav`ke%

@i pk~ okhwjnvn pk~| IAI_A kejèn* pk~ hap ln nj`m`ljn vk njnov|keòajjp |nv|`nyn pk~| vat èik|hav`ke i|kh vdn @evn|eaj \nyne~n _n|yòn aef dayn `v a~vkhavòajjp v|aesin||nfèvk pk~| IAI_A% \nv|`nyèm pk~| èik|hav`ke i|kh vdn @\_ `s ae nasp aef niiò`nev }apvk habn s~|n vdav pk~| hksv aoo~|avn vat èik|hav`ke `s èoj~fnf ke pk~| awwjòav`ke%







?9

Nyne ì pk~ $aef pk~| swk~sn) a|n ekv |nq~`|nf vk i`jn a <711 èokhn vat |nv~|e* pk~}`jj ennf vk oajo~javn pk~| na|eèms ik| vdn pna|% ^sn ](< ik|hs aef kvdn| |nok|fs vkaes}n| vdn q~nsv`kes è vd`s snov`ke%

@i ae aes}n| `s n|k k| a q~nsv`ke fkns ekv awwjp vk pk~* nevn| 7 $n|k)% Fk ekv jnayn

aep ki vdnsn q~nsv`kes ljaeb%

Ik| vdn <71<(<71? IAI_A* pk~ }`jj ~sn <711 vat èik|hav`ke vk aes}n| vdn èokhn vatq~nsv`kes% Vdn èokhn vat q~nsv`kes m`yn <711 @evn|eaj \nyne~n _n|yòn $@\_) vat ik|hjèn |nin|neons%

@i pk~ a|n ha||`nf av vdn v`hn pk~ s~lh`v vdn IAI_A* nyne ì pk~ }n|n ekv ha||`nf è<711* lkvd pk~| aef pk~| swk~sn‐s èokhn* assnvs aef ntnhwv`kes h~sv ln |nwk|vnf% @i pk~ aef pk~| swk~sn i`jnf $k| }`jj i`jn) snwa|avn vat |nv~|es ik| <711* ln s~|n vk èoj~fnvdn okhlènf èik|hav`ke i|kh lkvd |nv~|es ke vdn IAI_A%

@i pk~ a|n sèmjn* f`yk|onf* snwa|avnf* k| }`fk}nf* pk~ h~sv aes}n| vdn q~nsv`kes ik| pk~|snji kejp aef `mek|n vdn |nin|neons ke vdn IAI_A vk ‚swk~sn%‘

@i pk~ a|n f`yk|onf* snwa|avnf* k| }`fk}nf l~v i`jnf $k| }`jj i`jn) a ckèv vat |nv~|e ik| <711* pk~ h~sv m`yn kejp pk~| wk|v`ke ki vdn ntnhwv`kes* èokhn aef vatns wa`f ik| vdnèokhn aef assnv q~nsv`kes%

^sn vdn èik|hav`ke i|kh ken ki vdn ikjjk}èm <711 èokhn vat ik|hs vk okhwjnvn vdnIAI_A è vdn sahn haeen| as ^%_% vat èik|hav`ke3 vdn èokhn vat |nv~|e |nq~`|nf lpW~n|vk \òk* M~ah* Ahn|òae _ahka* vdn ^%_% Y`|mè @sjaefs* _}aè‐s @sjaef* k| vdn Ek|vdn|e Ha|àeas @sjaefs k| ken ki vdn I|nnjp Asskoàvnf _vavns $vdn \nw~ljò ki vdnHa|sdajj @sjaefs* vdn Infn|avnf _vavns ki Hò|kensà* k| vdn \nw~ljò ki Waja~% Vdnahk~evs ke vdnsn |nv~|es a|n aj|nafp |nwk|vnf è ^%_% fkjja|s%

Ik|n`me èokhn

@eokhn na|enf è a ik|n`me ok~ev|p `s v|navnf vdn sahn as èokhn na|enf è vdn ^%_%Okeyn|v ajj i`m~|ns vk ^%_% fkjja|s* ~sèm vdn ntodaemn |avn è niinov ke vdn fap pk~okhwjnvn vdn IAI_A% Pk~ oae ièf èik|hav`ke ke o~||nev ntodaemn |avns av }}}%infn|aj|nsn|yn%mky+|njnasns+d17+o~||nev %

@eoj~fn vdn yaj~n ki aep vatns wa`f vk vdn ik|n`me mkyn|ehnev è vdn ‚^%_% èokhn vat wa`f‘ jèn `vnh% @i èokhn na|enf è vdn ik|n`me ok~ev|p }as ekv vatnf lp vdn onev|ajmkyn|ehnev ki vdav ok~ev|p aef }as ekv s~lcnov vk vdn ik|n`me èokhn ntoj~s`ke lasnf kei`jèm ae @\_ Ik|h <>>> k| <>>>NS* vdn èokhn h~sv ln |nwk|vnf as ~evatnf èokhn èQ~nsv`ke 66$`)%

@e haep oasns* ì pk~ i`jn a |nv~|e }`vd vdn @\_ ik| a pna| è }dòd ik|n`me èokhn }asna|enf* a wk|v`ke ki vdn ik|n`me èokhn oae ln ntoj~fnf ke @\_ Ik|h <>>> ik| ^%_% vat

http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h10/current





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w~|wksns% Vdn i`m~|n |nwk|vnf ke jèn 6> ki Ik|h <>>> $k| jèn 14 ki Ik|h <>>>NS)sdk~jf ekv ln |nwk|vnf è Q~nsv`ke 66$`)%

Q~nsv`kes ?<(?6

?<% I`jèm |nv~|e% @efòavn }dnvdn| pk~ dayn aj|nafp okhwjnvnf* a|n mkèm vk okhwjnvn*k| }`jj ekv i`jn a vat |nv~|e ik| <711%

??% Vpwn ki |nv~|e i`jnf% @efòavn }dòd vat ik|h pk~ i`jnf k| }`jj i`jn ik| <711%

?6% Nj`m`ljn vk i`jn a 1767A k| 1767NS% @efòavn pk~| nj`m`l`j`vp vk i`jn ken ki vdnsnik|hs $nyne ì pk~ i`jnf k| }`jj i`jj a <711 @\_ Ik|h 1767)%Aes}n| ‚Pns‘ ì pk~

• habn jnss vdae &177*777*

• fk ekv `vnh`n fnf~ov`kes*

• fk ekv |non`yn èokhn i|kh pk~| k}e l~sènss k| ia|h* aef

• fk ekv |non`yn aj`hkep%

Ajsk aes}n| ‚Pns‘ ì pk~

• i`jnf a 1767 kejp vk oja`h Ahn|òae Kwwk|v~e`vp* Dkwn* k| Jìnv`hn Jna|eèmo|nf`vs aef pk~ }k~jf dayn kvdn|}`sn lnne nj`m`ljn vk i`jn a 1767A k| 1767NS* k|

• i`jnf a 1767 aef }n|n ekv |nq~`|nf vk i`jn a vat |nv~|e%

Aes}n| ‚Ek‘ ì pk~

• `vnh`n fnf~ov`kes*

• a|n snji(nhwjkpnf*

• |non`yn aj`hkep* k|

• a|n |nq~`|nf vk i`jn _odnf~jn F ik| oaw`vaj maès%

?>% Afc~svnf M|kss @eokhn% W|ky`fn pk~| $aef pk~| swk~sn‐s) afc~svnf m|kss èokhn$AM@) ik| <711% AM@ `s ik~ef ke @\_ Ik|h 1767‖jèn ?=2 1767A‖jèn <12 k| 1767NS‖jèn 6% @i pk~ dayn ekv okhwjnvnf a <711 vat ik|h* pk~ sdk~jf oajo~javn pk~| AM@ ~sèm vdn èsv|~ov`kes ik| vdn awwjòaljn @\_ ik|h% Pk~ oae mnv vdn èsv|~ov`kes aefvdn ik|h av a w~ljò j`l|a|p k| fk}ejkaf vdnh è Wk|valjn Fko~hnev Ik|hav $WFI) i|kh}}}%`|s%mky+ik|hsw~ls+èfnt%dvhj %






?4

Ekvn3 AM@ èoj~fns hk|n vdae c~sv }amns na|enf2 ik| ntahwjn* `v ajsk èoj~fns èvn|nsv*f`y`fnefs* aj`hkep* vataljn wk|v`kes ki _koàj _no~|`vp* aef l~sènss èokhn%

?9% @eokhn vat% Nevn| pk~| $aef pk~| swk~sn‐s) <711 èokhn vat i|kh @\_ Ik|h 176‖ jèn >>2 1767A‖jèn ?>2 k| 1767 NS‖jèn 17% Fk ekv okwp vdn ahk~ev ki infn|aj

èokhn vat }`vddnjf i|kh a ](< Ik|h% Fk ekv èoj~fn aep I@OA* snji(nhwjkphnev* k| kvdn| vatns% @i pk~ f`f ekv wap aep èokhn vat ik| <711* nevn| n|k $7)%

?=% Ntnhwv`kes% Nevn| pk~| $aef pk~| swk~sn‐s) ntnhwv`kes ik| <711% Ntnhwv`kes a|n ke@\_ Ik|h 1767‖jèn 9f k| 1767A‖jèn 9f% @i pk~ odnobnf vdn ‚Pk~‘ k| ‚_wk~sn‘ lktke 1767NS‖jèn >* ~sn 1767NS }k|bsdnnv jèn I vk fnvn|hèn vdn e~hln| ki ntnhwv`kes$&?*=77nq~ajs ken ntnhwv`ke)% @i pk~ f`fe‐v odnob n`vdn| lkt ke jèn >* pk~ sdk~jf nevn| ‚71‘ ì sèmjn k| ‚7<‘ ì ha||`nf%

@i pk~ a|n f`yk|onf* snwa|avnf* k| }`fk}nf* aef dayn i`jnf k| }`jj i`jn a ckèv vat |nv~|eik| <711* pk~ sdk~jf m`yn kejp pk~| wk|v`ke ki vdn ntnhwv`kes%

?4% _v~fnev‐s èokhn na|enf i|kh }k|bèm% Nevn| pk~| <711 èokhn na|enf i|kh }k|b $}amns* saja|`ns* v`ws)% Vdn ahk~ev |nwk|vnf dn|n }`jj |non`yn on|vaè èokhn ajjk}aeons$fnf~ov`kes) i|kh pk~| èokhn ik| enonssa|p ntwnesns $s~od as vatns aef lasò j`yèmoksvs)%

?0% _wk~sn‐s èokhn na|enf i|kh }k|bèm% Nevn| pk~| swk~sn‐s <711 èokhn na|enfi|kh }k|b $}amns* saja|`ns* v`ws)% Vdn ahk~ev |nwk|vnf dn|n }`jj |non`yn on|vaè èokhnajjk}aeons $fnf~ov`kes) i|kh pk~| èokhn ik| enonssa|p ntwnesns $s~od as vatns aef lasò j`yèm oksvs)%

@i pk~ i`jnf $k| }`jj i`jn) a vat |nv~|e* pk~ sdk~jf èoj~fn pk~| sda|n kejp i|kh @\_ ik|h1767‖jèns = " 1< " 14 " Lkt 16 ki @\_ _odnf~jn B(1 $Ik|h 179>)2 1767A‖jèn =21767NS ‟ jèn 1% Nyne ì pk~ i`jnf a ckèv |nv~|e* pk~ h~sv |nwk|v pk~| aef pk~| swk~sn‐sna|eèms snwa|avnjp%

@i pk~ i`jnf a vat |nv~|e ~sèm kvdn| vdae ae @\_ ik|h* s~od as a ik|n`me k| W~n|vk \òaevat ik|h* pk~ sdk~jf |nwk|v ke vdn IAI_A vdn ahk~evs $okeyn|vnf vk ^%_% fkjja|s) i|khvdn jèns ki vdn eke(@\_ ik|h vdav ok||nswkef hksv ojksnjp vk vdksn ke vdn @\_ ik|hs%

@i pk~ f`f ekv i`jn a vat |nv~|e* pk~ sdk~jf |nwk|v pk~| na|eèms i|kh }k|b è <711%Pk~ oae ièf vd`s èik|hav`ke ke pk~| ](< Ik|h$s)%

Q~nsv`kes 67(6<

_v~fnev Assnv @eik|hav`ke @esv|~ov`kes

Ae assnv `s fniènf as w|kwn|vp vdav das ae ntodaemn yaj~n% Vdn w~|wksn ki okjjnovèmassnv èik|hav`ke `s vk fnvn|hèn }dnvdn| pk~| iah`jp‐s assnvs a|n s~lsvaevàj nek~md vks~wwk|v a okev|`l~v`ke vk}a|f pk~| oksv ki avvnefaeon $OKA)% Kejp vdn env assnv yaj~n `s



?0

ok~evnf è vdn ennf aeajps`s% Vk fnvn|hèn vdn env yaj~n ki aep assnv* pk~ i`|sv fnvn|hènvdn ha|bnv yaj~n ki vdn assnv aef |nf~on vdn yaj~n lp vdn ahk~ev ki fnlv amaèsv vdavassnv% Vdn |ns~jv `s vdn env yaj~n ki vdn assnv%

K}en|sd`w ki ae assnv

K}en|sd`w ki ae assnv hap ln f`y`fnf k| okevnsvnf è snyn|aj s`v~av`kes3

• Wa|v k}en|sd`w ki assnv% @i pk~ $k| pk~| swk~sn) k}e ae assnv }`vd kvdn|s aefvdn|nik|n kejp k}e a wk|v`ke k| wn|onevamn ki vdn assnv* pk~ $k| pk~| swk~sn)sdk~jf |nwk|v vdn env assnv yaj~n vdav |nw|nsnevs kejp pk~| sda|n ki vdn assnvk}enf% Pk~ }k~jf fnvn|hèn vdn o~||nev ha|bnv yaj~n ki vdn assnv* |nf~on vdnyaj~n lp aep k~vsvaefèm fnlv* aef vdne h~jv`wjp vdn env assnv yaj~n lp pk~| k}en|sd`w wn|onevamn% Vd`s |ns~jv `s vdne |nwk|vnf ke vdn IAI_A%

• Okevnsvnf k}en|sd`w% Ae assnv sdk~jf ekv ln |nwk|vnf ì `vs k}en|sd`w `s lnèm

jnmajjp okevnsvnf% Ik| èsvaeon* ì pk~ aef pk~| swk~sn a|n snwa|avnf aef pk~ hapekv snjj k| lk||k} amaèsv ckèvjp k}enf w|kwn|vp vdav `s lnèm okevnsvnf* vdnIAI_A èik|hav`ke pk~ |nwk|v }k~jf ekv j`sv aep yaj~n ik| vdn w|kwn|vp k| aepfnlvs amaèsv `v% @i k}en|sd`w ki vdn assnv `s |nskjynf aivn| vdn è`vàj awwjòav`ke `si`jnf* pk~ hap ekv ~wfavn vd`s èik|hav`ke% Dk}nyn|* ì k}en|sd`w ki vdn w|kwn|vp`s ekv lnèm okevnsvnf* pk~ }k~jf |nwk|v vdn w|kwn|vp as ae assnv%

• J`ne amaèsv assnv% @i vdn|n `s a j`ne k| `hhènev ik|nojks~|n amaèsv ae assnv* vdnassnv }k~jf sv`jj ln |nwk|vnf ke vdn IAI_A ~ev`j vdn wa|vp dkjfèm vdn j`ne k| habèm vdn ik|nojks~|n okhwjnvns jnmaj aov`ke vk vabn wkssnss`ke ki vdn assnv% @i vdn svav~s ki vdn w|kwn|vp odaemns aivn| vdn awwjòav`ke `s i`jnf* pk~ hap ekv

~wfavn vdn assnv èik|hav`ke%

Assnvs vdav a|n ekv |nwk|vnf

Lnjk} a|n ntahwjns ki assnvs vdav a|n ekv |nwk|vnf3

• W|èo`waj wjaon ki |ns`fneon+iah`jp ia|h% Pk~| w|èo`waj wjaon ki |ns`fneon `sekv |nwk|vnf as ae assnv% En`vdn| `s pk~| iah`jp ia|h ì vdn ia|h `s pk~| w|èo`waj wjaon ki |ns`fneon aef pk~| iah`jp ‚havn|àjjp wa|vò`wavnf è vdn ia|h‐skwn|av`ke%‘

• A shajj l~sènss }`vd 177 k| in}n| nhwjkpnns% @i pk~| iah`jp k}es aefokev|kjs hk|n vdae >7 wn|onev ki a shajj l~sènss vdav das 177 k| in}n| i~jj(v`hnk| i~jj(v`hn nq~`yajnev nhwjkpnns* fk ekv |nwk|v vdn env yaj~n ki vdn l~sènss asae assnv% Ik| shajj l~sènss yaj~n* pk~| iah`jp èoj~fns $1) wn|skes f`|novjp|njavnf vk pk~* s~od as a wa|nev* s`svn| k| ok~sè* k| $<) wn|skes }dk a|n k| }n|n|njavnf vk pk~ lp ha||àmn* s~od as a swk~sn* svnwwa|nev* k| s`svn|(è(ja}%



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• Wn|skeaj wkssnss`kes% Fk ekv |nwk|v wkssnss`kes s~od as a oa|* a svn|nk* ojkvdns*k| i~|e`v~|n% Lp vdn sahn vkbne* wn|skeaj fnlvs s~od as o|nf`v oa|f fnlv oaeekv ln|nwk|vnf%

• Wnes`kes aef ]dkjn Jìn @es~|aeon% Vdn oasd yaj~n k| l~`jv(~w nq~`vp ki a jìn

ès~|aeon wkjòp $kivne |nin||nf vk as a }dkjn(jìn wkjòp) `se‐v |nwk|vnf as aeassnv% Vdn èokhn f`sv|`l~vnf vk vdn lneniòà|p h~sv ln |nwk|vnf as èokhn%

• Ntoj~fnf Assnvs I|kh Eav`yn Ahn|òae _v~fnevs% Fk ekv |nwk|v aep w|kwn|vp|non`ynf ~efn| vdn Wn| Oaw`va Aov k| vdn F`sv|`l~v`ke ki C~fmhnev I~efs Aov $<>ê`vnf _vavns Okfn R^_OX 1671* nv snq%)* vdn Ajasba Eav`yn Oja`hs _nvvjnhnevAov $6? ^_O 1971* nv snq%)* k| vdn Haèn @efàe Oja`hs _nvvjnhnev Aov $<> ^_O1=<1* nv snq%)%

@eynsvhnevs

\nevaj w|kwn|v`ns% Mnen|ajjp* |nevaj w|kwn|v`ns h~sv ln |nwk|vnf as èynsvhnev assnvs|avdn| vdae as l~sènss assnvs% Vk ln |nwk|vnf as a l~sènss* a |nevaj w|kwn|vp }k~jf daynvk ln wa|v ki a ik|hajjp |nokme`nf l~sènss% $^s~ajjp s~od a l~sènss }k~jf w|ky`fnaff`v`keaj sn|yòns* s~od as |nm~ja| ojnaeèm* jène k|* ha`f sn|yòn%)

‚Vabn(laob‘ hk|vmamns% @e a ‚vabn(laob‘ hk|vmamn* vdn snjjn| vabns laob a wk|v`ke ki vdn hk|vmamn i|kh vdn l~pn| aef a||aemns ik| vdn l~pn| vk |nwap vdav wk|v`ke ki vdnhk|vmamn vk vdn snjjn|% Ik| @\_ w~|wksns* vdn snjjn| h~sv |nwk|v vdn èvn|nsv wk|v`ke ki aep waphnevs |non`ynf i|kh vdn l~pn| ke _odnf~jn L ki @\_ Ik|h 1767% @i ae ahk~ev `s|nwk|vnf ke _odnf~jn L* vdn iah`jp sdk~jf |nwk|v vdn k~vsvaefèm lajaeon ki vdn|nhaèèm hk|vmamn ke vdn IAI_A as ae èynsvhnev assnv%

V|~sv i~efs% @i v|~sv i~efs a|n è pk~| $k| pk~| swk~sn‐s) eahn* vdnp sdk~jf ln |nwk|vnfas pk~| $k| pk~| swk~sn‐s) assnv ke vdn awwjòav`ke% @e vdn oasn ki f`yk|on k| snwa|av`ke*}dn|n vdn v|~sv `s k}enf ckèvjp aef k}en|sd`w `s ekv lnèm okevnsvnf* vdn w|kwn|vp aefvdn fnlv a|n nq~ajjp f`y`fnf lnv}nne vdn k}en|s ik| |nwk|vèm w~|wksns* ~ejnss vdn vn|hski vdn v|~sv swnoìp skhn kvdn| hnvdkf ki f`y`s`ke%

Dk} vdn v|~sv h~sv ln |nwk|vnf ya|`ns aook|fèm vk }dnvdn| pk~ $k| pk~| swk~sn) |non`ynk| }`jj |non`yn vdn èvn|nsv èokhn* vdn v|~sv w|èo`waj k| lkvd% @i pk~ $k| pk~| swk~sn)|non`yn kejp èvn|nsv i|kh vdn v|~sv* aep èvn|nsv |non`ynf è vdn lasn pna| h~sv ln|nwk|vnf as èokhn% Nyne ì èvn|nsv aoo~h~javns è vdn v|~sv aef `s ekv wa`f k~v f~|èm vdn

pna|* ì pk~ }`jj |non`yn vdn èvn|nsv* pk~ h~sv |nwk|v ae assnv yaj~n ik| vdn èvn|nsv pk~}`jj |non`yn è vdn i~v~|n% Vdn v|~sv kiiòn| oae ~s~ajjp oajo~javn vdn w|nsnev yaj~n ki vdnèvn|nsv pk~ }`jj |non`yn }d`jn vdn v|~sv nt`svs% Vd`s yaj~n |nw|nsnevs vdn ahk~ev a vd`|f wn|ske }k~jf ln }`jjèm vk wap vk |non`yn vdn èvn|nsv èokhn pk~ $k| pk~| swk~sn) }`jj|non`yn i|kh vdn v|~sv è vdn i~v~|n%

Vdn w|nsnev yaj~n ki vdn w|èo`waj `s vdn ahk~ev a vd`|f wn|ske }k~jf wap av w|nsnev ik| vdn |`mdv vk |non`yn vdn w|èo`waj }dne vdn v|~sv nefs $lasòajjp* vdn ahk~ev pk~ }k~jf



6<

@i pk~ $aef pk~| swk~sn) k}e |naj nsvavn k| èynsvhnevs kvdn| vdae pk~| w|èo`waj|ns`fneon* vdn`| yaj~n nq~ajs vdn ahk~ev vdnp a|n }k|vd vkfap%

@eynsvhnev fnlv nq~ajs dk} h~od pk~ $aef+k| pk~| swk~sn) k}n ke |naj nsvavn aefèynsvhnevs kvdn| vdae pk~| w|èo`waj |ns`fneon% @eynsvhnev fnlv hnaes kejp vdksn fnlvs

vdav a|n |njavnf vk vdn èynsvhnevs%

_~lv|aov vdn ahk~ev ki fnlv ke vdnsn assnvs i|kh vdn`| yaj~n vk fnvn|hèn vdn env }k|vd ki vdn assnv% @efòavn vd`s ahk~ev è Q~nsv`ke 6< ik| env }k|vd ki èynsvhnevs%

6<% Env }k|vd ki l~sènss aef+k| èynsvhnev ia|h% L~sènss k| ia|h yaj~n èoj~fns vdno~||nev ha|bnv yaj~n ki jaef* l~`jfèms* haodèn|p* nq~`whnev* èynevk|p* nvo% Fk ekvèoj~fn pk~| w|`ha|p dkhn% Fk ekv èoj~fn vdn env }k|vd ki a iah`jp k}enf aefokev|kjjnf shajj l~sènss }`vd ekv hk|n vdae 177 i~jj(v`hn k| i~jj(v`hn nq~`yajnevnhwjkpnns%

L~sènss+Ia|h Yaj~n ‟ L~sènss+Ia|h Fnlv 8 Env ]k|vd ki L~sènss+Ia|h

Ik| l~sènss k| èynsvhnev ia|h yaj~n* i`|sv i`m~|n k~v dk} h~od vdn l~sènss k| ia|h `s}k|vd vkfap% Ae èynsvhnev ia|h `s a ia|hèm l~sènss }dn|n vdn sv~fnev $aef+k| swk~sn*ì ha||`nf) fkns ekv |ns`fn ke vdn ia|h* ek| fk vdnp havn|àjjp kwn|avn vdn ia|h%

L~sènss k| èynsvhnev ia|h fnlvs a|n }dav pk~ $aef+k| pk~| swk~sn) k}n ke vdn l~sènssk| ia|h% @eoj~fn kejp fnlvs ik| }dòd vdn l~sènss k| ia|h }as ~snf as okjjavn|aj%

_~lv|aov vdn ahk~ev ki fnlv i|kh vdn yaj~n% @efòavn vd`s ahk~ev è Q~nsv`ke 6< ik| env}k|vd ki l~sènss aef+k| èynsvhnev ia|h%

Vk |nwk|v o~||nev ha|bnv yaj~n ik| a l~sènss* pk~ h~sv ~sn vdn ahk~ev ik| }dòd vdn l~sènss ok~jf snjj as ki vdn favn ki vdn awwjòav`ke% Ajsk* ì pk~ a|n ekv vdn skjn k}en| ki vdn l~sènss* pk~ sdk~jf |nwk|v kejp pk~| sda|n ki `vs yaj~n aef fnlv%

6?% _v~fnev‐s <711 Aff`v`keaj Ièaeoàj @eik|hav`ke% Nevn| vdn okhlènf ahk~evs ik| pk~ aef pk~| swk~sn%

a% Nf~oav`ke o|nf`vs% Nevn| vdn vkvaj ahk~ev ki Ahn|òae Kwwk|v~e`vp* Dkwn* k| Jìnv`hn Jna|eèm o|nf`vs pk~ $k| pk~| swk~sn) |non`ynf i|kh Ik|h 1767‖jèn60 k| 1767A‖jèn ?1% Vdn Ahn|òae Kwwk|v~e`vp* Dkwn* k| Jìnv`hn Jna|eèmvat o|nf`vs lneni`v sv~fnevs k| wa|nevs }dk wap v~`v`ke aef |njavnf ntwnesns ik| avvnefaeon av jnasv daji v`hn è a fnm|nn(m|aevèm w|km|ah% Vdnsn vat o|nf`vs a|ns~lv|aovnf f`|novjp i|kh vdn vkvaj infn|aj vat ke a vat |nv~|e% Ik| hk|n èik|hav`kealk~v vdnsn vat o|nf`vs* y`s`v vdn @\_ }nls`vn av}}}%`|s%mky+w~l+`|s(wfi+w0=7%wfi %

l% Od`jf s~wwk|v waphnevs% Nevn| aep od`jf s~wwk|v waphnevs wa`f lp pk~ $k| pk~| swk~sn) lnoa~sn ki f`yk|on* snwa|av`ke* k| as a |ns~jv ki a jnmaj |nq~`|nhnev% Fk

http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p970.pdf





6?

ekv èoj~fn s~wwk|v ik| od`jf|ne è pk~| dk~sndkjf* as |nwk|vnf è vdn ‚e~hln| èdk~sndkjf‘ q~nsv`ke ke vdn IAI_A $Q~nsv`ke 0? ik| èfnwnefnev sv~fnevs)% Ik| w~|wksns ki vdn IAI_A* a od`jf `s a hnhln| ki pk~| dk~sndkjf ì pk~ w|ky`fnhk|n vdae daji ki vdn od`jf‐s s~wwk|v* }dnvdn| vdn od`jf j`yns }`vd pk~ k| ekv%

o% Vataljn na|eèms i|kh ennf(lasnf nhwjkphnev w|km|ahs% Nevn| na|eèmsi|kh aep ennf(lasnf }k|b w|km|ahs èoj~fèm Infn|aj ]k|b(_v~fp aef ennf( lasnf nhwjkphnev wk|v`kes ki injjk}sd`ws aef ass`svaevsd`ws%

f% _v~fnev m|aevs aef kvdn| a}a|fs% Nevn| aep sv~fnev m|aev aef sodkja|sd`w a`f|nwk|vnf vk vdn @\_ è pk~| AM@% Vd`s èoj~fns Ahn|Òk|ws lneni`vs $a}a|fs*j`yèm ajjk}aeons* aef èvn|nsv aoo|~aj waphnevs)* as }njj as m|aev aef sodkja|sd`w wk|v`kes ki injjk}sd`ws aef ass`svaevsd`ws%

n% Okhlav Wap k| _wnoàj Okhlav Wap% Nevn| kejp vdn ahk~ev vdav }as vataljnaef èoj~fnf è pk~| afc~svnf m|kss èokhn% Fke‐v èoj~fn ~evatnf okhlav wap

|nwk|vnf ke vdn ](< $Lkt 1<* Okfn Q)%

i% Na|eèms i|kh }k|b ~efn| a okkwn|av`yn nf~oav`ke w|km|ah% Nevn| dn|n aepahk~evs pk~ na|enf i|kh }k|b ~efn| a okkwn|av`yn nf~oav`ke w|km|ah kiin|nf lpae èsv`v~v`ke ki d`mdn| nf~oav`ke%

66% _v~fnev‐s <711 êvatnf @eokhn% Nevn| vdn okhlènf ahk~evs ik| pk~ aef pk~| swk~sn%

a% Waphnevs vk vat(fnin||nf wnes`ke aef sayèms wjaes% Nevn| ahk~evs wa`f èvkvat(sdnjvn|nf k| fnin||nf aee~`v`ns $}dnvdn| wa`f f`|novjp k| }`vddnjf i|khna|eèms)* èoj~fèm‖l~v ekv j`h`vnf vk‖ahk~evs |nwk|vnf ke vdn ](< Ik|h* èLktns 1<a vd|k~md 1<f* okfns F* N* I* M* D* aef _% Pk~ h~sv èoj~fn ~evatnf wk|v`kes ki 671$b) aef 67?$l) wjaes% Ekvn vdav nhwjkpn| okev|`l~v`kes vk vat(

fnin||nf wnes`ke aef sayèms wjaes sdk~jf ekv ln |nwk|vnf ke vdn IAI_A asae ~evatnf lneni`v%

l% @\A aef kvdn| wjaes% Nevn| vdn ahk~ev ki @\A fnf~ov`kes aef waphnevs vk snji(nhwjkpnf _`hwjì`nf Nhwjkpnn Wnes`ke $_NW)* _ayèms @eonev`yn Havod Wjae ik| Nhwjkpnns $_@HWJN) aef Bnkmd aef kvdn| q~ajì`nf wjaes% Vdnsn wjae waphnevsoae ln ik~ef ke @\_ 1767‖vkvaj ki jèns <4 " ?< k| 1767A‖jèn 1=%

o% Od`jf s~wwk|v |non`ynf% Nevn| vdn ahk~ev ki od`jf s~wwk|v pk~ |non`ynf ik| aepod`jf|ne f~|èm <711% Fk ekv èoj~fn iksvn| oa|n k| afkwv`ke waphnevs%

f% Vat(ntnhwv èvn|nsv èokhn% Nevn| vdn vkvaj ahk~ev ki vat(ntnhwv èvn|nsvèokhn pk~ $aef pk~| swk~sn) na|enf è <711* as |nwk|vnf ke Ik|h 1767‖jèn 4lk| 1767A‖jèn 4l%



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n% êvatnf wk|v`kes ki @\A f`sv|`l~v`kes% Nevn| vdn ~evatnf wk|v`kes ki pk~| @\Af`sv|`l~v`kes% Vd`s ahk~ev oae ln oajo~javnf i|kh @\_ Ik|h 1767 $jèn 1>a hè~s1>l) k| 1767A $jèn 11a hè~s 11l)% Ntoj~fn |kjjkyn|s% @i vdn |ns~jv `s a enmav`yne~hln|* nevn| a n|k dn|n%

i% êvatnf wk|v`kes ki wnes`kes% Nevn| vdn ~evatnf wk|v`kes ki pk~| wnes`kef`sv|`l~v`kes% Vd`s ahk~ev oae ln oajo~javnf i|kh @\_ Ik|h 1767 $jèn 19a hè~s19l) k| 1767A $jèn 1<a hè~s 1<l)% Ntoj~fn |kjjkyn|s% @i vdn |ns~jv `s a enmav`yne~hln|* nevn| a n|k dn|n%

m% Dk~sèm* ikkf* aef kvdn| j`yèm ajjk}aeons% Nevn| vdn ahk~ev ki dk~sèm* ikkfaef kvdn| j`yèm ajjk}aeons w|ky`fnf vk pk~ k| pk~| swk~sn% Vdnsn ajjk}aeonsh~sv ln |nwk|vnf }dne vdnp a|n wa|v ki a okhwnesav`ke waobamn vdav skhn wnkwjn* wa|vò~ja|jp ojn|mp aef h`j`va|p wn|skeenj* |non`yn ik| vdn`| ckls% @eoj~fn oasd waphnevs aef oasd yaj~n ki lneni`vs% @i pk~ |non`ynf i|nn |kkh aef lka|f ik| a ckl vdav }as ekv a}a|fnf as infn|aj sv~fnev a`f* pk~ h~sv |nwk|v vdn yaj~n ki vdn

|kkh aef lka|f as ~evatnf èokhn% $Vd`s oavnmk|p* ‚dk~sèm ajjk}aeons*‘ntoj~fns |nev s~ls`f`ns ik| jk}(èokhn dk~sèm%)

d% Ynvn|aes‐ ekenf~oav`ke lneni`vs% Nevn| vdn vkvaj ahk~ev ki ynvn|aes‐ekenf~oav`ke lneni`vs pk~ |non`ynf% @eoj~fn F`sal`j`vp* Fnavd Wnes`ke*Fnwnefneop aef @efnhe`vp Okhwnesav`ke $F@O)* aef+k| YA Nf~oav`keaj ]k|b(_v~fp ajjk}aeons%

`% Kvdn| ~evatnf èokhn aef lneni`vs% Nevn| ~evatnf èokhn k| lneni`vs ekv|nwk|vnf è `vnhs 66a vd|k~md 66d* s~od as }k|bn|‐s okhwnesav`ke k| f`sal`j`vp lneni`vs* èvn|nsv èokhn ke nf~oav`keaj @\As* ~evatnf wk|v`kes ki |a`j|kaf|nv`|nhnev lneni`vs* ljaob j~em lneni`vs* vdn ~evatnf wk|v`ke ki oaw`vaj maès* aefik|n`me èokhn vdav }ase‐v vatnf lp aep mkyn|ehnev% Ajsk èoj~fn vdn i`|sv(v`hndkhn l~pn| vat o|nf`v i|kh @\_ Ik|h 1767‖jèn 9=%

Fke‐v èoj~fn sv~fnev a`f* na|enf èokhn o|nf`v* aff`v`keaj od`jf vat o|nf`v*}njia|n waphnevs* ~evatnf _koàj _no~|`vp lneni`vs* _~wwjnhnevaj _no~|`vp@eokhn* ]k|bik|on @eynsvhnev Aov nf~oav`keaj lneni`vs* ke(lasn h`j`va|p dk~sèmk| a h`j`va|p dk~sèm ajjk}aeon* okhlav wap* lneni`vs i|kh ijnt`ljn swnefèma||aemnhnevs $ik| ntahwjn* oainvn|à wjaes)* ik|n`me èokhn ntoj~s`ke* k| o|nf`vik| infn|aj vat ke swnoàj i~njs%

c% Hkenp |non`ynf% Nevn| vdn ahk~ev ki aep oasd s~wwk|v pk~ |non`ynf i|kh ai|`nef k| |njav`yn $kvdn| vdae pk~| wa|nevs* ì pk~ a|n a fnwnefnev sv~fnev)% Oasds~wwk|v èoj~fns waphnevs hafn ke pk~| lndaji% Ik| èsvaeon* ì pk~| a~ev wapspk~| |nev k| ~v`j`vp l`jj vdav pk~ }k~jf kvdn|}`sn ln klj`mavnf vk wap pk~|snji* pk~h~sv |nwk|v vdksn waphnevs dn|n%



6>

On|vaè èokhn aef lneni`vs sdk~jf ekv ln |nwk|vnf è Q~nsv`kes 6? aef 663

• _v~fnev ièaeoàj a`f% _v~fnev a`f |non`ynf `s aj|nafp vabne èvk aook~ev }dne asodkkj waobamns pk~| a`f% Dk}nyn|* }k|b(sv~fp na|eèms h~sv ln |nwk|vnf asvatnf èokhn è vdn èokhn q~nsv`kes ki vdn _v~fnev‐s @eokhn aef Assnvs snov`ke%

• Ikkf svahws aef kvdn| w|km|ahs% Lneni`vs |non`ynf i|kh infn|aj* svavn* k| jkoajmkyn|ehnevs i|kh vdn ikjjk}èm w|km|ahs a|n ekv ok~evnf as ~evatnf èokhn3_~wwjnhnevaj E~v|`v`ke Ass`svaeon W|km|ah $_EAW) $ik|hn|jp vdn Ikkf _vahwW|km|ah)2 _wnoàj _~wwjnhnevaj E~v|`v`ke W|km|ah ik| ]khne* @eiaevs aefOd`jf|ne $]@O)2 Ikkf F`sv|`l~v`ke W|km|ah2 Okhhkf`vp _~wwjnhnevaj IkkfW|km|ah2 Eav`keaj _odkkj J~eod aef _odkkj L|nabiasv W|km|ahs2 _~hhn| Ikkf_n|yòn W|km|ah2 aef _wnoàj H`jb W|km|ah ik| Od`jf|ne%

• Fnwnefnev Ass`svaeon% Pk~ hap ln nj`m`ljn vk ntoj~fn a j`h`vnf ahk~ev ki lneni`vs |non`ynf ik| fnwnefnev oa|n ass`svaeon ì on|vaè |nq~`|nhnevs a|n hnv%

Mnen|ajjp* ~w vk &>*777 ki lneni`vs hap ln ntoj~fnf i|kh ae nhwjkpnn‐s m|kssèokhn* k| &<*>77 ik| a ha||`nf nhwjkpnn }dk i`jns a snwa|avn |nv~|e i|kh d`s k| dn| swk~sn% Vd`s ntoj~s`ke oaeekv ntonnf vdn nhwjkpnn‐s $k| d`s k| dn| swk~sn‐s)na|enf èokhn% $Ekvn3 _khn svavns w|ky`fn |n`hl~|snhnev ik| od`jfoa|n ntwnesnsèo~||nf lp }njia|n |no`w`nevs vd|k~md Vnhwk|a|p Ass`svaeon ik| Ennfp Iah`j`nsRVAEIX% Pk~ h~sv |nwk|v vd`s ke vdn awwjòav`ke lnoa~sn pk~ l`jj vdn svavn ik| vdnahk~ev ki od`jfoa|n oksvs èo~||nf }d`jn ke }njia|n aef a|n |n`hl~|snf ke vdav las`s%)

• Wn| oaw`va waphnevs vk Eav`yn Ahn|òaes% Pk~ sdk~jf ekv |nwk|v èf`y`f~aj wn| oaw`va waphnevs |non`ynf è <711 i|kh vdn Wn| Oaw`va Aov k| vdn F`sv|`l~v`ke ki

C~fmhnev I~efs Aov ~ejnss aep èf`y`f~aj waphnev ntonnfs &<*777% Vd~s* ì aeèf`y`f~aj waphnev }n|n &1*>77* pk~ }k~jf ekv |nwk|v `v ke pk~| awwjòav`ke%Dk}nyn|* ì a waphnev }n|n &<*>77* pk~ }k~jf |nwk|v vdn ahk~ev vdav ntonnfs&<*7773 &>77%

• Dnavèm+i~nj ass`svaeon% Ntoj~fn i|kh okes`fn|av`ke as èokhn k| |nsk~|ons aep waphnevs k| ajjk}aeons |non`ynf ~efn| vdn Jk}(@eokhn Dkhn Nen|mpAss`svaeon W|km|ah $J@DNAW)% $Ekvn3 Waphnevs ~efn| vdn J@DNAW a|n hafnvd|k~md svavn w|km|ahs vdav hap dayn fìin|nev eahns%)

Q~nsv`kes 6>(>= $Fnwnefneop q~nsv`kes ‟ Ajj awwjòaevs h~sv okhwjnvn)

Vdnsn q~nsv`kes awwna| è _vnw Vd|nn ki vdn WFI k| wawn| IAI_A aef }`jj ajsk lnf`swjapnf ke IAI_A ke vdn ]nl%

W~|wksn3 Vdnsn q~nsv`kes a|n ~snf vk fnvn|hèn* aook|fèm vk ja}* }dnvdn| pk~ a|n afnwnefnev k| ae èfnwnefnev sv~fnev ik| w~|wksns ki oajo~javèm ae NIO% @i pk~ aes}n| ‚Ek‘ vk ajj ki vdnsn q~nsv`kes* pk~ a|n a fnwnefnev sv~fnev* nyne ì pk~ fk ekv j`yn }`vdpk~| wa|nevs% Ke a oasn(lp(oasn las`s* a ièaeoàj a`f afhè`sv|avk| $IAA) hap habn aekvdn|}`sn fnwnefnev sv~fnev èfnwnefnev ì dn k| sdn oae fko~hnev è vdn sv~fnev‐s i`jn



69

vdav vdn sv~fnev‐s èf`y`f~aj o`|o~hsvaeons }a||aev vdn fno`s`ke% Vdn |naske h~sv |njavnvk vdav èf`y`f~aj sv~fnev aef ekv vk ae nev`|n ojass ki sv~fnevs% Vdn IAA‐s fno`s`ke `s

ièaj aef oaeekv ln awwnajnf vk vdn ^%_% Fnwa|vhnev ki Nf~oav`ke%

A fnwnefnev sv~fnev hkyns ke vk Q~nsv`kes >4(0<* aef w|ky`fns èik|hav`ke alk~v d`s k|

dn| wa|nevs è vdn w~|wjn a|nas ki vdn wawn| IAI_A k| è vdn a|na fns`meavnf ik| wa|nevajèokhn ke IAI_A ke vdn ]nl% Ke vdn <71<(<71? IAI_A ke vdn ]nl awwjòav`ke* sv~fnevkejp aef wa|nev+sv~fnev okhlènf wamns a|n lj~n aef wa|nev kejp wamns a|n w~|wjn% Aeèfnwnefnev sv~fnev* }dk aes}n|s ‚Pns‘ vk aep ken ki vdn fnwnefneop q~nsv`kes* sb`wsQ~nsv`kes >4(0< aef wòbs ~w }`vd Q~nsv`ke 0? aef okevè~ns vd|k~md vk vdn nef ki vdnawwjòav`ke% Ajj sv~fnevs h~sv okhwjnvn vdn |nsv ki vdn awwjòav`ke i|kh Q~nsv`ke 171%a%vd|k~md vdn nef%

Pk~ h~sv aes}n| ‚Pns‘ k| ‚Ek‘ vk naod ki vdn ikjjk}èm q~nsv`kes3

6>% ]n|n pk~ lk|e lnik|n Cae~a|p 1* 1040; Ekvn vdav ì pk~ }n|n lk|e ke Cae~a|p 1*

1040* pk~ sdk~jf aes}n| ‚Ek%‘

69% As ki vkfap* a|n pk~ ha||`nf; Aes}n| ‚Pns‘ ì pk~ a|n jnmajjp ha||`nf ke vdn favnpk~ okhwjnvn vdn awwjòav`ke% As w|ny`k~sjp svavnf ~efn| vdn èsv|~ov`kes ik| Q~nsv`ke 19*ha|`vaj svav~s oaeekv ln w|kcnovnf% ‚Ha||`nf‘ fkns ekv hnae j`yèm vkmnvdn| ~ejnss pk~| svavn |nokme`ns pk~| |njav`kesd`w as okhhke(ja} ha||àmn% Aes}n| ‚Pns‘ ì pk~ a|nsnwa|avnf l~v ekv f`yk|onf%

6=% Av vdn lnmèeèm ki vdn <71<(<71? sodkkj pna|* }`jj pk~ ln }k|bèm ke a hasvn|‐s

k| fkovk|avn w|km|ah $s~od as ae HA* HLA* HF* CF* Wd%F%* NfF* m|af~avn

on|vìòavn* nvo%); Pk~ sdk~jf aes}n| ‚Pns‘ ì pk~ }`jj ln ne|kjjnf è a hasvn|‐s k| fkovk|avn w|km|ah è vdn è`vàj vn|h pk~ avvnef è <71<(<71?% @i pk~ }`jj ln iè`sdèmpk~| laodnjk|‐s fnm|nn è vdn è`vàj vn|h ki vdn sodkkj pna| aef vdne hkyèm ke vk ahasvn|‐s k| fkovk|avn pk~ sdk~jf i`|sv aes}n| Q~nsv`ke 6= as ‚Ek%‘ Keon pk~ daynokhwjnvnf vdn ~efn|m|af~avn fnm|nn* vd`s Q~nsv`ke sdk~jf ln ok||novnf vk ‚Pns‘ aef|ns~lh`vvnf% Pk~ sdk~jf ajsk ekvìp pk~| IAA%

A m|af~avn k| w|kinss`keaj sv~fnev `s ekv nj`m`ljn ik| a Infn|aj Wnjj M|aev k| Infn|aj_~wwjnhnevaj Nf~oav`keaj Kwwk|v~e`vp M|aev* sk ì pk~ èok||novjp |nwk|v vdav pk~ a|n am|af~avn k| w|kinss`keaj sv~fnev* pk~ }`jj ennf vk ok||nov vd`s aes}n| vk |non`yn aep ki vdnsn infn|aj m|aevs as ae ~efn|m|af~avn sv~fnev }dk `s kvdn|}`sn nj`m`ljn%

64% A|n pk~ o~||nevjp sn|yèm ke aov`yn f~vp è vdn ^%_% A|hnf Ik|ons ik| w~|wksns

kvdn| vdae v|aèèm; Aes}n| ‚Pns‘ ì pk~ a|n o~||nevjp sn|yèm è vdn ^%_% A|hnfIk|ons k| a|n a Eav`keaj M~a|f k| \nsn|yn nej`svnn }dk `s ke aov`yn f~vp ik| kvdn| vdaesvavn k| v|aèèm w~|wksns% Aes}n| ‚Ek‘ ì pk~ a|n a Eav`keaj M~a|f k| \nsn|yn nej`svnn}dk `s ke aov`yn f~vp ik| svavn k| v|aèèm w~|wksns%



6=

60% A|n pk~ a ynvn|ae ki vdn ^%_% A|hnf Ik|ons; Pk~ sdk~jf aes}n| ‚Pns‘ ì

• Pk~ dayn nemamnf è aov`yn f~vp è vdn ^%_% A|hnf Ik|ons $A|hp* Eayp* A`| Ik|on* Ha|èn Ok|ws* k| Okasv M~a|f)* k| pk~ }n|n a hnhln| ki vdn Eav`keajM~a|f k| \nsn|yn }dk }as oajjnf vk aov`yn f~vp ik| w~|wksns kvdn| vdae svavn k|

v|aèèm w~|wksns* k| pk~ }n|n a oafnv k| h`fsd`whae av ken ki vdn sn|yònaoafnh`ns* aef

• Pk~ }n|n |njnasnf ~efn| a okef`v`ke kvdn| vdae f`sdkek|aljn% Lkt <6 ki vdnFF<16 èfòavns vdn ‚Oda|aovn| ki _n|yòn%‘ @i aepvdèm kvdn| vdae‚f`sdkek|aljn‘ awwna|s è vdav lkt* pk~ sdk~jf aes}n| ‚Pns‘ vk vd`s q~nsv`ke* asjkem as pk~ }n|n oajjnf vk aov`yn sn|yòn% Vdn|n `s ek hè`h~h ahk~ev ki v`hnvdn sv~fnev das vk dayn sn|ynf vk ln okes`fn|nf a ynvn|ae ik| infn|aj sv~fnev a`f w~|wksns* l~v vdn sn|yòn fkns dayn vk ln okes`fn|nf ‚aov`yn sn|yòn%‘ @i ‚f`sdkek|aljn‘ awwna|s è lkt <6* pk~ h~sv aes}n| ‚Ek‘ vk Q~nsv`ke 60%

Pk~ sdk~jf ajsk aes}n| ‚Pns‘ ì pk~ a|n ekv a ynvn|ae ek} l~v }`jj ln ken lp C~en ?7*<71?%

Pk~ sdk~jf aes}n| ‚Ek‘ $pk~ a|n ekv a ynvn|ae) ì

• pk~ dayn enyn| nemamnf è aov`yn f~vp è vdn ^%_% A|hnf Ik|ons*

• pk~ a|n o~||nevjp ae \KVO sv~fnev k| a oafnv k| h`fsd`whae av a sn|yònaoafnhp* k|

• pk~ a|n a Eav`keaj M~a|f k| \nsn|yn nej`svnn aov`yavnf kejp ik| v|aèèm w~|wksns%

Ekvn vdav ì pk~ a|n o~||nevjp sn|yèm è vdn ^%_% A|hnf Ik|ons aef }`jj okevè~n vk sn|ynvd|k~md C~en ?7* <71?* pk~ sdk~jf aes}n| ‚Ek‘ vk vd`s wa|vò~ja| q~nsv`ke%

>7% Fk pk~ dayn od`jf|ne }dk |non`yn hk|n vdae daji ki vdn`| s~wwk|v i|kh pk~

lnv}nne C~jp 1* <71< aef C~en ?7* <71?; ‚_~wwk|v‘ èoj~fns hkenp* mìvs* jkaes*dk~sèm* ikkf* ojkvdns* oa| waphnevs k| ntwnesns* hnfòaj aef fnevaj oa|n* aef waphnevki sodkkj oksvs% Ae awwjòaev }dksn ~elk|e od`jf }`jj ln lk|e lnik|n vdn nef ki vdna}a|f pna| $C~en ?7* <71?) hap aes}n| ‚Pns‘ ì vdn od`jf }`jj |non`yn hk|n vdae daji ki d`s k| dn| s~wwk|v i|kh pk~ vd|k~mdk~v vdn a}a|f pna|% Ekvn vdav vdn s~wwk|v `s vdn `ss~ndn|n2 `v fkns ekv havvn| }dnvdn| vdn od`jf j`yns }`vd pk~ k| ekv%

>1% Fk pk~ dayn fnwnefnevs $kvdn| vdae pk~| od`jf|ne k| swk~sn) }dk j`yn }`vd pk~

aef }dk |non`yn hk|n vdae daji ki vdn`| s~wwk|v i|kh pk~* ek} aef vd|k~md C~en

?7* <71?; Amaè* vdn IAI_A `s asbèm alk~v ‚s~wwk|v‘ vdav èoj~fns hkenp* mìvs* jkaes*dk~sèm* ikkf* ojkvdns* oa| waphnevs k| ntwnesns* hnfòaj aef fnevaj oa|n* aef waphnevki sodkkj oksvs% @e vd`s q~nsv`ke* vdn wnkwjn s~wwk|vnf h~sv j`yn }`vd pk~ vd|k~mdk~v vdna}a|f pna|%



64

><% Av aep v`hn sèon pk~ v~|enf amn 1?* }n|n lkvd pk~| wa|nevs fnonasnf* }n|n pk~

è iksvn| oa|n* k| }n|n pk~ a fnwnefnev k| }a|f ki vdn ok~|v; Pk~ sdk~jf aes}n| ‚Pns‘ ì pk~ daf ek j`yèm wa|nev $l`kjkmòaj k| afkwv`yn) av aep v`hn sèon pk~ v~|enfamn 1? k| kjfn|* nyne ì pk~ a|n ek} afkwvnf%

Aes}n| ‚Pns‘ ì pk~ }n|n è iksvn| oa|n av aep v`hn sèon pk~ v~|enf amn 1?* nyne ì pk~a|n ek jkemn| è iksvn| oa|n as ki vkfap%

Aes}n| ‚Pns‘ ì pk~ }n|n a fnwnefnev k| }a|f ki vdn ok~|v av aep v`hn sèon pk~ v~|enfamn 1?* nyne ì pk~ a|n ek jkemn| a fnwnefnev k| }a|f ki vdn ok~|v as ki vkfap%

Ekvn vdav vdn ièaeoàj a`f afhè`sv|avk| av pk~| sodkkj hap |nq~`|n pk~ vk w|ky`fn w|kki vdav pk~ }n|n è iksvn| oa|n k| }n|n a fnwnefnev+}a|f ki vdn ok~|v%

>?% A|n pk~ k| }n|n pk~ ae nhaeo`wavnf hèk| as fnvn|hènf lp a ok~|v è pk~|

svavn ki jnmaj |ns`fneon;

Aes}n| ‚Pns‘ ì pk~ oae w|ky`fn a okwp ki a ok~|v‐s fno`s`ke vdav as ki vkfap pk~ a|n aenhaeo`wavnf hèk|% Ajsk aes}n| ‚Pns‘ ì pk~ oae w|ky`fn a okwp ki a ok~|v‐s fno`s`kevdav pk~ }n|n ae nhaeo`wavnf hèk| `hhnfàvnjp lnik|n pk~ |naodnf vdn amn ki lnèm aeaf~jv è pk~| svavn% Vdn ok~|v h~sv ln jkoavnf è pk~| svavn ki jnmaj |ns`fneon av vdn v`hnvdn ok~|v‐s fno`s`ke }as `ss~nf%

Aes}n| ‚Ek‘ ì pk~ a|n sv`jj a hèk| aef vdn ok~|v fno`s`ke `s ek jkemn| è niinov k| vdnok~|v fno`s`ke }as ekv è niinov av vdn v`hn pk~ lnoahn ae af~jv%

Ekvn vdav vdn ièaeoàj a`f afhè`sv|avk| av pk~| okjjnmn hap |nq~`|n pk~ vk w|ky`fn w|kki vdav pk~ }n|n ae nhaeo`wavnf hèk|%

>6% A|n pk~ k| }n|n pk~ è jnmaj m~a|fàesd`w as fnvn|hènf lp a ok~|v è pk~| svavn

ki jnmaj |ns`fneon;

Aes}n| ‚Pns‘ ì pk~ oae w|ky`fn a okwp ki a ok~|v‐s fno`s`ke vdav as ki vkfap pk~ a|n èjnmaj m~a|fàesd`w% Ajsk aes}n| ‚Pns‘ ì pk~ oae w|ky`fn a okwp ki a ok~|v‐s fno`s`kevdav pk~ }n|n è a jnmaj m~a|fàesd`w `hhnfàvnjp lnik|n pk~ |naodnf vdn amn ki lnèm aeaf~jv è pk~| svavn% Vdn ok~|v h~sv ln jkoavnf è pk~| svavn ki jnmaj |ns`fneon av vdn v`hnvdn ok~|v‐s fno`s`ke }as `ss~nf%

Aes}n| ‚Ek‘ ì pk~ a|n sv`jj a hèk| aef vdn ok~|v fno`s`ke `s ek jkemn| è niinov k| vdnok~|v fno`s`ke }as ekv è niinov av vdn v`hn pk~ lnoahn ae af~jv%

>>% Av aep v`hn ke k| aivn| C~jp 1* <711* f`f pk~| d`md sodkkj k| sodkkj f`sv|òv

dkhnjnss jà`ske fnvn|hèn vdav pk~ }n|n ae ~eaookhwae`nf pk~vd }dk }as

dkhnjnss;



60

>9% Av aep v`hn ke k| aivn| C~jp 1* <711* f`f vdn f`|novk| ki ae nhn|mneop sdnjvn| k|

v|aes`v`keaj dk~sèm w|km|ah i~efnf lp vdn ^%_% Fnwa|vhnev ki Dk~sèm aef ^|lae

Fnynjkwhnev fnvn|hèn vdav pk~ }n|n ae ~eaookhwae`nf pk~vd }dk }as dkhnjnss;

>=% Av aep v`hn ke k| aivn| C~jp 1* <711* f`f vdn f`|novk| ki a |~ea}ap k| dkhnjnss

pk~vd lasò onevn| k| v|aes`v`keaj j`yèm w|km|ah fnvn|hèn vdav pk~ }n|n ae~eaookhwae`nf pk~vd }dk }as dkhnjnss k| }as snji(s~wwk|vèm aef av |`sb ki lnèm

dkhnjnss;

Ik| Q~nsv`kes >>(>=* aes}n| ‚Pns‘ ì pk~ |non`ynf a fnvn|hèav`ke av aep v`hn ke k| aivn| C~jp 1* <711* vdav pk~ }n|n ae ~eaookhwae`nf pk~vd }dk }as dkhnjnss* k| ik| q~nsv`ke >=* av |`sb ki lnèm dkhnjnss% Ekvn vdav vdn ièaeoàj a`f afhè`sv|avk| av pk~| okjjnmn hap |nq~`|n pk~ vk w|ky`fn a okwp ki vdn fnvn|hèav`ke ì pk~ aes}n|nf ‚Pns‘ vkQ~nsv`ke >>* >9* k| >=%

Pk~ hap ln okes`fn|nf ae ~eaookhwae`nf dkhnjnss pk~vd k| ln a pk~vd }dk }as snji(

s~wwk|vèm aef av |`sb ki lnèm dkhnjnss nyne vdk~md pk~ fk ekv dayn a fnvn|hèav`kei|kh vdn f`sv|òv jà`ske k| vdn f`|novk| ki vdn w|km|ahs o`vnf è vdnsn q~nsv`kes% Vdnsnkiiòàjs kejp habn vdnsn fnvn|hèav`kes ì pk~ a|n è d`md sodkkj k| a|n |non`yèm vdn`| sn|yòns% @i pk~ a|n ekv è d`md sodkkj k| |non`yèm vdn sn|yòns ki vdnsn w|km|ahs* pk~| ièaeoàj a`f kiiòn oae fnvn|hèn }dnvdn| pk~ sdk~jf ln okes`fn|nf ae ~eaookhwae`nfdkhnjnss pk~vd k| ae ~eaookhwae`nf pk~vd }dk `s snji(s~wwk|vèm aef av |`sb ki lnèmdkhnjnss%

Pk~ sdk~jf okevaov pk~| ièaeoàj a`f kiiòn ik| ass`svaeon ì pk~ fk ekv dayn afnvn|hèav`ke l~v lnj`nyn pk~ a|n ae ~eaookhwae`nf pk~vd }dk `s dkhnjnss k| a|n ae~eaookhwae`nf pk~vd w|ky`fèm ik| pk~| k}e j`yèm ntwnesns }dk `s av |`sb ki lnèmdkhnjnss% @i pk~ a|n kjfn| vdae <1 l~v ekv pnv <6* pk~ sdk~jf ajsk okevaov pk~| ièaeoàja`f kiiòn ì pk~ a|n dkhnjnss k| a|n snji(s~wwk|vèm av |`sb ki lnèm dkhnjnss% Ekvn vdavì pk~ aes}n| ‚Pns‘ vk aep ki vdn w|ny`k~s vd|nn q~nsv`kes $>>* >9* k| >=)* vdn ièaeoàja`f afhè`sv|avk| av pk~| okjjnmn hap |nq~`|n pk~ vk w|ky`fn w|kki ki pk~| svav~s%

Aes}n| ‚Ek‘ ì pk~ a|n ekv dkhnjnss* k| av |`sb ki lnèm dkhnjnss* k| fk ekv dayn afnvn|hèav`ke i|kh a f`sv|òv jà`ske* f`|novk| ki a o`vnf w|km|ah* k| pk~| ièaeoàj a`fafhè`sv|avk|%

Dkhnjnss hnaes jaobèm i`tnf* |nm~ja|* aef afnq~avn dk~sèm% Pk~ hap lnokes`fn|nf dkhnjnss ì pk~ a|n j`yèm è sdnjvn|s* wa|bs* hkvnjs* k| oa|s* k| a|nvnhwk|a|`jp j`yèm }`vd kvdn| wnkwjn lnoa~sn pk~ dayn ek wjaon njsn vk mk% @i pk~ a|nj`yèm è aep ki vdnsn s`v~av`kes aef ijnnèm ae al~s`yn wa|nev* pk~ hap ln okes`fn|nfdkhnjnss nyne ì pk~| wa|nev }k~jf w|ky`fn s~wwk|v aef a wjaon vk j`yn%

êaookhwae`nf hnaes pk~ a|n ekv j`yèm è vdn wdpsòaj o~svkfp ki pk~| wa|nev k| m~a|fàe%



>7

Pk~vd hnaes pk~ a|n <1 pna|s ki amn k| pk~emn| k| pk~ a|n sv`jj ne|kjjnf è d`mdsodkkj as ki vdn fap pk~ s`me vd`s awwjòav`ke%

@i pk~ aes}n|nf ‚Pns‘ vk aep ki vdn q~nsv`kes 6>(>=* pk~ sdk~jf ek} sb`w vk Q~nsv`ke0?% @i pk~ aes}n|nf ‚Ek‘ vk nyn|p ken ki vdnsn q~nsv`kes* okevè~n }`vd Q~nsv`ke >4% @i

pk~ a|n a dnajvd w|kinss`kes sv~fnev* pk~| sodkkj hap |nq~`|n pk~ vk okhwjnvn Q~nsv`kes>4(0< nyne ì pk~ aes}n|nf ‚Pns‘ vk aep ki vdn fnwnefneop q~nsv`kes%

Q~nsv`kes >4(0< $Fnwnefnev awwjòaevs h~sv okhwjnvn)

W~|wksn3 Pk~| wa|nevs h~sv w|ky`fn ièaeoàj èik|hav`ke ik| Q~nsv`kes >4(0< ì pk~ a|na fnwnefnev sv~fnev $`%n%* ì pk~ aes}n|nf ‚Ek‘ vk nyn|p q~nsv`ke i|kh 6>(>=)% Vdn NIOoajo~jav`ke* fnvn|hènf lp okem|nss`keaj ik|h~ja* ~sns èik|hav`ke i|kh vd`s wa|v vkfnvn|hèn }dav wk|v`ke ki pk~| wa|nevs‐ èokhn aef assnvs sdk~jf ln aya`jaljn vkokev|`l~vn vk pk~| nf~oav`keaj oksv ki avvnefaeon%

]dk `s okes`fn|nf a wa|nev;

Vdn vn|h ‚wa|nev‘ `s ekv |nsv|òvnf vk l`kjkmòaj wa|nevs% Vdn|n a|n èsvaeons $s~od as}dne a m|aefwa|nev jnmajjp afkwvs vdn awwjòaev) è }dòd a wn|ske kvdn| vdae a l`kjkmòaj wa|nev `s v|navnf as a wa|nev* aef è vdnsn èsvaeons* vdn wa|nevaj q~nsv`kes ke vdnawwjòav`ke h~sv ln aes}n|nf* sèon vdnp awwjp vk s~od ae èf`y`f~aj $k| èf`y`f~ajs)%

@i pk~| wa|nevs a|n lkvd j`yèm aef ha||`nf vk naod kvdn|* aes}n| vdn q~nsv`kes alk~v lkvdki vdnh%

@i pk~| wa|nevs a|n j`yèm vkmnvdn| aef dayn ekv lnne ik|hajjp ha||`nf l~v hnnv vdno|`vn|à è vdn`| svavn ik| a okhhke(ja} ha||àmn* vdnp sdk~jf |nwk|v vdn`| svav~s asha||`nf ke vdn awwjòav`ke% @i vdn svavn fkns ekv okes`fn| vdn`| s`v~av`ke vk ln a okhhke(ja} ha||àmn* vdne pk~ sdk~jf ikjjk} vdn |~jns ik| f`yk|onf wa|nevs% Odnob }`vd vdnaww|kw|àvn svavn amneop okeon|eèm vdn fniè`v`ke ki a okhhke(ja} ha||àmn%

A iksvn| wa|nev* jnmaj m~a|fàe* k| a m|aefwa|nev k| kvdn| |njav`yn `s ekv v|navnf as a wa|nevik| w~|wksns ki i`jèm a IAI_A ~ejnss vdav wn|ske das jnmajjp afkwvnf vdn awwjòaev% Aeafkwv`yn wa|nev `s v|navnf è vdn sahn haeen| as a l`kjkmòaj wa|nev ke vdn IAI_A%

@i ken* l~v ekv lkvd* ki pk~| wa|nevs das f`nf* pk~ sdk~jf aes}n| vdn wa|nevaj q~nsv`kesalk~v vdn s~|y`yèm wa|nev% Fk ekv |nwk|v aep ièaeoàj èik|hav`ke ik| vdn fnonasnf wa|nev ke vdn IAI_A% @i vdn s~|y`yèm wa|nev f`ns aivn| vdn IAI_A das lnne i`jnf* pk~h~sv s~lh`v a ok||nov`ke vk Q~nsv`ke ><* vd~s ~wfavèm pk~| fnwnefneop svav~s vkèfnwnefnev* aef ok||nov ajj kvdn| èik|hav`ke as aww|kw|àvn $ik| ntahwjn* pk~ }`jj ekjkemn| i`jj k~v Q~nsv`kes >4(0<)% @i vdn s~|y`yèm wa|nev `s |nha||`nf as ki vdn favn pk~okhwjnvn vdn IAI_A* aes}n| vdn q~nsv`kes alk~v lkvd vdav wa|nev aef vdn wn|ske dn k| sdn ha||`nf $pk~| svnwwa|nev)%



>1

@i pk~| wa|nevs a|n f`yk|onf $k| snwa|avnf‖snn lnjk} ik| hk|n èik|hav`ke)* aes}n| vdnq~nsv`kes alk~v vdn wa|nev pk~ j`ynf }`vd hk|n f~|èm vdn 1< hkevds w|nonfèm vdn favnpk~ okhwjnvn vdn IAI_A% @i pk~ f`f ekv j`yn }`vd ken wa|nev hk|n vdae vdn kvdn|* m`ynaes}n|s alk~v vdn wa|nev }dk w|ky`fnf hk|n ièaeoàj s~wwk|v f~|èm vdn 1< hkevds w|nonfèm vdn favn pk~ okhwjnvn vdn IAI_A* k| f~|èm vdn hksv |nonev pna| vdav pk~

aov~ajjp |non`ynf s~wwk|v i|kh a wa|nev% @i vd`s wa|nev das |nha||`nf as ki vdn favn pk~ i`jjk~v vdn IAI_A* aes}n| vdn q~nsv`kes ke vdn |nhaèèm snov`kes ki vdn IAI_A alk~v vdav wa|nev aef vdn wn|ske dn k| sdn ha||`nf $pk~| svnwwa|nev)%

@i pk~| wa|nevs a|n jnmajjp snwa|avnf* vdn sahn |~jns vdav awwjp ik| a f`yk|onf ok~wjn a|n~snf vk fnvn|hèn }dòd wa|nev‐s èik|hav`ke h~sv ln |nwk|vnf% A ok~wjn fknse‐v dayn vk ln jnmajjp snwa|avnf è k|fn| vk ln okes`fn|nf snwa|avnf ik| w~|wksns ki vdn IAI_A% Vdnok~wjn hap okes`fn| vdnhsnjyns èik|hajjp snwa|avnf }dne ken ki vdn wa|ven|s das wn|haenevjp jniv vdn dk~sndkjf% @i vdn wa|ven|s j`yn vkmnvdn|* vdnp oae‐v ln okes`fn|nfèik|hajjp snwa|avnf%

A svnwwa|nev `s v|navnf è vdn sahn haeen| as a l`kjkmòaj wa|nev ì vdn svnwwa|nev `sha||`nf* as ki vdn favn ki awwjòav`ke* vk vdn l`kjkmòaj wa|nev }dksn èik|hav`ke }`jj ln|nwk|vnf ke vdn IAI_A* k| ì vdn svnwwa|nev das jnmajjp afkwvnf pk~% Vdn|n a|n ekntonwv`kes% W|ne~wvàj am|nnhnevs fk ekv ntnhwv vdn svnwwa|nev i|kh w|ky`fèm |nq~`|nffava ke vdn IAI_A% Ekvn vdav vdn svnwwa|nev‐s èokhn èik|hav`ke ik| vdn nev`|n pna| w|`k| vk awwjòav`ke $<711) h~sv ln |nwk|vnf nyne ì pk~| wa|nev aef svnwwa|nev }n|n ekvha||`nf ~ev`j aivn| vdn sva|v ki <711* l~v }n|n ha||`nf w|`k| vk vdn favn vdn IAI_A }asokhwjnvnf%

Q~nsv`kes >4(=4

>4% Wa|nevs‐ ha|`vaj svav~s as ki vkfap% Nevn| pk~| wa|nevs‐ ha|`vaj svav~s as ki vdn favnvdn awwjòav`ke `s okhwjnvnf%

>0% Hkevd aef pna| pk~| wa|nevs }n|n ha||`nf* snwa|avnf* f`yk|onf k| }`fk}nf% Nevn| vdn hkevd aef pna| vdav pk~| wa|nevs avvaènf vdn svav~s pk~ w|ky`fnf è Q~nsv`ke>4%

97% Iavdn|‐s+svnwiavdn|‐s _koàj _no~|`vp e~hln|% Nevn| pk~| iavdn|‐s k| svnwiavdn|‐s_koàj _no~|`vp e~hln| $__E) $vdav `s* nevn| vdn èik|hav`ke ik| vdn sahn wn|ske }dksnièaeoàj èik|hav`ke pk~ a|n |nwk|vèm)% Ajj fnwnefnev awwjòaevs h~sv w|ky`fn vdn_koàj _no~|`vp e~hln| ki vdn wa|nev w|ky`fèm ièaeoàj fava ke vdn awwjòav`ke% VdnW|`yaop Aov svavnhnev ke vdn IAI_A ntwjaès dk} d`s __E oae ln ~snf% @i pk~| iavdn| fknse‐v dayn a _koàj _no~|`vp e~hln|* nevn| 777(77(7777% IAI_A ke vdn ]nl i`jn|ssdk~jf nevn| vdn e~hln|s }`vdk~v fasdns%

91(9?% Iavdn|‐s+svnwiavdn|‐s jasv eahn* i`|sv è`vàj* aef favn ki l`|vd% Nevn| pk~| iavdn|‐s k| svnwiavdn|‐s jasv eahn* i`|sv è`vàj* aef favn ki l`|vd $vdav `s* nevn| vdnèik|hav`ke ik| vdn sahn wn|ske $è Q~nsv`ke 97) }dksn ièaeoàj èik|hav`ke pk~ a|n|nwk|vèm)% ^sn vdn eahn ik~ef ke d`s _koàj _no~|`vp oa|f% Pk~| iavdn|‐s k| svnwiavdn|‐s



><

__E* jasv eahn aef i`|sv è`vàj ke vdn awwjòav`ke h~sv havod vdn e~hln| aef eahn ked`s _koàj _no~|`vp oa|f% Ik| èik|hav`ke ke dk} vk ~wfavn k| ok||nov vdn eahn ke d`s_koàj _no~|`vp oa|f* dn oae oajj vdn _koàj _no~|`vp Afhè`sv|av`ke $__A) av 1(477(==<(1<1? k| mk vk vdn __A‐s }nls`vn av }}}%ssa%mky%

96% Hkvdn|‐s+svnwhkvdn|‐s _koàj _no~|`vp e~hln|% Nevn| pk~| hkvdn|‐s k| svnwhkvdn|‐s _koàj _no~|`vp e~hln| $__E) $vdav `s* nevn| vdn èik|hav`ke ik| vdn sahn wn|ske }dksn ièaeoàj èik|hav`ke pk~ a|n |nwk|vèm)% Ajj fnwnefnev awwjòaevs h~sv w|ky`fn vdn _koàj _no~|`vp e~hln| ki vdn wa|nev w|ky`fèm ièaeoàj fava ke vdnawwjòav`ke% Vdn W|`yaop Aov svavnhnev m`yns èik|hav`ke alk~v dk} dn| __E oae ln~snf% @i pk~| hkvdn| fknse‐v dayn a _koàj _no~|`vp e~hln|* nevn| 777(77(7777% IAI_A

ke vdn ]nl i`jn|s sdk~jf nevn| vdn e~hln| }`vdk~v fasdns%

9>(9=% Hkvdn|‐s+svnwhkvdn|‐s jasv eahn* i`|sv è`vàj* aef favn ki l`|vd% Nevn| pk~| hkvdn|‐s k| svnwhkvdn|‐s jasv eahn* i`|sv è`vàj* aef favn ki l`|vd $vdav `s* nevn| vdnèik|hav`ke ik| vdn sahn wn|ske $è Q~nsv`ke 96) }dksn ièaeoàj èik|hav`ke pk~ a|n

|nwk|vèm)% ^sn vdn eahn ik~ef ke dn| _koàj _no~|`vp oa|f% Pk~| hkvdn|‐s k| svnwhkvdn|‐s __E* jasv eahn* aef i`|sv è`vàj ke vdn awwjòav`ke h~sv havod vdn e~hln| aef eahn ke dn| _koàj _no~|`vp oa|f% Ik| èik|hav`ke ke dk} vk ~wfavn k| ok||nov vdneahn ke dn| _koàj _no~|`vp oa|f* sdn oae oajj vdn __A av 1(477(==<(1<1? k| mk vk vdn`| }nls`vn av }}}%ssa%mky%

94% Pk~| wa|nevs‐ n(ha`j aff|nss% Nevn| pk~| wa|nevs‐ n(ha`j aff|nss ì pk~ }aev pk~| wa|nevs vk |non`yn okhh~eòav`kes alk~v pk~| IAI_A njnov|keòajjp% Ik| ntahwjn* pk~| wa|nevs }`jj |non`yn ae n(ha`j ekvìòav`ke }dne pk~| IAI_A das lnne w|konssnf% Vdn n(ha`j aff|nss }`jj ajsk ln sda|nf }`vd pk~| svavn aef vdn okjjnmns j`svnf ke pk~| IAI_A%

90% _vavn ki jnmaj |ns`fneon% @efòavn vdn v}k(jnvvn| all|nyàv`ke ik| pk~| wa|nevs‐ o~||nevsvavn ki |ns`fneon% Pk~| wa|nevs‐ |ns`fneon `s vdn`| v|~n* i`tnf* aef wn|haenev dkhn% @i pk~| wa|nevs a|n snwa|avnf k| f`yk|onf* ~sn vdn svavn ki jnmaj |ns`fneon ik| vdn wa|nev}dksn èik|hav`ke `s |nwk|vnf ke vdn ik|h% ^sn vdn _vavn All|nyàv`kes j`sv vk w|ky`fnvdn all|nyàv`ke ik| pk~| wa|nevs‐ svavn ki jnmaj |ns`fneon% @i pk~| wa|nevs j`yn è a ik|n`meok~ev|p* nevn| ‚IO‘ è vdn svavn all|nyàv`ke swaon%

=7% Jnmaj |ns`fnev lnik|n Cae~a|p 1* <77=% _njnov ‚Pns‘ ì pk~| wa|nevs lnoahn|ns`fnevs ki vdn`| svavn lnik|n Cae~a|p 1* <77= k| ‚Ek‘ ì pk~| wa|nevs lnoahn |ns`fnevs ki vdn`| svavn ke k| aivn| Cae~a|p 1* <77=% _vavns dayn ya|pèm o|`vn|à ik| fnvn|hèèm}dnvdn| pk~ a|n a |ns`fnev ik| w~|wksns ki svavn ièaeoàj a`f% Dk}nyn|* ì pk~nsvalj`sdnf a v|~n* i`tnf* aef wn|haenev dkhn è aep svavn hk|n vdae ik~| pna|s amk* pk~}`jj hnnv vdn svavn‐s o|`vn|à%

=1% Favn $hkevd aef pna|) ki jnmaj |ns`fneon% @i pk~| wa|nevs f`f ekv lnokhn jnmaj|ns`fnevs ki vdn`| svavn lnik|n Cae~a|p 1* <77=* w|ky`fn vdn hkevd aef pna| jnmaj |ns`fneop lnmae ik| vdn wa|nev }dk das j`ynf è vdn svavn vdn jkemnsv%

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>?

=<% E~hln| è wa|nevs‐ dk~sndkjf% Nevn| vdn e~hln| ki iah`jp hnhln|s è pk~| wa|nevs‐ dk~sndkjf%

Vdn ikjjk}èm wn|skes a|n èoj~fnf è pk~| wa|nevs‐ dk~sndkjf s`n3

• Pk~ $vdn sv~fnev)* nyne ì pk~ fk ekv j`yn }`vd pk~| wa|nevs%

• Pk~| wa|nevs $vdn kens }dksn èik|hav`ke `s |nwk|vnf ke vdn IAI_A)%

• Pk~| wa|nevs‐ kvdn| od`jf|ne* ì pk~| wa|nevs }`jj w|ky`fn hk|n vdae daji ki vdn`| s~wwk|v i|kh C~jp 1* <71< vd|k~md C~en ?7* <71? k| ì vdn kvdn| od`jf|neok~jf aes}n| ‚Ek‘ vk nyn|p q~nsv`ke è Q~nsv`kes 6>(>=%

• Pk~| wa|nevs‐ ~elk|e od`jf* ì vdav od`jf }`jj ln lk|e lnik|n C~jp 1* <71? aefpk~| wa|nevs }`jj w|ky`fn hk|n vdae daji ki vdn od`jf‐s s~wwk|v i|kh vdn w|kcnovnffavn ki l`|vd vd|k~md vdn nef ki vdn <71<(<71? a}a|f pna| $C~en ?7* <71?)% $@i

vdn|n `s a hnfòaj fnvn|hèav`ke ki a h~jv`wjn l`|vd* vdne ajj ntwnovnf od`jf|ne oae ln èoj~fnf%)

• Kvdn| wnkwjn $èoj~fèm pk~| od`jf|ne aef+k| pk~| ~elk|e od`jf f~n lnik|n C~jp1* <71?)* ì vdnp j`yn }`vd aef |non`yn hk|n vdae daji ki vdn`| s~wwk|v i|kh pk~| wa|nevs av vdn v`hn ki awwjòav`ke aef }`jj okevè~n vk |non`yn vdav s~wwk|v i|khC~jp 1* <71< vd|k~md C~en ?7* <71?%

Vk fnvn|hèn }dnvdn| vk èoj~fn od`jf|ne è vdn dk~sndkjf s`n* vdn ‚s~wwk|v‘ vnsv `s ~snf$|avdn| vdae a |ns`fneop |nq~`|nhnev) lnoa~sn vdn|n hap ln s`v~av`kes è }dòd a wa|nevs~wwk|vs a od`jf }dk fkns ekv j`yn }`vd vdn wa|nev* nswnoàjjp è oasns }dn|n vdn wa|nev `s

f`yk|onf k| snwa|avnf% @e s~od oasns* vdn wa|nev }dk w|ky`fns hk|n vdae daji ki vdnod`jf‐s s~wwk|v hap oja`h vdn od`jf è d`s k| dn| dk~sndkjf s`n% @v fkns ekv havvn| }dòd wa|nev oja`hs vdn od`jf as a fnwnefnev ik| vat w~|wksns% @i pk~| wa|nev |non`yns lneni`vs$s~od as _koàj _no~|`vp k| Vnhwk|a|p Ass`svaeon ik| Ennfp Iah`j`ns RVAEIX waphnevs)è vdn od`jf‐s eahn* vdnsn lneni`vs h~sv ln ok~evnf as wa|nevaj s~wwk|v vk vdn od`jf%

_~wwk|v èoj~fns hkenp* mìvs* jkaes* dk~sèm* ikkf* ojkvdns* oa| waphnevs k| ntwnesns*hnfòaj aef fnevaj oa|n* aef waphnev ki sodkkj oksvs%

=?% E~hln| ki okjjnmn sv~fnevs è wa|nevs‐ dk~sndkjf% Nevn| vdn e~hln| ki wnkwjni|kh vdn wa|nevs‐ dk~sndkjf $è q~nsv`ke =<) }dk a|n k| }`jj ln ne|kjjnf è a

wksvsnokefa|p sodkkj è <71<(<71?% Ok~ev pk~|snji as a okjjnmn sv~fnev% @eoj~fn kvdn|skejp ì vdnp }`jj ln avvnefèm av jnasv daji v`hn è ae aww|kynf w|km|ah f~|èm <71<(<71?vdav jnafs vk a fnm|nn k| on|vìòavn av a wksvsnokefa|p sodkkj nj`m`ljn vk wa|vò`wavn è aepki vdn infn|aj sv~fnev a`f w|km|ahs%

Fk ekv èoj~fn pk~| wa|nevs% Ajsk fk ekv èoj~fn a sv~fnev av a ^%_% h`j`va|p aoafnhp lnoa~sn vdn iah`jp `s ekv ntwnovnf vk okev|`l~vn vk vdav sv~fnev‐s wksvsnokefa|pnf~oav`keaj oksv av vdn aoafnhp%



>6

=6(=4% Lneni`vs pk~| wa|nevs $k| aepken è pk~| wa|nevs‐ dk~sndkjf) |non`ynf f~|èm

<717 k| <711% @i pk~| wa|nevs $k| aepken è pk~| wa|nevs‐ dk~sndkjf) |non`ynf lneni`vsi|kh aep ki vdn infn|aj lneni`vs w|km|ahs sdk}e è vdn lktns lnjk}* vdnp sdk~jf i`jj èvdn o`|ojns vk vdn ok||nswkefèm q~nsv`kes ke vdn wawn| ik|h k| ~sn vdn ok||nswkefèm

f|kw(fk}e hne~s kejèn% ^sn vdn èsv|~ov`kes ik| Q~nsv`ke =< vk `fnevìp }dk `s èoj~fnfè pk~| wa|nevs‐ dk~sndkjf% Aes}n|èm vdnsn q~nsv`kes }`jj ekv |nf~on pk~| nj`m`l`j`vp ik| sv~fnev a`f% Ek| }`jj `v |nf~on pk~|* pk~| wa|nevs* k| aepken è pk~| wa|nevs‐ dk~sndkjf‐snj`m`l`j`vp ik| vdnsn infn|aj lneni`vs%

Q~nsv`ke3 Lneni`v3

=6 _~wwjnhnevaj _no~|`vp @eokhn $__@)

=> _~wwjnhnevaj E~v|`v`ke Ass`svaeon W|km|ah $_EAW) $Ik|hn|jp vdnIkkf _vahw W|km|ah)

=9 I|nn k| \nf~onf W|òn _odkkj J~eod

== Vnhwk|a|p Ass`svaeon ik| Ennfp Iah`j`ns $VAEI)

=4 _wnoàj _~wwjnhnevaj E~v|`v`ke W|km|ah ik| ]khne* @eiaevs* aefOd`jf|ne $]@O)

@esv|~ov`kes ik| Q~nsv`kes =0(07 $Dk} vk okhwjnvn vdn èokhn vat snov`ke)

@v `s lnsv vk ~sn a okhwjnvnf <711 èokhn vat |nv~|e vk i`jj k~v vd`s awwjòav`ke% Dk}nyn|*ì pk~| wa|nevs fk ekv dayn a okhwjnvnf èokhn vat |nv~|e* vdnp sdk~jf oajo~javn vdn`| afc~svnf m|kss èokhn $AM@) aef vatns wa`f ~sèm vdn awwjòaljn @\_ èsv|~ov`kes% Vdnèsv|~ov`kes aef vdn aww|kw|àvn vat ik|h oae ln klvaènf av a w~ljò j`l|a|p k| fk}ejkafnf è Wk|valjn Fko~hnev Ik|hav $WFI) i|kh}}}%`|s%mky+ik|hsw~ls+èfnt%dvhj %

]dne pk~| awwjòav`ke `s okhwa|nf }`vd vdn vat |nv~|e aov~ajjp i`jnf* vdn ièaeoàjèik|hav`ke h~sv am|nn% @i vdn|n a|n fìin|neons* pk~ sdk~jf ok||nov vdn èik|hav`ke ~sèmOk||nov`kes ke vdn ]nl k| lp ok||novèm pk~| wawn| _A\ aef ha`jèm `v laob vk vdn ^%_%Fnwa|vhnev ki Nf~oav`ke%

Nyne ì pk~| wa|nevs a|n ekv |nq~`|nf vk i`jn a <711 èokhn vat |nv~|e* vdnp }`jj ennfvk oajo~javn vdn`| na|eèms ik| vdn pna|% ^sn ](< ik|hs aef kvdn| |nok|fs vk aes}n| vdnq~nsv`kes è vd`s snov`ke%

@i ae aes}n| `s n|k k| a q~nsv`ke fkns ekv awwjp vk pk~| wa|nevs* nevn| 7 $n|k)% Fk

ekv jnayn aep ki vdnsn q~nsv`kes ljaeb%

Ik| vdn <71<(1? IAI_A* pk~| wa|nevs }`jj ~sn <711 vat èik|hav`ke vk aes}n| vdnèokhn vat q~nsv`kes% Vdn èokhn vat q~nsv`kes m`yn <711 @evn|eaj \nyne~n _n|yòn$@\_) vat ik|h jèn |nin|neons%

^sn vdn èik|hav`ke i|kh ken ki vdn ikjjk}èm <711 èokhn vat ik|hs vk okhwjnvn vdnIAI_A è vdn sahn haeen| as ^%_% vat èik|hav`ke3 vdn èokhn vat |nv~|e |nq~`|nf lp






>>

W~n|vk \òk* M~ah* Ahn|òae _ahka* vdn ^%_% Y`|mè @sjaefs* _}aè‐s @sjaef* k| vdn Ek|vdn|e Ha|àeas @sjaefs k| ken ki vdn I|nnjp Asskoàvnf _vavns $vdn \nw~ljò ki vdnHa|sdajj @sjaefs* vdn Infn|avnf _vavns ki Hò|kensà* k| vdn \nw~ljò ki Waja~)% Vdnahk~evs ke vdnsn |nv~|es a|n aj|nafp |nwk|vnf è ^%_% fkjja|s%

Ik|n`me èokhn

@eokhn na|enf è a ik|n`me ok~ev|p `s v|navnf è vdn sahn }ap as èokhn na|enf è vdn^%_% Okeyn|v ajj i`m~|ns vk ^%_% fkjja|s* ~sèm vdn ntodaemn |avn è niinov ke vdn fap pk~okhwjnvn vdn IAI_A% Pk~| wa|nevs oae ièf èik|hav`ke ke o~||nev ntodaemn |avns av}}}%infn|aj|nsn|yn%mky+|njnasns+d17+o~||nev %

Pk~| wa|nevs sdk~jf ajsk èoj~fn vdn yaj~n ki aep vatns wa`f vk vdn ik|n`me mkyn|ehnev èvdn ‚^%_% èokhn vat wa`f‘ jèn `vnh% $@i vdn èokhn na|enf è vdn ik|n`me ok~ev|p }as ekvvatnf lp vdn onev|aj mkyn|ehnev ki vdav ok~ev|p aef }as ekv s~lcnov vk vdn ik|n`me èokhnntoj~s`ke lasnf ke i`jèm ae @\_ Ik|h <>>> k| <>>>NS* vdn èokhn sdk~jf ln |nwk|vnf as

~evatnf èokhn è Q~nsv`ke 0<$`)%

@e haep oasns* ì pk~| wa|nevs i`jn a |nv~|e }`vd vdn @\_ ik| a pna| è }dòd ik|n`meèokhn }as na|enf* a wk|v`ke ki vdn ik|n`me èokhn oae ln ntoj~fnf ke @\_ Ik|h <>>>ik| ^%_% vat w~|wksns% Vdn i`m~|n |nwk|vnf ke jèn 6> ki Ik|h <>>> $k| jèn 14 ki Ik|h<>>>NS) sdk~jf ekv ln |nwk|vnf è Q~nsv`ke 0<$`)%

Q~nsv`kes =0(07

=0% I`jèm |nv~|e% @efòavn }dnvdn| pk~| wa|nevs dayn aj|nafp okhwjnvnf* a|n mkèm vkokhwjnvn l~v dayn ekv pnv* k| }`jj ekv i`jn a vat |nv~|e ik| <711%

47% Vpwn ki |nv~|e i`jnf% @efòavn }dòd vat ik|h pk~| wa|nevs i`jnf k| }`jj i`jn ik| <711%

41% Nj`m`ljn vk i`jn a 1767A k| 1767NS% @efòavn pk~| wa|nevs‐ nj`m`l`j`vp vk i`jn ken ki vdnsn ik|hs $nyne ì vdnp i`jnf k| }`jj i`jj a <711 @\_ Ik|h 1767)%Aes}n| ‚Pns‘ ì pk~| wa|nevs

• habn jnss vdae &177*777*

• fk ekv `vnh`n fnf~ov`kes*

• fk ekv |non`yn èokhn i|kh vdn`| k}e l~sènss k| ia|h* aef

• fk ekv |non`yn aj`hkep%

Ajsk aes}n| ‚Pns‘ ì vdnp

• i`jnf a 1767 kejp vk oja`h Ahn|òae Kwwk|v~e`vp* Dkwn* k| Jìnv`hn Jna|eèmo|nf`vs aef pk~ }k~jf dayn kvdn|}`sn lnne nj`m`ljn vk i`jn a 1767A k| 1767NS* k|






>9

• i`jnf a 1767 aef }n|n ekv |nq~`|nf vk i`jn a vat |nv~|e%

Aes}n| ‚Ek‘ ì vdnp

• `vnh`n fnf~ov`kes*

• a|n snji(nhwjkpnf*

• |non`yn aj`hkep* k|

• a|n |nq~`|nf vk i`jn _odnf~jn F ik| oaw`vaj maès%

4<% F`sjkoavnf ]k|bn|% As ki vkfap `s n`vdn| ki pk~| wa|nevs a f`sjkoavnf }k|bn|;

@e mnen|aj* a wn|ske hap ln okes`fn|nf a f`sjkoavnf }k|bn| ì dn k| sdn

• `s |non`yèm ~enhwjkphnev lneni`vs f~n vk lnèm ja`f kii k| jksèm a ckl aef `s~ej`bnjp vk |nv~|e vk a w|ny`k~s koo~wav`ke2

• das lnne ja`f kii k| |non`ynf a jap(kii ekvòn i|kh a ckl2

• }as snji(nhwjkpnf l~v `s ek} ~enhwjkpnf f~n vk nokekhò okef`v`kes k| eav~|ajf`sasvn|2 k|

• `s a f`swjaonf dkhnhabn|% A f`swjaonf dkhnhabn| `s mnen|ajjp a wn|ske }dk w|ny`k~sjp w|ky`fnf ~ewa`f sn|yòns vk vdn iah`jp $ik| ntahwjn* a svap(av(dkhn

hkh k| faf)* `s ek jkemn| s~wwk|vnf lp vdn d~slaef k| }ìn* `s ~enhwjkpnf k| ~efn|nhwjkpnf* aef `s dayèm v|k~ljn ièfèm k| ~wm|afèm nhwjkphnev%

@i a wn|ske q~`vs }k|b* mnen|ajjp vdnp a|n ekv okes`fn|nf a f`sjkoavnf }k|bn| nyne ì* ik| ntahwjn* vdn wn|ske `s |non`yèm ~enhwjkphnev lneni`vs%

Aes}n| ‚Pns‘ vk Q~nsv`ke 4< ì pk~| wa|nev `s a f`sjkoavnf }k|bn|%

Aes}n| ‚Ek‘ vk Q~nsv`ke 4< ì pk~| wa|nev `s ekv a f`sjkoavnf }k|bn|%

Aes}n| ‚Fke‐v bek}‘ vk Q~nsv`ke 4< ì pk~ a|n ekv s~|n }dnvdn| pk~| wa|nev `s a

f`sjkoavnf }k|bn|%

Pk~ oae okevaov pk~| ièaeoàj a`f kiiòn ik| ass`svaeon è aes}n|èm vd`s q~nsv`ke% Ekvnvdav vdn ièaeoàj a`f afhè`sv|avk| av pk~| sodkkj hap |nq~`|n pk~ vk w|ky`fn w|kki vdavpk~| wa|nev `s a f`sjkoavnf }k|bn| ì pk~ aes}n|nf ‚Pns‘ vk Q~nsv`ke 4<%

4?% Afc~svnf M|kss @eokhn% Nevn| pk~| wa|nevs‐ afc~svnf m|kss èokhn $AM@) ik| <711%AM@ `s ik~ef ke @\_ 1767‖jèn ?=2 1767A‖jèn <12 k| 1767NS‖jèn 6% @i pk~| wa|nevs



>=

dayn ekv okhwjnvnf a <711 vat ik|h* vdnp sdk~jf oajo~javn vdn`| AM@ ~sèm vdnèsv|~ov`kes ik| vdn awwjòaljn @\_ ik|h% Vdnp oae mnv vdn èsv|~ov`kes aef vdn ik|h av a w~ljò j`l|a|p k| fk}ejkaf vdnh è Wk|valjn Fko~hnev Ik|hav $WFI) i|kh}}}%`|s%mky+ik|hsw~ls+èfnt%dvhj %

Ekvn vdav AM@ èoj~fns hk|n vdae c~sv }amns na|enf2 ik| ntahwjn* `v ajsk èoj~fnsèvn|nsv* f`y`fnefs* aj`hkep* vataljn wk|v`kes ki _koàj _no~|`vp* aef l~sènss èokhn%

46% @eokhn vat% Nevn| vdn ahk~ev ki èokhn vatns pk~| wa|nevs wa`f è <711 i|kh @\_1767‖jèn >>2 1767A‖jèn ?>2 k| 1767NS‖jèn 17% Vdnp sdk~jf ekv okwp vdn ahk~evki infn|aj èokhn vat }`vddnjf i|kh a ](< Ik|h% @i vdnp f`f ekv wap aep èokhn vat ik| <711* vdnp sdk~jf nevn| n|k $7)%

4>% Ntnhwv`kes% Nevn| pk~| wa|nevs‐ ntnhwv`kes ik| <711% Ntnhwv`kes a|n ke @\_ Ik|h1767‖jèn 9f k| 1767A‖jèn 9f% @i pk~| wa|nevs odnobnf vdn ‚Pk~‘ k| ‚_wk~sn‘ lkt ke1767NS‖jèn >* vdnp sdk~jf ~sn 1767NS }k|bsdnnv jèn I vk fnvn|hèn vdn e~hln| ki

ntnhwv`kes $&?*=77 nq~ajs ken ntnhwv`ke)% @i pk~| wa|nevs f`fe‐v odnob n`vdn| lkt kejèn >* vdnp sdk~jf nevn| ‚71‘ ì sèmjn k| ‚7<‘ ì ha||`nf%

@i pk~| wa|nev `s f`yk|onf* snwa|avnf k| }`fk}nf* l~v dn k| sdn das i`jnf k| }`jj i`jn a ckèvvat |nv~|e ik| <711* dn k| sdn sdk~jf m`yn kejp d`s k| dn| wk|v`ke ki vdn ntnhwv`kes%

49% Iavdn|‐s+svnwiavdn|‐s èokhn na|enf i|kh }k|bèm% Nevn| pk~| iavdn|‐s+svnwiavdn|‐s <711 èokhn na|enf i|kh }k|b $}amns* saja|`ns* v`ws)% Vdn ahk~ev|nwk|vnf dn|n }`jj |non`yn on|vaè èokhn ajjk}aeons $fnf~ov`kes) i|kh vdn èokhn ik| enonssa|p ntwnesns $s~od as vatns aef lasò j`yèm oksvs)%

4=% Hkvdn|‐s+svnwhkvdn|‐s èokhn na|enf i|kh }k|bèm% Nevn| pk~| hkvdn|‐s+svnwhkvdn|‐s <711 èokhn na|enf i|kh }k|b $}amns* saja|`ns* v`ws)% Vdnahk~ev |nwk|vnf dn|n }`jj |non`yn on|vaè èokhn ajjk}aeons $fnf~ov`kes) i|kh vdnèokhn ik| enonssa|p ntwnesns $s~od as vatns aef lasò j`yèm oksvs)%

@i pk~| wa|nevs i`jnf $k| }`jj i`jn) a <711 vat |nv~|e* naod sdk~jf èoj~fn kejp d`s k| dn| sda|n i|kh @\_ Ik|h 1767‖jèns = " 1< " 14 " Lkt 16 ki @\_ _odnf~jn B(1 $Ik|h179>)2 1767A‖jèn =2 1767NS‖jèn 1% Nyne ì pk~| wa|nevs i`jnf a ckèv |nv~|e* vdnpsdk~jf |nwk|v vdn`| na|eèms snwa|avnjp è Q~nsv`kes 49 aef 4=%

@i pk~| wa|nevs i`jnf a vat |nv~|e ~sèm kvdn| vdae ae @\_ ik|h* s~od as a ik|n`me k| W~n|vk\òae vat ik|h* vdnp sdk~jf |nwk|v ke vdn IAI_A vdn ahk~evs $okeyn|vnf vk ^%_% fkjja|s)i|kh vdn jèns ki vdn eke(@\_ ik|h vdav ok||nswkef hksv ojksnjp vk vdksn ke vdn @\_ik|hs%

@i pk~| wa|nevs f`f ekv i`jn a vat |nv~|e* vdnp sdk~jf |nwk|v vdn`| na|eèms i|kh }k|b è<711% Vdnp oae ièf vd`s èik|hav`ke ke vdn`| ](< ik|h$s)%






>4

Q~nsv`kes 44(07

Wa|nev Assnv @eik|hav`ke @esv|~ov`kes

Ae assnv `s fniènf as w|kwn|vp vdav das ae ntodaemn yaj~n% Vdn w~|wksn ki okjjnovèm

assnv èik|hav`ke `s vk fnvn|hèn }dnvdn| pk~| iah`jp‐s assnvs a|n s~lsvaevàj nek~md vks~wwk|v a okev|`l~v`ke vk}a|f pk~| oksv ki avvnefaeon $OKA)% Kejp vdn env assnv yaj~n `sok~evnf è vdn ennf aeajps`s% Vk fnvn|hèn vdn env yaj~n ki aep assnv* pk~ i`|sv fnvn|hènvdn ha|bnv yaj~n ki vdn assnv aef |nf~on vdn yaj~n lp vdn ahk~ev ki fnlv amaèsv vdavassnv% Vdn |ns~jv `s vdn env yaj~n ki vdn assnv%

K}en|sd`w ki ae assnv

K}en|sd`w ki ae assnv hap ln f`y`fnf k| okevnsvnf è snyn|aj s`v~av`kes3

• Wa|v k}en|sd`w ki assnv% @i pk~| wa|nevs k}e ae assnv }`vd kvdn|s aef vdn|nik|n

kejp k}e a wk|v`ke k| wn|onevamn ki vdn assnv* vdnp sdk~jf |nwk|v vdn env assnvyaj~n vdav |nw|nsnevs kejp vdn`| sda|n ki vdn assnv k}enf% Vdnp }k~jf fnvn|hènvdn o~||nev ha|bnv yaj~n ki vdn assnv* |nf~on vdn yaj~n lp aep k~vsvaefèm fnlv*aef vdne h~jv`wjp vdn env assnv yaj~n lp vdn`| k}en|sd`w wn|onevamn% Vd`s |ns~jv `svdne |nwk|vnf ke vdn IAI_A%

• Okevnsvnf k}en|sd`w% Ae assnv sdk~jf ekv ln |nwk|vnf ì `vs k}en|sd`w `s lnèmjnmajjp okevnsvnf% Ik| èsvaeon* ì pk~| wa|nevs a|n snwa|avnf aef vdnp hap ekv snjjk| lk||k} amaèsv ckèvjp k}enf w|kwn|vp vdav `s lnèm okevnsvnf* vdn IAI_Aèik|hav`ke vdnp |nwk|v }k~jf ekv j`sv aep yaj~n ik| vdn w|kwn|vp k| aep fnlvsamaèsv `v% @i k}en|sd`w ki vdn assnv `s |nskjynf aivn| vdn è`vàj awwjòav`ke `s i`jnf*

vdnp hap ekv ~wfavn vd`s èik|hav`ke% Dk}nyn|* ì k}en|sd`w ki vdn w|kwn|vp `sekv lnèm okevnsvnf* vdnp }k~jf |nwk|v vdn w|kwn|vp as ae assnv%

• J`ne amaèsv assnv% @i vdn|n `s a j`ne k| `hhènev ik|nojks~|n amaèsv ae assnv* vdnassnv }k~jf sv`jj ln |nwk|vnf ke vdn IAI_A ~ev`j vdn wa|vp dkjfèm vdn j`ne k| habèm vdn ik|nojks~|n okhwjnvns jnmaj aov`ke vk vabn wkssnss`ke ki vdn assnv% @i vdn svav~s ki vdn w|kwn|vp odaemns aivn| vdn awwjòav`ke `s i`jnf* pk~ hap ekv~wfavn vdn assnv èik|hav`ke%

Assnvs vdav a|n ekv |nwk|vnf

Lnjk} a|n ntahwjns ki assnvs vdav a|n ekv |nwk|vnf3

• W|èo`waj wjaon ki |ns`fneon+iah`jp ia|h% Pk~| wa|nevs‐ w|èo`waj wjaon ki |ns`fneon `s ekv |nwk|vnf as ae assnv% En`vdn| `s vdn`| iah`jp ia|h ì vdn ia|h `svdn`| w|èo`waj wjaon ki |ns`fneon aef vdnp ‚havn|àjjp wa|vò`wavnf è vdn ia|h‐skwn|av`ke%‘



>0

• A shajj l~sènss }`vd 177 k| in}n| nhwjkpnns% @i pk~| iah`jp k}es aefokev|kjs hk|n vdae >7 wn|onev ki a shajj l~sènss vdav das 177 k| in}n| i~jj(v`hnk| i~jj(v`hn nq~`yajnev nhwjkpnns* fk ekv |nwk|v vdn env yaj~n ki vdn l~sènss asae assnv% Ik| shajj l~sènss yaj~n* pk~| iah`jp èoj~fns $1) wn|skes f`|novjp|njavnf vk pk~* s~od as a wa|nev* s`svn| k| ok~sè* k| $<) wn|skes }dk a|n k| }n|n

|njavnf vk pk~ lp ha||àmn* s~od as a swk~sn* svnwwa|nev* k| s`svn|(è(ja}%

• Wn|skeaj wkssnss`kes% Fk ekv |nwk|v wkssnss`kes s~od as a oa|* a svn|nk* ojkvdns k| i~|e`v~|n% Lp vdn sahn vkbne* wn|skeaj fnlvs s~od as o|nf`v oa|f fnlv oaeekv ln|nwk|vnf%

• Wnes`kes aef ]dkjn Jìn @es~|aeon% Vdn oasd yaj~n k| l~`jv(~w nq~`vp ki a jìnès~|aeon wkjòp $kivne |nin||nf vk as a }dkjn(jìn wkjòp) `se‐v |nwk|vnf as aeassnv% Vdn èokhn f`sv|`l~vnf vk vdn lneniòà|p h~sv ln |nwk|vnf as èokhn%

• Ntoj~fnf Assnvs I|kh Eav`yn Ahn|òae _v~fnevs% Fk ekv |nwk|v aep w|kwn|vp

|non`ynf ~efn| vdn Wn| Oaw`va Aov k| vdn F`sv|`l~v`ke ki C~fmhnev I~efs Aov $<>ê`vnf _vavns Okfn R^_OX 1671* nv snq%)* vdn Ajasba Eav`yn Oja`hs _nvvjnhnevAov $6? ^_O 1971* nv snq%)* k| vdn Haèn @efàe Oja`hs _nvvjnhnev Aov $<> ^_O1=<1* nv snq%)%

@eynsvhnevs

\nevaj w|kwn|v`ns% Mnen|ajjp* |nevaj w|kwn|v`ns h~sv ln |nwk|vnf as èynsvhnev assnvs|avdn| vdae as l~sènss assnvs% Vk ln |nwk|vnf as a l~sènss* a |nevaj w|kwn|vp }k~jf daynvk ln wa|v ki a ik|hajjp |nokme`nf l~sènss% $^s~ajjp s~od a l~sènss }k~jf w|ky`fnaff`v`keaj sn|yòns* s~od as |nm~ja| ojnaeèm* jène* k| ha`f sn|yòn%)

‚Vabn(laob‘ hk|vmamns% @e a ‚vabn(laob‘ hk|vmamn* vdn snjjn| vabns laob a wk|v`ke ki vdn hk|vmamn i|kh vdn l~pn| aef a||aemns ik| vdn l~pn| vk |nwap vdav wk|v`ke ki vdnhk|vmamn vk vdn snjjn|% Ik| @\_ w~|wksns* vdn snjjn| h~sv |nwk|v vdn èvn|nsv wk|v`ke ki aep waphnevs |non`ynf i|kh vdn l~pn| ke _odnf~jn L ki @\_ Ik|h 1767% @i ae ahk~ev `s|nwk|vnf ke _odnf~jn L* vdn iah`jp sdk~jf |nwk|v vdn k~vsvaefèm lajaeon ki vdn|nhaèèm hk|vmamn ke vdn IAI_A as ae èynsvhnev assnv%

V|~sv i~efs% @i v|~sv i~efs a|n è pk~| wa|nevs‐ eahns* vdnp sdk~jf ln |nwk|vnf as vdn`| assnv ke vdn awwjòav`ke% @e vdn oasn ki f`yk|on k| snwa|av`ke* }dn|n vdn v|~sv `s k}enf ckèvjp aef k}en|sd`w `s ekv lnèm okevnsvnf* vdn w|kwn|vp aef vdn fnlv a|n nq~ajjp

f`y`fnf lnv}nne vdn k}en|s ik| |nwk|vèm w~|wksns* ~ejnss vdn vn|hs ki vdn v|~sv swnoìpskhn kvdn| hnvdkf ki f`y`s`ke%

Dk} vdn v|~sv h~sv ln |nwk|vnf ya|`ns aook|fèm vk }dnvdn| pk~| wa|nevs |non`yn k| }`jj|non`yn vdn èvn|nsv èokhn* vdn v|~sv w|èo`waj k| lkvd% @i pk~| wa|nevs |non`yn kejpèvn|nsv i|kh vdn v|~sv* aep èvn|nsv |non`ynf è vdn lasn pna| h~sv ln |nwk|vnf as èokhn%Nyne ì èvn|nsv aoo~h~javns è vdn v|~sv aef `s ekv wa`f k~v f~|èm vdn pna|* ì pk~| wa|nevs }`jj |non`yn vdn èvn|nsv* vdnp h~sv |nwk|v ae assnv yaj~n ik| vdn èvn|nsv vdnp }`jj



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|non`yn è vdn i~v~|n% Vdn v|~sv kiiòn| oae ~s~ajjp oajo~javn vdn w|nsnev yaj~n ki èvn|nsvvdnp }`jj |non`yn }d`jn vdn v|~sv nt`svs% Vd`s yaj~n |nw|nsnevs vdn ahk~ev a vd`|f wn|ske}k~jf ln }`jjèm vk wap vk |non`yn vdn èvn|nsv èokhn pk~| wa|nevs }`jj |non`yn i|kh vdnv|~sv è vdn i~v~|n%

Vdn w|nsnev yaj~n ki vdn w|èo`waj `s vdn ahk~ev a vd`|f wn|ske }k~jf wap av w|nsnev ik| vdn |`mdv vk |non`yn vdn w|èo`waj }dne vdn v|~sv nefs $lasòajjp* vdn ahk~ev vdav ken}k~jf dayn vk fnwks`v ek} vk |non`yn vdn ahk~ev ki vdn w|èo`waj }dne vdn v|~sv nefs*èoj~fèm vdn aoo~h~javnf èvn|nsv)% Amaè* vdn v|~sv kiiòn| oae oajo~javn w|nsnev yaj~n%

As a mnen|aj |~jn* pk~| wa|nevs h~sv |nwk|v vdn w|nsnev yaj~n ki vdn v|~sv as ae assnv* nyneì vdn`| aoonss vk vdn v|~sv `s |nsv|òvnf as lneniòà|p+lneniòà|`ns% @i vdn o|navk| ki a v|~svdas ykj~eva|`jp wjaonf |nsv|òv`kes ke vdn ~sn ki vdn v|~sv* vdne vdnp sdk~jf |nwk|v vdn v|~svè vdn sahn haeen| as ì vdn|n }n|n ek |nsv|òv`kes% Dk}nyn|* ì a v|~sv das lnne |nsv|òvnf lp ok~|v k|fn|* vdnp sdk~jf ekv |nwk|v `v as ae assnv% Ae ntahwjn ki s~od a |nsv|òvnf v|~sv`s ken snv ~w lp ok~|v k|fn| vk wap ik| i~v~|n s~|mn|p ik| vdn yòv`h ki a oa| aoo`fnev%

Wa|nev Assnv @eik|hav`ke Q~nsv`kes

@i pk~| wa|nevs a|n nj`m`ljn vk sb`w vdnsn q~nsv`kes* l~v odkksn vk aes}n| vdnh ke vdn ]nlk| ke wawn|* aes}n|èm vdnsn q~nsv`kes }`jj ekv aiinov pk~| nj`m`l`j`vp ik| Infn|aj _v~fnevA`f* s~od as Infn|aj Wnjj M|aev%

44% Vkvaj o~||nev lajaeon ki oasd* sayèms* aef odnobèm aook~evs% @eoj~fn vdn lajaeonki pk~| wa|nevs‐ oasd* sayèms* aef odnobèm aook~evs as ki vdn favn vdn IAI_A `sokhwjnvnf% Fk ekv èoj~fn sv~fnev ièaeoàj a`f%

40% Env }k|vd ki èynsvhnevs% Env }k|vd hnaes o~||nev yaj~n hè~s fnlv% @eynsvhnevsèoj~fn |naj nsvavn s~od as |nevaj w|kwn|vp* jaef aef snokef k| s~hhn| dkhns% Fk ekvèoj~fn pk~| wa|nevs‐ w|`ha|p dkhn% @eoj~fn vdn yaj~n ki wk|v`kes ki h~jvìah`jpf}njjèms vdav pk~ k}e* ntonwv vdav pk~ h~sv ntoj~fn vdn wk|v`ke ki vdn yaj~n ki af}njjèm vdav `s pk~| wa|nevs‐ w|èo`waj |ns`fneon% @eynsvhnevs ajsk èoj~fn v|~sv i~efs*êìk|h V|aesin|s vk Hèk|s Aov $^VHA)+êìk|h Mìvs vk Hèk|s Aov $^MHA)O~svkfàj Aook~evs* hkenp ha|bnv i~efs* h~v~aj i~efs* on|vìòavns ki fnwks`v* svkobs*svkob kwv`kes* lkefs* kvdn| sno~|`v`ns* Okyn|fnjj sayèms aook~evs k}enf lp pk~| wa|nevs*><0 okjjnmn sayèms wjaes* vdn |ni~ef yaj~n ki ><0 w|nwa`f v~`v`ke wjaes* èsvajjhnev aefjaef sajn okev|aovs $èoj~fèm hk|vmamns dnjf)* okhhkf`v`ns* nvo% Fk ekv èoj~fn vdnyaj~n ki jìn ès~|aeon aef |nv`|nhnev wjaes $671RbX wjaes* wnes`ke i~efs* aee~`v`ns* eke(Nf~oav`ke @\As* Bnkmd wjaes* nvo%)% Fk ekv èoj~fn ^VHA k| ^MHA aook~evs ik| }dòd pk~| wa|nevs a|n vdn o~svkfàes l~v ekv vdn k}en|s%

Pk~| wa|nevs h~sv |nwk|v è Q~nsv`ke 40 ajj q~ajì`nf nf~oav`keaj lneni`vs k| nf~oav`kesayèms aook~evs* èoj~fèm Okyn|fnjj sayèms aook~evs* ><0 okjjnmn sayèms wjaes* aefvdn |ni~ef yaj~n ki ><0 w|nwa`f v~`v`ke wjaes vdav vdnp k}e ik| aep hnhln| ki vdndk~sndkjf% Vd`s èoj~fns aook~evs k}enf lp vdn fnwnefnev sv~fnev%



91

@eynsvhnev Yaj~n ‟ @eynsvhnev Fnlv 8 Env ]k|vd ki @eynsvhnevs

@i pk~| wa|nevs k}e |naj nsvavn k| èynsvhnevs kvdn| vdae vdn`| w|èo`waj |ns`fneon* vdnyaj~n nq~ajs vdn ahk~ev vdnp a|n }k|vd vkfap%

@eynsvhnev fnlv nq~ajs dk} h~od pk~| wa|nevs k}n ke |naj nsvavn aef èynsvhnevs kvdn| vdae vdn`| w|èo`waj wjaon ki |ns`fneon% @eynsvhnev fnlv hnaes kejp vdksn fnlvs vdav a|n|njavnf vk vdn èynsvhnevs%

_~lv|aov vdn ahk~ev ki fnlv ke vdnsn assnvs i|kh vdn`| yaj~n% @efòavn vd`s ahk~ev è

Q~nsv`ke 40 ik| env }k|vd ki èynsvhnevs%

07% Env }k|vd ki l~sènss aef+k| èynsvhnev ia|h% L~sènss k| ia|h yaj~n èoj~fns vdno~||nev ha|bnv yaj~n ki jaef* l~`jfèms* haodèn|p* nq~`whnev* èynevk|p* nvo% Fk ekvèoj~fn pk~| wa|nevs‐ w|`ha|p dkhn% Fk ekv èoj~fn vdn env }k|vd ki a iah`jp k}enf aefokev|kjjnf shajj l~sènss }`vd ekv hk|n vdae 177 i~jj(v`hn k| i~jj(v`hn nq~`yajnev

nhwjkpnns%

L~sènss+Ia|h Yaj~n ‟ L~sènss+Ia|h Fnlv 8 Env ]k|vd ki L~sènss+Ia|h

Ik| l~sènss k| èynsvhnev ia|h yaj~n* i`|sv i`m~|n k~v dk} h~od vdn l~sènss k| ia|h `s}k|vd vkfap% Ae èynsvhnev ia|h `s a ia|hèm l~sènss }dn|n vdn wa|nevs fk ekv |ns`fn kevdn ia|h* ek| fk vdnp havn|àjjp kwn|avn vdn ia|h%

L~sènss k| èynsvhnev ia|h fnlvs a|n }dav pk~| wa|nevs k}n ke vdn l~sènss k| ia|h%@eoj~fn kejp fnlvs ik| }dòd vdn l~sènss k| ia|h }as ~snf as okjjavn|aj%

_~lv|aov vdn ahk~ev ki fnlv i|kh vdn yaj~n% @efòavn vd`s ahk~ev è Q~nsv`ke 07 ik|

env }k|vd ki l~sènss aef+k| èynsvhnev ia|h%

Vk |nwk|v o~||nev ha|bnv yaj~n ik| a l~sènss* pk~| wa|nevs h~sv ~sn vdn ahk~ev ik| }dòd vdn l~sènss ok~jf snjj as ki vdn favn ki vdn awwjòav`ke% Ajsk* ì pk~| wa|nevs a|nekv vdn skjn k}en|s ki vdn l~sènss* vdnp sdk~jf |nwk|v kejp vdn`| sda|n ki `vs yaj~n aeffnlv%

01% Wa|nevs‐ <711 Aff`v`keaj Ièaeoàj @eik|hav`ke% Nevn| vdn okhlènf ahk~evs ik| pk~| wa|nevs%

a% Nf~oav`ke o|nf`vs% Nevn| vdn vkvaj ahk~ev ki Ahn|òae Kwwk|v~e`vp* Dkwn* k| Jìnv`hn Jna|eèm o|nf`vs pk~| wa|nevs |non`ynf i|kh Ik|h 1767‖jèn 60 k| 1767A‖jèn ?1% Vdn Ahn|òae Kwwk|v~e`vp* Dkwn* k| Jìnv`hn Jna|eèm vato|nf`vs lneni`v sv~fnevs k| wa|nevs }dk wap v~`v`ke aef |njavnf ntwnesns ik| avvnefaeon av jnasv daji v`hn è a fnm|nn(m|aevèm w|km|ah% Vdnsn vat o|nf`vs a|ns~lv|aovnf f`|novjp i|kh vdn vkvaj infn|aj vat ke a vat |nv~|e% Ik| hk|n èik|hav`kealk~v vdnsn vat o|nf`vs* y`s`v vdn @\_ }nls`vn av}}}%`|s%mky+w~l+`|s(wfi+w0=7%wfi %






9<

l% Od`jf s~wwk|v waphnevs% Nevn| aep od`jf s~wwk|v waphnevs wa`f lp pk~| wa|nevs lnoa~sn ki f`yk|on* snwa|av`ke* k| as a |ns~jv ki a jnmaj |nq~`|nhnev% Fk ekvèoj~fn s~wwk|v ik| od`jf|ne è pk~| wa|nevs‐ dk~sndkjf* as |nwk|vnf è vdn‚e~hln| è dk~sndkjf‘ q~nsv`ke ke vdn IAI_A $Q~nsv`ke =<)% Ik| w~|wksns ki vdn IAI_A* a od`jf `s a hnhln| ki pk~| wa|nevs‐ dk~sndkjf ì pk~| wa|nevs

w|ky`fn hk|n vdae daji ki vdn od`jf‐s s~wwk|v* }dnvdn| vdn od`jf j`yns }`vd pk~| wa|nevs k| ekv%

o% Vataljn na|eèms i|kh ennf(lasnf nhwjkphnev w|km|ahs% Nevn| pk~| wa|nevs‐na|eèms i|kh aep ennf(lasnf }k|b w|km|ahs èoj~fèm Infn|aj ]k|b(_v~fp aefennf(lasnf nhwjkphnev wk|v`kes ki injjk}sd`ws aef ass`svaevsd`ws%

f% _v~fnev m|aevs aef kvdn| a}a|fs% Nevn| aep sv~fnev m|aev aef sodkja|sd`w a`f|nwk|vnf vk vdn @\_ è pk~| wa|nev‐s AM@% Vd`s èoj~fns Ahn|Òk|ws lneni`vs$a}a|fs* j`yèm ajjk}aeons* aef èvn|nsv aoo|~aj waphnevs)* as }njj as m|aev aefsodkja|sd`w wk|v`kes ki injjk}sd`ws aef ass`svaevsd`ws%

n% Okhlav Wap k| _wnoàj Okhlav Wap% Nevn| kejp vdn ahk~ev ki okhlav wap vdav}as vataljn aef èoj~fnf è pk~| wa|nev‐s afc~svnf m|kss èokhn% Fk ekv nevn| ~evatnf okhlav wap |nwk|vnf ke vdn ](< $Lkt 1<* Okfn Q)%

i% Na|eèms i|kh }k|b ~efn| a okkwn|av`yn nf~oav`ke w|km|ah% Nevn| dn|n aepahk~evs pk~| wa|nevs na|enf i|kh }k|b ~efn| a okkwn|av`yn nf~oav`ke w|km|ahkiin|nf lp ae èsv`v~v`ke ki d`mdn| nf~oav`ke%

0<% Wa|nevs‐ <711 êvatnf @eokhn% Nevn| vdn okhlènf ahk~evs ik| pk~| wa|nevs%

a% Waphnevs vk vat(fnin||nf wnes`ke aef sayèms wjaes% Nevn| ahk~evs pk~| wa|nevs wa`f èvk vat(sdnjvn|nf k| fnin||nf aee~`v`ns $}dnvdn| wa`f f`|novjp k| }`vddnjf i|kh na|eèms)* èoj~fèm‖l~v ekv j`h`vnf vk‖ahk~evs |nwk|vnf ke vdn](< Ik|h* è Lktns 1<a vd|k~md 1<f* okfns F* N* I* M* D* aef _% Vdnp h~svèoj~fn ~evatnf wk|v`kes ki 671$b) aef 67?$l) wjaes% Ekvn vdav nhwjkpn|

okev|`l~v`kes vk vat(fnin||nf wnes`ke aef sayèms wjaes sdk~jf ekv ln

|nwk|vnf ke vdn IAI_A as ae ~evatnf lneni`v%

l% @\A aef kvdn| wjaes% Nevn| pk~| wa|nevs @\A fnf~ov`kes aef waphnevs vk snji(nhwjkpnf _`hwjì`nf Nhwjkpnn Wnes`ke $_NW)* _ayèms @eonev`yn Havod Wjae ik| Nhwjkpnns $_@HWJN) aef Bnkmd aef kvdn| q~ajì`nf wjaes% Vdnsn wjae waphnevsoae ln ik~ef ke @\_ 1767‖vkvaj ki jèns <4 " ?< k| 1767A‖jèn 1=%

o% Od`jf s~wwk|v |non`ynf% Nevn| vdn ahk~ev ki od`jf s~wwk|v pk~| wa|nevs |non`ynfik| aep od`jf|ne f~|èm <711% Fk ekv èoj~fn iksvn| oa|n k| afkwv`ke waphnevs%

f% Vat(ntnhwv èvn|nsv èokhn% Nevn| vdn vkvaj ahk~ev ki vat(ntnhwv èvn|nsvèokhn pk~| wa|nevs na|enf è <711* as |nwk|vnf ke Ik|h 1767‖jèn 4l k| 1767A‖jèn 4l%



96

_wnoàj E~v|`v`ke Ass`svaeon W|km|ah $_EAW) $ik|hn|jp vdn Ikkf _vahwW|km|ah)2 _wnoàj _~wwjnhnevaj E~v|`v`ke W|km|ah ik| ]khne* @eiaevs aefOd`jf|ne $]@O)2 Ikkf F`sv|`l~v`ke W|km|ah2 Okhhkf`vp _~wwjnhnevaj IkkfW|km|ah2 Eav`keaj _odkkj J~eod aef _odkkj L|nabiasv W|km|ahs2 _~hhn| Ikkf_n|yòn W|km|ah2 aef _wnoàj H`jb W|km|ah ik| Od`jf|ne%

• Fnwnefnev Ass`svaeon% Pk~ hap ln nj`m`ljn vk ntoj~fn a j`h`vnf ahk~ev ki lneni`vs |non`ynf ik| fnwnefnev oa|n ass`svaeon ì on|vaè |nq~`|nhnevs a|n hnv%Mnen|ajjp* ~w vk &>*777 ki lneni`vs hap ln ntoj~fnf i|kh ae nhwjkpnn‐s m|kssèokhn* k| &<*>77 ik| a ha||`nf nhwjkpnn }dk i`jns a snwa|avn |nv~|e i|kh d`s k| dn| swk~sn% Vd`s ntoj~s`ke oaeekv ntonnf vdn nhwjkpnn‐s $k| d`s k| dn| swk~sn‐s)na|enf èokhn% $Ekvn3 _khn svavns w|ky`fn |n`hl~|snhnev ik| od`jfoa|n ntwnesnsèo~||nf lp }njia|n |no`w`nevs vd|k~md Vnhwk|a|p Ass`svaeon ik| Ennfp Iah`j`nsRVAEIX% Pk~ h~sv |nwk|v vd`s ke vdn awwjòav`ke lnoa~sn pk~ l`jj vdn svavn ik| vdnahk~ev ki od`jfoa|n oksvs èo~||nf }d`jn ke }njia|n aef a|n |n`hl~|snf ke vdav las`s%)

• Wn| oaw`va waphnevs vk Eav`yn Ahn|òaes% Pk~ sdk~jf ekv |nwk|v èf`y`f~aj wn| oaw`va waphnevs |non`ynf è <711 i|kh vdn Wn| Oaw`va Aov k| vdn F`sv|`l~v`ke ki C~fmhnev I~efs Aov ~ejnss aep èf`y`f~aj waphnev ntonnfs &<*777% Vd~s* ì aeèf`y`f~aj waphnev }n|n &1*>77* pk~ }k~jf ekv |nwk|v `v ke pk~| awwjòav`ke%Dk}nyn|* ì a waphnev }n|n &<*>77* pk~ }k~jf |nwk|v vdn ahk~ev vdav ntonnfs&<*7773 &>77%

• Dnavèm+i~nj ass`svaeon% Ntoj~fn i|kh okes`fn|av`ke as èokhn k| |nsk~|ons aep waphnevs k| ajjk}aeons |non`ynf ~efn| vdn Jk}(@eokhn Dkhn Nen|mpAss`svaeon W|km|ah $J@DNAW)% $Ekvn3 Waphnevs ~efn| vdn J@DNAW a|n hafn

vd|k~md svavn w|km|ahs vdav hap dayn fìin|nev eahns%)

Q~nsv`kes 0?(177 $@efnwnefnev _v~fnevs)

@i pk~ aes}n|nf ‚Pns‘ vk aep ki vdn fnwnefneop q~nsv`kes $6>(>=)* pk~ }`jj ennf vk|nswkef vk q~nsv`kes 0? vk 177%

W~|wksn3 Vdn e~hln| ki iah`jp hnhln|s pk~ |nwk|v fnvn|hèns vdn ajjk}aeon vdav }`jj ln s~lv|aovnf i|kh pk~| iah`jp‐s èokhn vk w|ky`fn ik| lasò j`yèm ntwnesns }dne vdnFnwa|vhnev‐s w|konssk| oajo~javns pk~| Ntwnovnf Iah`jp Okev|`l~v`ke $NIO)% Vdne~hln| ki iah`jp hnhln|s è okjjnmn f`|novjp aiinovs pk~| iah`jp‐s al`j`vp vk okev|`l~vn

vk pk~| nf~oav`ke oksvs% Pk~| NIO `s f`y`fnf lp vdn e~hln| ki iah`jp hnhln|s èokjjnmn%



9>

0?% E~hln| è sv~fnev‐s $aef swk~sn‐s) dk~sndkjf% Vdn ikjjk}èm wn|skes a|n èoj~fnfè vdn dk~sndkjf s`n ki ae èfnwnefnev sv~fnev3

• Pk~

• Pk~| swk~sn* ntoj~fèm a swk~sn ekv j`yèm è vdn dk~sndkjf as a |ns~jv ki fnavd*snwa|av`ke* k| f`yk|on

• Pk~| od`jf|ne* ì vdnp }`jj |non`yn hk|n vdae daji ki vdn`| s~wwk|v i|kh pk~| dk~sndkjf i|kh C~jp 1* <71< vd|k~md C~en ?7* <71?

• Pk~| ~elk|e od`jf* ì vdav od`jf }`jj ln lk|e lnik|n C~jp 1* <71? aef pk~| dk~sndkjf }`jj w|ky`fn hk|n vdae daji ki vdn od`jf‐s s~wwk|v i|kh vdn w|kcnovnffavn ki l`|vd vd|k~md vdn nef ki vdn <71<(1? a}a|f pna| $C~en ?7* <71?)% $@i vdn|n`s a hnfòaj fnvn|hèav`ke ki a h~jv`wjn l`|vd* vdne ajj ntwnovnf od`jf|ne oae lnèoj~fnf%)

• Kvdn| wnkwjn* ì vdnp j`yn }`vd pk~ aef }`jj |non`yn hk|n vdae daji ki vdn`| s~wwk|v i|kh pk~| dk~sndkjf ik| vdn nev`|n a}a|f pna| $C~jp 1* <71< vd|k~md C~en?7* <71?)

Vk fnvn|hèn }dnvdn| vk èoj~fn od`jf|ne è pk~| dk~sndkjf s`n* vdn ‚s~wwk|v‘ vnsv `s~snf $|avdn| vdae a |ns`fneop |nq~`|nhnev) lnoa~sn vdn|n hap ln s`v~av`kes è }dòd pk~s~wwk|v a od`jf }dk fkns ekv j`yn }`vd pk~* nswnoàjjp è oasns ki f`yk|on k| snwa|av`ke%@e s~od oasns* vdn wa|nev }dk w|ky`fns hk|n vdae daji ki vdn od`jf‐s s~wwk|v hap oja`hvdn od`jf è d`s k| dn| dk~sndkjf s`n% @v fkns ekv havvn| }dòd wa|nev oja`hs vdn od`jf asa fnwnefnev ik| vat w~|wksns% @i pk~ |non`yn lneni`vs $s~od as _koàj _no~|`vp k|

Vnhwk|a|p Ass`svaeon ik| Ennfp Iah`j`ns RVAEIX waphnevs) è vdn od`jf‐s eahn* vdnsn lneni`vs h~sv ln ok~evnf as wa|nevaj s~wwk|v vk vdn od`jf%

_~wwk|v èoj~fns hkenp* mìvs* jkaes* dk~sèm* ikkf* ojkvdns* oa| waphnevs k| ntwnesns*hnfòaj aef fnevaj oa|n* aef waphnev ki okjjnmn oksvs%

06% E~hln| ki okjjnmn sv~fnevs è dk~sndkjf% Nevn| vdn e~hln| ki wnkwjn i|kh pk~| dk~sndkjf $è q~nsv`ke 0?) }dk a|n k| }`jj ln ne|kjjnf è a wksv snokefa|p sodkkj è<711(1<% Ok~ev pk~|snji as a okjjnmn sv~fnev% @eoj~fn kvdn|s kejp ì vdnp }`jj ln avvnefèmav jnasv daji v`hn f~|èm <71<(1? è ae aww|kynf w|km|ah vdav jnafs vk a fnm|nn k| on|vìòavn av a wksvsnokefa|p sodkkj nj`m`ljn vk wa|vò`wavn è aep ki vdn infn|aj sv~fnev

a`f w|km|ahs%

0>(00% Lneni`vs pk~ $k| pk~| swk~sn k| aepken è pk~| dk~sndkjf) |non`ynf f~|èm

<717 k| <711% @i pk~ $k| pk~| swk~sn k| aepken è pk~| dk~sndkjf i|kh q~nsv`ke 0?)|non`ynf lneni`vs i|kh aep ki vdn infn|aj lneni`vs w|km|ahs sdk}e è vdn lktns lnjk}*pk~ sdk~jf i`jj è vdn o`|ojns vk vdn ok||nswkefèm q~nsv`kes ke vdn wawn| ik|h k| ~sn vdnok||nswkefèm f|kw(fk}e hne~s kejèn% ^sn vdn èsv|~ov`kes ik| Q~nsv`ke 0? vk `fnevìp}dk `s èoj~fnf è pk~| dk~sndkjf% Aes}n|èm vdnsn q~nsv`kes }`jj ekv |nf~on pk~|



99

nj`m`l`j`vp ik| sv~fnev a`f% Ek| }`jj `v |nf~on pk~|* pk~| swk~sn‐s* k| aepken è pk~| dk~sndkjf‐s nj`m`l`j`vp ik| vdnsn infn|aj lneni`vs%

Q~nsv`ke3 Lneni`v3

0> _~wwjnhnevaj _no~|`vp @eokhn $__@)

09 _wnoàj E~v|`v`ke Ass`svaeon W|km|ah $_EAW) $ik|hn|jp vdn Ikkf_vahw W|km|ah)

0= I|nn k| \nf~onf W|òn _odkkj J~eod

04 Vnhwk|a|p Ass`svaeon ik| Ennfp Iah`j`ns $VAEI)

00 _wnoàj _~wwjnhnevaj E~v|`v`ke W|km|ah ik| ]khne* @eiaevs* aefOd`jf|ne $]@O)

177% F`sjkoavnf ]k|bn|% As ki vkfap* a|n pk~ $k| pk~| swk~sn) a f`sjkoavnf }k|bn|;

@e mnen|aj* a wn|ske hap ln okes`fn|nf a f`sjkoavnf }k|bn| ì dn k| sdn3

• `s |non`yèm ~enhwjkphnev lneni`vs f~n vk lnèm ja`f kii k| jksèm a ckl aef `s~ej`bnjp vk |nv~|e vk a w|ny`k~s koo~wav`ke2

• das lnne ja`f kii k| |non`ynf a jap(kii ekvòn i|kh a ckl2

• }as snji(nhwjkpnf l~v `s ek} ~enhwjkpnf f~n vk nokekhò okef`v`kes k| eav~|ajf`sasvn|2 k|

• `s a f`swjaonf dkhnhabn|% A f`swjaonf dkhnhabn| `s mnen|ajjp a wn|ske }dk w|ny`k~sjp w|ky`fnf ~ewa`f sn|yòns vk vdn iah`jp $ik| ntahwjn* a svap(av(dkhnhkh k| faf)* `s ek jkemn| s~wwk|vnf lp vdn d~slaef k| }ìn* `s ~enhwjkpnf k|

~efn|nhwjkpnf* aef `s dayèm v|k~ljn ièfèm k| ~wm|afèm nhwjkphnev%

@i a wn|ske q~`vs }k|b* mnen|ajjp dn k| sdn `s ekv okes`fn|nf a f`sjkoavnf }k|bn| nyne ì*ik| ntahwjn* vdn wn|ske `s |non`yèm ~enhwjkphnev lneni`vs%

Aes}n| ‚Pns‘ vk Q~nsv`ke 177 ì pk~ k| pk~| swk~sn `s a f`sjkoavnf }k|bn|%

Aes}n| ‚Ek‘ vk Q~nsv`ke 177 ì pk~ k| pk~| swk~sn `s ekv a f`sjkoavnf }k|bn|%

Aes}n| ‚Fke‐v bek}‘ vk Q~nsv`ke 177 ì pk~ a|n ekv s~|n }dnvdn| pk~ k| pk~| swk~sn `sa f`sjkoavnf }k|bn|%

Pk~ oae okevaov pk~| ièaeoàj a`f kiiòn ik| ass`svaeon è aes}n|èm vd`s q~nsv`ke% Ekvnvdav vdn ièaeoàj a`f afhè`sv|avk| av pk~| sodkkj hap |nq~`|n pk~ vk w|ky`fn w|kki vdavpk~ k| pk~| swk~sn `s a f`sjkoavnf }k|bn| ì pk~ aes}n|nf ‚Pns‘ vk Q~nsv`ke 177%



9=

Q~nsv`kes 171% a(d $Okjjnmn Okfns aef Dk~sèm Wjaes)

W~|wksn3 Vd`s snov`ke ki vdn awwjòav`ke ajjk}s pk~ vk j`sv ~w vk ik~| sodkkjs ke vdn wawn| IAI_A aef ~w vk 17 sodkkjs kejèn vdav pk~ a|n èvn|nsvnf è avvnefèm% @i pk~ awwjp~sèm IAI_A ke vdn ]nl* pk~ h~sv j`sv av jnasv ken sodkkj% Vdn spsvnh kiin|s a sodkkj

okfn inav~|n ì pk~ fk ekv bek} vdn sodkkj okfn$s)% @i pk~ a|n okhwjnvèm a wawn| IAI_Aaef fk ekv bek} vdn sodkkj okfn$s)* pk~ oae oajj vdn Infn|aj _v~fnev A`f @eik|hav`keOnevn| av 1(477(6(INF(A@F $1(477(6??(?<6?) aef vdnp oae m`yn pk~ vdav èik|hav`ke vk w~v ke pk~| awwjòav`ke% ]n sv|kemjp neok~|amn pk~ vk j`sv vdn sodkkjs pk~ a|n hksvèvn|nsvnf è avvnefèm aef i|kh }dòd pk~ }`sd vk |non`yn ièaeoàj a`f%

Vdn Fnwa|vhnev }`jj snef pk~| èik|hav`ke vk ajj vdn sodkkjs j`svnf% Pk~ sdk~jf j`sv naodsodkkj‐s Infn|aj _odkkj Okfn* }dòd `s ntwjaènf è m|navn| fnva`j lnjk}% Ik| w~|wksns ki infn|aj sv~fnev a`f* `v fkns ekv havvn| è }dav k|fn| pk~ j`sv vdn sodkkjs% Dk}nyn|* vk lnokes`fn|nf ik| svavn a`f* snyn|aj svavns |nq~`|n pk~ vk j`sv a svavn sodkkj i`|sv% Vdn|nik|n* ì pk~ wjae vk j`sv a svavn sodkkj è pk~| svavn ki |ns`fneon as ken ki vdn sodkkjs è vd`s

snov`ke* pk~ h`mdv }aev vk j`sv `v i`|sv%

@i pk~ }aev èik|hav`ke snev vk hk|n sodkkjs vdae ajjk}nf ik| ke n`vdn| vdn wawn| k| kejèn IAI_A* vdn|n a|n snyn|aj }aps vk habn s~|n ajj vdn sodkkjs |non`yn pk~| fava3

• Pk~ oae m`yn pk~| Fava \njnasn E~hln| $F\E) vk a sodkkj pk~ f`f ekv j`sv kepk~| awwjòav`ke% Vdn sodkkj }`jj ~sn pk~| F\E vk mnv a okwp ki pk~| awwjòav`keèik|hav`ke njnov|keòajjp% Pk~ oae ièf pk~| F\E ke vdn okei`|hav`ke wamn|non`ynf aivn| s~lh`vvèm a IAI_A ke vdn ]nl awwjòav`ke k| ke vdn _v~fnev A`f

\nwk|v $_A\) pk~ |non`yn aivn| s~lh`vvèm pk~| IAI_A%

• Pk~ oae j`sv pk~| k|`mèaj sodkkjs ke vdn awwjòav`ke* }a`v ik| pk~| _A\ vk a||`yn lp n(ha`j* ì pk~ w|ky`fnf ae n(ha`j aff|nss ke pk~| IAI_A k| è vdn ha`j* aefvdne ok||nov vdn _A\ lp |nwjaoèm skhn k| ajj ki vdn k|`mèaj sodkkjs }`vd kvdn| sodkkjs%

• Pk~ oae oajj vdn Infn|aj _v~fnev A`f @eik|hav`ke Onevn| av 1(477(6(INF(A@F$1(477(6??(?<6?) aef w|ky`fn pk~| Fava \njnasn E~hln| $F\E) vk |nq~nsv aodaemn vk pk~| _A\ vk |nwjaon skhn k| ajj ki vdn k|`mèaj sodkkjs }`vd kvdn| sodkkjs% Pk~ h~sv |non`yn pk~| _A\ lnik|n |nq~nsvèm vdnsn odaemns%

• ^sn pk~| W@E aef mk vk IAI_A ke vdn ]nl av }}}%iaisa%mky% Ojòb vdn ‚_va|v

Dn|n‘ l~vvke vk jkm è aef vdne snjnov vdn ‚Habn IAI_A Ok||nov`kes‘ jèb%

Vdn IAI_A w|konssk| }`jj snef fava vk kejp vdn sodkkjs k|`mèajjp j`svnf% Ik| ntahwjn* ì pk~ k|`mèajjp j`svnf vdn hat`h~h e~hln| ki sodkkjs ke vdn awwjòav`ke aef vdne|nwjaonf vdnh }`vd en} sodkkjs lp odaemèm pk~| _A\* kejp vdn snokef snv ki sodkkjs}k~jf mnv fava i|kh aep ok||nov`kes% @i pk~ hafn ok||nov`kes vk pk~| IAI_A èik|hav`keav $k| aivn|) vdn v`hn pk~ j`svnf vdn en} sodkkjs* kejp vdn snokef snv ki sodkkjs }k~jf mnvvdn ok||novnf fava%







94

Infn|aj _odkkj Okfn% Vdn Fnwa|vhnev ass`mes a e~hln| oajjnf a Infn|aj _odkkj Okfnvk naod sodkkj vdav wa|vò`wavns è vdn infn|aj sv~fnev a`f w|km|ahs% Ik| a sodkkj vk|non`yn pk~| awwjòav`ke fava* pk~ h~sv j`sv vdn sodkkj‐s Infn|aj _odkkj Okfn% Vdnsnokfns a|n ekv è vdn IAI_A èsv|~ov`kes2 vdnp a|n w|ky`fnf è vdn Infn|aj _odkkj OkfnJ`sv vdav oae ln ik~ef av }}}%iaisa%mky% Av vdav s`vn* ojòb ke ‚_odkkj Okfn _na|od%‘

D`md sodkkjs* okjjnmns* aef w~ljò j`l|a|`ns ajsk dayn aoonss vk vdn Infn|aj _odkkj Okfn J`sv %

Vdn Infn|aj _odkkj Okfn lnmès }`vd ‚7‘ $n|k)* ‚M*‘ ‚L*‘ k| ‚N‘ aef nefs è i`yn f`m`vs%Ik|n`me sodkkjs hap q~ajìp vk f`sl~|sn a`f* l~v skhn hap ekv dayn Infn|aj _odkkjOkfns%

@i pk~ oaeekv mnv vdn Infn|aj _odkkj Okfn* èfòavn ojna|jp vdn okhwjnvn eahn*

aff|nss* o`vp* aef svavn ki naod sodkkj pk~ a|n èvn|nsvnf è avvnefèm% @i a sodkkj `s a l|aeod oahw~s* èoj~fn vdn okhwjnvn eahn ki vdn l|aeod% Ajsk* èfòavn ì `v `s a swnoìò wa|v ki a ~e`yn|s`vp* s~od as vdn ja} sodkkj% Ekvn* dk}nyn|* vdav pk~| IAI_A }`jj ln

w|konssnf iasvn| ì pk~ w|ky`fn vdn Infn|aj _odkkj Okfn%

N`vdn| }ap* `v `s yn|p `hwk|vaev vk èfòavn vdn ok||nov Infn|aj _odkkj Okfn* k|‖ì ekvbek}e‖vdn i~jj aef ok||nov eahn aef aff|nss ki vdn sodkkj sk vdav `v oae ln `fnevì`nf%Lp aes}n|èm vdn q~nsv`kes è vdn sodkkj j`svèm snov`ke aef s`meèm vdn IAI_A* pk~ m`yn wn|h`ss`ke vk vdn ^%_% Fnwa|vhnev ki Nf~oav`ke vk w|ky`fn pk~| awwjòav`ke èik|hav`kevk vdn sodkkj$s) j`svnf% _odkkjs }`jj ~sn pk~| IAI_A èik|hav`ke vk fnvn|hèn vdnahk~ev ki pk~| ièaeoàj a`f waobamn% Pk~ sdk~jf ekv èfòavn vdn eahn ki a sodkkj ì pk~ fk ekv }aev `v vk |non`yn pk~| èik|hav`ke% @i pk~ jnayn vdnsn q~nsv`kes ljaeb* vdnFnwa|vhnev }`jj ekv snef pk~| awwjòav`ke èik|hav`ke vk aep sodkkjs%

Dk~sèm wjaes% Ik| naod sodkkj j`svnf* èfòavn pk~| dk~sèm wjaes lp snjnovèm vdn w~jjfk}e hne~ ke IAI_A ke vdn ]nl k| lp i`jjèm è vdn o`|ojn $ke vdn wawn| IAI_A)ok||nswkefèm vk pk~| dk~sèm wjaes av vdav sodkkj‖ke oahw~s* }`vd wa|nev* k| kii oahw~s%

Favn aef _`meav~|ns $Q~nsv`kes 17<(17? ke vdn WFI k| wawn| IAI_A)

W~|wksn3 Vd`s wa|v ki vdn awwjòav`ke asbs ik| vdn favn vdn awwjòav`ke }as okhwjnvnf $kevdn wawn| ik|h)* pk~| s`meav~|n* aef pk~| wa|nev‐s s`meav~|n ì pk~ a|n a fnwnefnevsv~fnev% Vdn q~nsv`kes a|n e~hln|nf 17<(179% @i pk~ a|n okhwjnvèm a IAI_A ke vdn

]nl awwjòav`ke* pk~ oae s`me pk~| awwjòav`ke njnov|keòajjp ~sèm pk~| Infn|aj _v~fnevA`f W@E% @i pk~ odkksn ekv vk s`me njnov|keòajjp* pk~ oae w|èv a s`meav~|n wamn aef*s`me* aef ha`j `v vk vdn ^%_% Fnwa|vhnev ki Nf~oav`ke% Fnwnefnev sv~fnevs }`jj ajsk ennfvk w|ky`fn a wa|nev‐s s`meav~|n% Wa|nevs oae njnov|keòajjp s`me vdn awwjòav`ke ~sèm vdn`| W@E k| vdn wa|nev oae s`me vdn sv~fnev‐s w|èvnf s`meav~|n wamn%

_dk}e lnjk} `s vdn e~hln|nf k|fn| ki vdn Q~nsv`kes as vdnp awwna| ke vdn wawn| IAI_A3







=7

Pk~ oaeekv s~lh`v a <71<(1? IAI_A ke vdn ]nl awwjòav`ke lnik|n Cae~a|p 1* <71<% Ek| sdk~jf pk~ s`me* favn* k| ha`j a WFI k| IAI_A lnik|n Cae~a|p 1* <71<% Ekvn* vdav ì pk~s`me aef s~lh`v vdn IAI_A lnik|n vdav favn* }n }`jj w|konss `v $w~v `v è vdn spsvnh)* l~vpk~ }`jj |non`yn a |ncnovnf _A\ vdav pk~ h~sv s`me aef s~lh`v%

êfn|svaefèm vdn w|kwn| ~sn ki a W@E

Pk~ sdk~jf ekv sda|n pk~| W@E }`vd aepken‖nyne ì vdav wn|ske `s dnjwèm pk~ okhwjnvnvdn awwjòav`ke‖ek| sdk~jf pk~| wa|nevs sda|n vdn`| W@Es }`vd aepken% @e aff`v`ke* kejpvdn wn|ske w|ky`fèm vdn fava sdk~jf s`me vdn awwjòav`ke% Ekvn vdav ì pk~ $k| a wa|nev* ì pk~ a|n fnwnefnev) s`me njnov|keòajjp aep fko~hnev |njavnf vk vdn Infn|aj _v~fnev A`fW|km|ahs ~sèm a W@E* pk~ on|vìp vdav pk~ a|n vdn wn|ske `fnevì`nf lp vdav W@E aef daynekv f`sojksnf vdav W@E vk aepken njsn% \nynajèm vdn W@E ok~jf habn vdn W@E dkjfn| s~sonwv`ljn vk `fnev`vp vdniv%

Ajvn|eav`yns vk a wa|nevaj s`meav~|n

Ajvdk~md wa|nevaj èik|hav`ke h~sv ln w|ky`fnf ik| a fnwnefnev sv~fnev* a d`md sodkkjok~esnjk| k| a wksvsnokefa|p sodkkj‐s ièaeoàj a`f afhè`sv|avk| $IAA) hap s`me vdnawwjòav`ke è wjaon ki pk~| wa|nevs è vdn ikjjk}èm j`h`vnf oasns3

• Pk~| wa|nevs a|n ekv o~||nevjp è vdn ^%_% aef oaeekv ln okevaovnf lp ek|hajhnaes%

• Pk~| wa|nevs‐ o~||nev aff|nss `s ekv bek}e%

• Pk~| wa|nevs dayn lnne fnvn|hènf wdpsòajjp k| hnevajjp èoawaljn ki w|ky`fèm

a s`meav~|n%

Pk~| wa|nevs‐ ~e}`jjèmenss vk s`me vdn IAI_A k| w|ky`fn ièaeoàj èik|hav`ke `s ekv* èaef ki `vsnji* a |naske ik| vdn IAA vk s`me pk~| IAI_A è wjaon ki vdnh%

@i pk~| ok~esnjk| k| IAA s`mes vdn WFI k| wawn| IAI_A è wjaon ki pk~| wa|nevs* dn k| sdn sdk~jf w|ky`fn d`s k| dn| v`vjn }dne s`meèm aef l|`nijp svavn vdn |naske $kejp ken|naske `s ennfnf) }dp dn k| sdn `s s`meèm ik| pk~| wa|nevs% Lp s`meèm pk~| awwjòav`ke*dk}nyn|* pk~| ok~esnjk| k| IAA fkns ekv ass~hn aep |nswkes`l`j`vp k| jàl`j`vp è vd`s w|konss% @i a ièaeoàj a`f kiiòn ièfs aep èaoo~|ao`ns è vdn èik|hav`ke |nwk|vnf* pk~}`jj dayn vk s~lh`v ok||nov`kes ke wawn|* ke vdn ]nl k| vd|k~md vdn ièaeoàj a`f kiiòn%

@i pk~ okhwjnvn a IAI_A ke vdn ]nl awwjòav`ke aef ennf a ok~esnjk| vk s`me è wjaon ki pk~| wa|nev* pk~ }`jj ennf vk n`vdn| w|èv a s`meav~|n wamn k| }a`v vk |non`yn a _A\%$Ekvn* dk}nyn|* vdav }a`vèm ik| a _A\ }`jj fnjap vdn w|konssèm ki vdn awwjòav`ke%)



176(179% W|nwa|n|‐s eahn+_koàj _no~|`vp e~hln| $__E)+s`meav~|n aef favn% @i pk~k| pk~| iah`jp wa`f a inn vk skhnken vk i`jj k~v pk~| IAI_A* k| afy`sn pk~ as vk dk} vki`jj `v k~v* vdav wn|ske h~sv w|ky`fn d`s k| dn| _koàj _no~|`vp e~hln| k| Nhwjkphnev@fnevìòav`ke E~hln| $N@E) ke vdn IAI_A ke vdn ]nl* aef ke vdn wawn| IAI_A% Vdav wn|ske h~sv ajsk s`me aef favn vdn ik|h%

completing the fafsa 2012-13

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