composting presnttion

8/3/2019 Composting Presnttion

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COMPOSTING

NAME MATRIC NO.

CHUAH CHONG KEN 106026

FARAH ADHILA BINTI AZMI 106027

KHAIRIAH BINTI MOHD MOKHTAR 106030

NUR FATIN BINTI HARIS 106036

SYAFAWATI SYAINY BINTI MAT YUSOFF 106043


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1. Introduction & Purposes

2. Types Of Compost

3. Methods Of Composting

4. What Can & Cannot Be Compose

5. Factors Affecting The Composting Process

6. Advantages & Disadvantages7. Examples Of Country/ State/ Company Practicising


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What is composting?????

Composting is the biologicaldecomposition of organic material intoa humus-like substance called compost.


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To improve the quality of the soil naturally

Makes the soil fertile and it also improves thetexture of the soil. It will have adequate drainage

with the ability to conserve moisture.

To maintain pH and nitrogen storage whichwill help your soil to feed the garden.


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1. Aerobic composting

Steam


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Aerobic composting

To compost with air. High nitrogen waste (like grass clippings or other greenmaterial) will grow bacteria that will create high temperatures (up to 160degrees, you can see the steam in the picture).

Organic waste will break down quickly and is not prone to smell.

It is also likely to require accurate moisture monitoring. Often with thehigh temperature this type of composting will create dry pockets in the centerof you compost.

The debris breakdown will slow considerably when it becomes dry or cool. If

you just throw a hose on the compost the water will likely go around the dryarea. To solve this problem turn your compost while you are watering.

This type of compost is good for large volumes of compost. Once it is doneheating up it also becomes food for red worms and other soil organisms.


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2. Anaerobic composting

Slime composting, this is composting without air. Low maintenance, throw itin a pile and wait a couple years.

If you just stack your debris in a pile it will generally compact to the point

where there is no available air for beneficial organisms to live. Instead you willget a very slow working bacteria growing that does not require air.

The compost may take years to break down (this is what happens when youthrow your food waste in the garbage that goes to the landfill).

Anaerobic composts create the awful smell most people associate withcomposting. The bacteria break down the organic materials into harmfulcompounds like ammonia and methane.


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Vermicomposting

most beneficial for composting food waste. Along with red worms, thisincludes composting with bacteria, fungi, insects, and other bugs. Some ofthese guests break down the organic materials for the others to eat.

Redworms eat the bacteria, fungi, and the food waste, and then deposit theircastings. Oxygen and moisture are required to keep this compost healthy. Attimes this compost may heat up due to the bacteria activity. When managedproperly the heating process will be short and warm.

This compost should not smell, but if it does it is likely there is too muchmoisture or your compost has become compacted. You need to aerate (or turn)your compost to get rid of the excess moisture.

This is a medium maintenance compost since you need to feed yourredworms and monitor the conditions. Redworms are good for producingvermicompost which is nutrient rich semi composted mulch with redwormcastings. The longer you wait the more your compost will eventually become

pure castings.


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Home CompostingMethod


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Simple wire compost bin

-The wire compost bin is perfect for composting justabout anything, from fall leaves and grass clippings to

garden trimmings and kitchen scraps. Even better, it

takes less than fifteen minutes to make, and requires

hardly anything in the way of tools and materials.

Lasagna Gardening, (Sheet Composting)-If you don't have space for a pile, or the inclination

to maintain a bin, consider lasagna gardening, which is

also commonly known as sheet composting. Basically,

you're building a layered compost pile right where you

plan to plant, resulting in healthy, fertile soil right from

the start. As a bonus, this method requires no turning whatsoever.


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Trash can composter-The trash can composter offers a decent amount

of space for composting, yet is small enough for

those of us who don't have a ton of room for

composting. As a bonus, it works like a compost

tumbler: when it's time to turn the contents, just lay

it on its side and roll it around a little.

Vermicomposting-If you want to reduce the amount of household

waste that leaves your home, consider finding a

way to compost your kitchen scraps. Vermicomposting

provides a great opportunity to both reduce our waste

and obtain a nutrient-rich, completely free source of

compost for both outdoor and indoor gardens.


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1. Start with a good layer of coarse organic material, such as straw,leaves or pruning at the bottom to allow air to circulate.

2. Add a good layer of nitrogen-rich green material followed by onelayer of carbon-rich brown material, until the bin is full.

3. Compost requires air. Turn and stir your compost weekly so theorganism get necessary oxygen.

4. Compost requires moisture. Water your compost bin frequently, toensure it stays a moist as a wrung-out sponge.

5. Give it time - In 12-18 months, material at the bottom and middle ofthe bin should be composted. Use this throughout your garden. Usethe uncomposted material to start a new batch. Chipping orchopping the material can increase the speed of the process. Regularaeration is key to successful composting.

- http://www.richmond.ca/services/recycling/Composting.htm


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WHAT TO COMPOSE

Green or nitrogen rich :-Urine (diluted with water 20:1)-Comfrey leaves-Nettles-Grass cuttings-Raw vegetable peelings from kitchen

-Tea bags and leaves, coffee grounds-Young green weed growth-Soft green prunings


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Brown or carbon rich :-Woody prunings-Old bedding plants-Bracken

-Wood shavings-Fallen leaves-Cardboard (egg boxes)


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WHAT NOT TO COMPOSEChemically-treated wood product :

-Sawdust from construction sites, building project-Pressure treated wood (CCA treated wood) : woods tinted bychromium, copper and arsenic

Pet wastes (e.g., dog or cat feces, soiled cat litter) :-Might contain parasites, bacteria, germs, pathogens, and virusesharmful to humans

Yard trimmings treated with chemical pesticides :-Might kill beneficial composting organisms

Charcoal- may contain toxic materials

Non-biodegradable materials (plastics, metals, ceramics, cup foams)


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a. Primary Consumers are organisms that eat organic residues :- bacteria - actinomycetes- psychrophiles - fungi ( molds & yeasts)

- mesophiles - sowbugs- thermophiles - earthworms- millipedes

b. Secondary Consumers are organisms that eat primary consumers :- nematodes- mites- protozoa- springtails

c. Tertiary Consumers are organisms that eat secondary consumers :- centipedes


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Carbon-to-Nitrogen Ratios

bacteria & fungi in compost: - digest or "oxidize" carbon as an energy source (food)- ingest nitrogen for protein synthesis (digestive system)

the ratio should be roughly 30 parts carbon to 1 part nitrogen (30:1) by weight

too much nitrogen may cause the generation of ammonia gas which can createunpleasant odors

Surface Area

Increasing the surface area of the material to be composted can be done bychopping, shredding, mowing, or breaking up the material

increased surface area means that the microorganisms are able to digest morematerial, multiply more quickly, and generate more heat


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Aeration

the replacement of oxygen to the center of the compost pile where it is lacking

can happen naturally by wind, or when air warmed by the compost process risesthrough the pile and causes fresh air to be drawn in from the surroundings

Composting systems or structures should incorporate adequate ventilation

Turning the compost pile is an effective means of adding oxygen and brings newly

added material into contact with microbes

Temperature

microorganisms generate heat as they decompose organic material

effective temperature is between 32C and 60C higher than 60C will inhibit the activity of many of important andactive organisms in the pile


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Moisture

microorganisms can only use organic molecules if they are dissolved in water

moisture content of 40-60 %

falls below 40 % : microbial activity will slow down or become dormant

exceeds 60 % : aeration is hindered, nutrients are leached out, decompositionslows, and the odor from anaerobic decomposition is emitted

squeeze test : Squeezing a handful of material should have the moisture content ofa well wrung sponge

a pile that is too wet can be turned or can be corrected by adding dry materials.


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It is easyLess garbageYour kitchen smells better It is inexpensive

Create a rich fertilizer Save moneyEat healthier Soil conditionerDestroy pathogen or unwanted weeds Suppress plant diseases and pestsPromotes higher yields of agricultural

crops

HOME AND GARDEN BENEFITS


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Reduces toxins - cost-effectively remediate soils contaminatedby hazardous waste. Reduces pollution Prevent erosion Promotes healthy growth

Mitigates climate change Reduces green house gases Manages storm water- remove solids, oil, grease, and heavy

metals Facilitate reforestation, wetlands restoration, and habitat

revitalization efforts by amending contaminated, compacted,

and marginal soil Provide cost savings of at least 50 percent over conventionalsoil, water, and air pollution remediation technologies, whereapplicable.

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS


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Time

Fertiliser

Pests

OdorAesthetics

Cannot compose everything

Land required for composting and storage areas

DISADVANTAGES


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Advanced Composting

Techniques/Biodynamic AgricultureBD prep 504 is made with Stinging Nettle plants whenthe plants are in full bloom they are harvested andstuffed together underground surrounded on all sides

by peat for a year.- aids decomposition;- aids chlorophyll formation;- stimulates iron, potassium, calcium,

magnesium and sulphur activity in the soil

prep 508 is made from Meadow Horsetail (Equisetum)and is primarily used as a fungicide


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BD prep 507 is made with Valerian flowers that are soaked

in water and generally kept refrigerated.- stimulates the phosphorus process and mobilizesthe phosphorus-activating; bacteria in the soil, as

well as selenium and magnesium;

- prevents flowering process becoming too excessive

prep 508 is made from Meadow Horsetail (Equisetum) andis primarily used as a fungicide

-as a fresh tea and is used to prevent and stop fungalgrowth, sooty mould and helps plants againstbecoming soft and open to mildew infection.


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http://www.epa.gov/waste/conserve/rrr/composting/benefits.htm

http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/engineer/facts/05-

023.htm www.greatgreenidea.com/The-Advantages-of-Composting

www.gardenersgardening.com/compost.html

http://www.mansfieldct.org/Schools/MMS/compost/microbes.htm

http://www.howtocompost.org/info/info_composting.asp

REFERENCES
http://www.epa.gov/waste/conserve/rrr/composting/benefits.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/waste/conserve/rrr/composting/benefits.htmhttp://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/engineer/facts/05-023.htmhttp://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/engineer/facts/05-023.htmhttp://www.greatgreenidea.com/The-Advantages-of-Compostinghttp://www.gardenersgardening.com/compost.htmlhttp://www.mansfieldct.org/Schools/MMS/compost/microbes.htmhttp://www.mansfieldct.org/Schools/MMS/compost/microbes.htmhttp://www.howtocompost.org/info/info_composting.asphttp://www.howtocompost.org/info/info_composting.asphttp://www.mansfieldct.org/Schools/MMS/compost/microbes.htmhttp://www.mansfieldct.org/Schools/MMS/compost/microbes.htmhttp://www.gardenersgardening.com/compost.htmlhttp://www.greatgreenidea.com/The-Advantages-of-Compostinghttp://www.greatgreenidea.com/The-Advantages-of-Compostinghttp://www.greatgreenidea.com/The-Advantages-of-Compostinghttp://www.greatgreenidea.com/The-Advantages-of-Compostinghttp://www.greatgreenidea.com/The-Advantages-of-Compostinghttp://www.greatgreenidea.com/The-Advantages-of-Compostinghttp://www.greatgreenidea.com/The-Advantages-of-Compostinghttp://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/engineer/facts/05-023.htmhttp://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/engineer/facts/05-023.htmhttp://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/engineer/facts/05-023.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/waste/conserve/rrr/composting/benefits.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/waste/conserve/rrr/composting/benefits.htm


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composting presnttion

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