comprehension: understanding main ideas - home «...

11) Under the Compromise of 1850, would nothave slavery.

12) The , proposed by Stephen Douglas, was veryunpopular with slave states.

13) A piece of land in the Southwest became U.S. territorywith the .

Comprehension: Understanding Main IdeasOn a separate sheet of paper, write the answer to eachquestion using complete sentences.

1) Why was cotton so important for both the South andthe North?

2) What impact did the railroad have on the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

3) Which part of the Compromise of 1850 affectedCalifornia the most?

4) Why did southerners feel that abolitionists were wrong?

5) What was the purpose of the Fugitive Slave Law?

Critical Thinking: Write Your Opinion1) Do you think the Compromise of 1850 was fair to both

free and slave states? Explain the reasons for youranswer.

2) Both sides felt very strongly about the slavery issue andhad a difficult time compromising. Think of an issuetoday that divides how people think. Compare thisissue to the abolitionist movement. How are they alike?How are they different?

Test Takinq Tip If you have to choose the correct ending to a sentence,combine the first part of the sentence with each ending.Then choose the one that best completes the statement.

1850-1854 The Slavery Problem Grows Chapter 14 285

Chapter The Country Separates

1854-1861

The issue of slavery was still not solved. It continued tocause problems. People began to use violence to try

settle the problem. The nation was entering a very difficultperiod of time. Eventually, a presidential election causedthe country to separate. In this chapter, you will learn thereasons why several states left the Union.

Goals for Learning

^•To explain why Kansas's statehood was an issue forproslavery and antislavery forces

^ To identify the importance of the Dred Scott Case

^ To explain the importance of the Lincoln-Douglas debates

^ To describe John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry

^•To explain the importance of the election of 1860

1856 John Brownleads attack onproslavery groupin Kansas

1857 PresidentBuchanantakes office

1860 AbrLincoln wPresidentelection

CongressmanBrooks attacksCongressman Sumner

1857 SupremeCourt makesDred Scottruling

1859 JohnBrown raidsHarper's Ferry

1861 Somsouthernsecede frc

Section A Land Rush in Kansas

VowTo promise todo something

Abraham Lincoln:A Little-Known Attorney

In Peoria, Illinois, former U.S.Representative AbrahamLincoln gave a speech inresponse to the Kansas-Nebraska Act. He spoke outagainst slavery and the actitself. He vowed to return topolitics to see what could bedone to end slavery onceand for all.

Nebraska's long, cold winters did not appeal to proslaveryplantation owners. The climate was not good for growingcotton. Kansas, on the other hand, was farther south and

was the target of settlers who favored slavery.

What Caused Fighting in Kansas?Proslavery and antislavery supporters wantedto claim land in Kansas before it was admittedto the Union. People from New England movedto Kansas with the help of the New EnglandEmigrant Aid Society. They brought with themboxes of guns disguised as boxes of Bibles.Southerners came from Alabama, Georgia,and North Carolina. They were also preparedto fight. Kansas became a battleground for thetwo groups. The territory became known as"Bleeding Kansas."

A G • fti Ft* 43*1* A "ft*i&d A £ irioo Dl /*, I £»»

Squatter SovereigntyVINDICATED;

SL1MI!Tl,.- N u i i H l l .

Miss MEET TNGJ^C'-^P^V-ta. £^ '

a. A. n'ttkrlirld. ('. I*. II..III.1UI . II. I'. *.,„..,!.,

" Tl'RN"«>llT".4S» HEAR TIIKMI

This poster announced anantislavery meeting in Kansas.

The time came to organize aterritorial government in Kansas.An election was to be held; thesettlers would vote for legislators.Just before the election, Missouri'ssenator, David R. Atchison, becamethe leader of a group of peoplewhose job was to go into Kansasand vote for proslavery candidates.

Proslavery candidates won theelection. They quickly formed agovernment and wrote a constitution.Antislavery people were angry withthe outcome. They formed their owngovernment. Kansas now had twogovernments, each claiming to be thelegal government.

1854-1861 The Country Separates Chapter 15 287

HARRIET TUBMAN: c. 1820-1913

Harriet Tubman was an African American and a boldabolitionist. Born into slavery in Maryland around 1821,she worked as a field hand. She never learned to read orwrite. In 1849, she escaped to Philadelphia. From there,she made many dangerous rescue missions into theSouth. She eventually led more than 300 other slaves tofreedom through the Underground Railroad. During theCivil War, Tubman served the Union Army in South

Carolina as a nurse, a scout, and a spy. Sarah Bradfordwrote the story of Tubman's life and work in her book

Scenes in the Life of Harriet Tubman.

What do you think

Why do you think controlover the state of Kansas wasso important?

A group of proslavery men raided Lawrence, Kansas.Antislavery forces populated Lawrence. The invaders burnedbuildings and one man was killed. In response to this action,abolitionist John Brown and a small band of men attacked aproslavery group at Pottawatamie Creek in 1856, killing fiveproslavery settlers. These and a number of other attackscaused 200 deaths and over $2 million in property damageby the end of that same year. It was unlikely that the slaveryissue would be settled peacefully.

SECTION 1 REVIEW Write the answers to these questionson a separate sheet of paper using complete sentences.

1) Why was Nebraska not good forplantations?

2) Why did proslavery and antislaverysupporters want to claim land in Kansas?

3) What did antislavery people do whenproslavery people formed a government inKansas?

4) What act of violence did the proslaverypeople commit?

5) What act of violence did the antislaverypeople commit?

? j

288 Chapter 15 The Country Separates

Section Fighting in Congress

BelittlingInsulting

SOUTHERN CHIVALRY

Congressman Preston Brooksstruck Congressman Charles Sumnerseveral times with a cane in 1856.

An unusual event took place in May of 1856. SenatorCharles Sumner of Massachusetts made a speech againstslavery. In his speech, he insulted Senator Andrew Butlerof South Carolina. Sumner also made several belittlingremarks about the state of South Carolina. His name-calling brought applause from the northern senators.

Sumner's remarks upset Senator Butler'snephew, Preston Brooks. Brooks was amember of the House of Representatives.A few days later, Brooks walked up toSumner's desk and struck the senatorseveral times with a cane. Sumner wasseriously hurt by the hard blows to hishead. It took him almost three years toreturn to his place in the Senate. Evenintelligent leaders were turning to violenceand were unable to use common sensewhen dealing with the slavery problem.

Technology

Who Won the Election of 1856?Slavery was the major issue of the election of 1856. Therewas still trouble in Kansas, and the country seemed to beslowly heading toward war.

Otis and the Elevator

In 1852, Elisha G. Otisinvented a safety device to prevent thefall of an elevator car if its support cablebroke. The following year, the daringOtis demonstrated his new device. Hestood in an elevator car while its cablewas chopped with an ax. Before this,elevators had been fairly unfamiliardevices. They were used only in factoriesto lift heavy objects one floor at a time.Otis had demonstrated that elevators

could be made safe enough to liftpeople. Thus, he began what becamea large industry. He patented the firstpassenger elevator in 1857 and a steam-powered elevator in 1861. His newelevators paved the way for a new erain architecture. The Otis safety elevatormade possible the modern skyscrapersthat now define skylines of citiesworldwide. The Otis Elevator Companyis still a large elevator manufacturer.


EntitleTo give

OptimisticHaving goodfeelings towardwhat may happenin the future

ResolveTo settle adifference

* RulingThe decision of acourt case

*SueTo bring legalaction against aperson to settle adifference

Dred Scott

The Democrats nominated James "Old Buck" Buchananof Pennsylvania. Buchanan had not been involved in theKansas dispute. The Democrats considered Old Buck tobe a safe choice.

The Republicans chose John C. Fremont of California.Fremont had been an army leader during the MexicanWar. He also was a well-known explorer.

The number of immigrants in the United States hadincreased between the years 1820 and 1850, as more peoplelooked to America as a land of new hope. Many peoplefeared that foreigners would take over the country Theyformed the American party to stop the wave of newimmigrants. Millard Fillmore was their candidate.

James Buchanan won the election. He received 174 electoralvotes to Fremont's 114. Only eight electoral votes went toFillmore. Even though the Republicans lost the election, theyshowed strength. The Republicans were optimistic about the1860 election. President Buchanan took office in 1857.

How Did the Dred Scott Case Affect Slavery?President Buchanan hoped the slavery issue would finallybe resolved. However, two days after Buchanan took office,the Supreme Court made a ruling in 1857 that heated theissue. A ruling is a decision of a court case. This ruling was

about the freedom of an enslaved African namedDred Scott. It would be of great importance in theelection of 1860.

Dred Scott had been enslaved in Missouri. Hismaster, Dr. John Emerson, took him to live in thefree state of Illinois. Later, they moved to Wisconsin,which was a free territory. Then they returned toMissouri where Emerson died five years later. Scottsued for his freedom on grounds that he had livedin a free territory. To sue is to bring legal actionagainst a person to settle a difference. Scott claimedhe was entitled to be a free man. The case reached


rrr

You are aSupreme Courtjustice ruling onthe Dred Scottcase. In yournotebook, explainyour decision.

WORD BANK

Charles Sumner

Dred Scott -

James Buchanan

Preston Brooks

Roger Taney

the Supreme Court. Chief Justice Roger Taney ofMaryland gave the Supreme Court's decision.^ According to Taney, a majority of the

justices had ruled that Scott had no rightto sue for his freedom—he was enslaved and

not a citizen. Scott's freedom was deniedbecause he was enslaved now in a slave state.

The Supreme Court declared that the MissouriCompromise violated the Constitution and

therefore was not legal. Taney said that slaveswere property and could be taken anywhere. Thecourt's decision made it possible to extend slaveryinto all territories. The decision shocked thecountry. Northerners feared that it opened thedoor to the spread of slavery throughout the

entire nation.

SECTION 2 REVIEW On a separate sheet of paper writethe names from the Word Bank to complete each sentence.

1) A former slave from Missouri named was thesubject of a Supreme Court case in 1857.

2) struck Charles Sumner several times with a cane.

3) The Supreme Court justice who gave the Dred Scottruling was .

4) ______ insulted Senator Andrew Butler of SouthCarolina.

5) The winner of the election of 1856 was .

What do you thinkHow do you think it was possible for two membersof Congress to be involved in an act of violence asPreston Brooks and Charles Sumner were?


Section The Lincoln-Douglas Debates

ForbidTo use power toprevent somethingfrom occurring

OpponentA person who takesan opposite positionin an event such asa debate or contest

In 1858, Abraham Lincoln ran for the U.S. Senate. Hisopponent was Stephen Douglas. Douglas was thought to beunbeatable, but Lincoln did not think so. Although Lincolnhad served two years as a U.S. Representative, he was not wellknown. He challenged Douglas to a series of seven debates.

Douglas welcomed the opportunity to debate Lincoln.Douglas was an excellent speaker. Lincoln was not a goodspeaker. The two men were different in another way.Douglas was very short—barely over five feet tall. Lincolnwas six feet, four inches tall.

During the debates, Lincoln reminded Douglas that thepolicy of popular sovereignty permitted a territory to forbidslavery. The Dred Scott decision, however, stated that aterritory could not ban slavery. Which, Lincoln asked, didDouglas prefer? Douglas said that the people in a given stateshould be able to forbid slavery in spite of the Dred Scottdecision. Douglas's response made many southerners angry.

Lincoln had a way of saying things that made peoplelisten. During the seven debates, Lincoln did very wellagainst Douglas. Lincoln lost the Senate election toDouglas, but his popularity increased. People began tocall him "Honest Abe." Douglas realized that debatingLincoln had been a mistake.

Abe Lincoln's popularityincreased during theLincoln-Douglasdebates of 1858.

Politicians today reach voters through debates and adson television and radio and in newspapers. In the 1850s,politicians did not have radio or television. Congressionalcandidates traveled throughout their state. They gave whatbecame known as stump speeches, because they oftenstood on tree stumps to address the people. Universities ortowns hosted the seven Lincoln-Douglas debates. Eachdebate included hour-long speeches by both men. Ninety-minute replies followed the speeches. Each candidateended with a thirty-minute summary. Today the League

of Women Voters hosts presidential debates. Nowdebates usually last an hour and are on most networks.


*TreasonA crime involvingan attempt tooverthrow thegovernment

AmmunitionBullets, gunpowder,and other thingsused with guns orother weapons

*ArsenalA place used tomake or storemilitary weapons

What Happened at Harper's Ferry?John Brown took action again as disputes over slaverycontinued. Brown believed that enslaved Africans must befreed, even if violence was necessary. He had a plan to seizethe U.S. arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (now in WestVirginia), and take the guns and ammunition. An arsenal is aplace used to make or store military weapons. He hoped to armthe enslaved and lead them in a revolt against their masters.

Brown captured the arsenal in 1859. Colonel Robert E. Leewas sent with marines to stop Brown. The marines capturedBrown. He was tried for treason and found guilty. Treason isa crime involving an attempt to overthrow the government.

He was hanged at Charlestown, Virginia (now inWest Virginia), in December of 1859. Before hisdeath, he wrote, "I, John Brown, am now quitecertain that the crimes of this guilty land will neverbe purged away but with blood. I had, as I nowthink, mainly flattered myself that without verymuch bloodshed it might be done."

The raid at Harper's Ferry increased the tensionbetween the North and the South. Northernerswere shocked by the violence. Southerners believedthere would be more bloodshed by abolitionists.

John Brown is shown herekissing a child before beinghanged.

What do you think

Why do you think peopleliked Abe Lincoln?

SECTION 3 REVIEW On a separate sheet of paper,write True if the statement is true or False if thestatement is not true.

1) Douglas would not debate Lincoln.

2) Lincoln was not a good speaker.

3) Lincoln did well in the debates.

4) John Brown was unable to capture anarsenal at Harper's Ferry.

5) Brown was hanged for his actions atHarper's Ferry.


The Election of 1860

* PlatformA statement ofideas, policies, andbeliefs of a politicalparty in an election

Popular Vote,Election of 1860

.Breckinndge

Lincoln

Douglas29%

Who received themost votes? Whoreceived the least?

The election of 1860 offered four new presidential candidates.Their campaigns reflected the bitter divisions of the country.

Why Did the Democratic Party Split?The Democratic party could not agree on issues and on apresidential candidate. They split into two groups. Thenorthern delegates chose Stephen Douglas as theircandidate. He supported popular sovereignty. The southerndelegates selected John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky, asupporter of slavery.

What Issues Did the Republicans Support?The Republican party nominated Abraham Lincoln as thepresidential candidate. The Republican platform, which is astatement of ideas, policies, and beliefs of a political party inan election, stated:

1. Slavery would not be allowed in new territories.2. Slave states could make decisions about slavery within

their own borders.3. Free land would be available for farming in the

territories.4. Higher tariffs would be imposed.5. No state would be permitted to leave the Union.

What New Political Party Was Formed?Another group, called the Constitutional Union party,also nominated a candidate for President. This newparty was made up of former Whig and American partymembers. They believed that the nation would be keptat peace if everyone cooperated. John Bell of Tennesseewas chosen as their candidate.

What Were the Election Results?Lincoln won the election by nearly 500,000 votes.Before the election, some southern states had decided


*SecedeTo leave a group ororganization

to leave the Union if Lincoln won. By February 1, 1861,South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia,Texas, and Louisiana had voted to secede, or leave theUnion.

| | Union (freV)

I I Union (slav^) mat

i——i Slave states s—'Dec. 1860 Feb.; 1861

I I Slave states secedin—I April-May 1861

r——i West Virginia—separated ̂-J from Virginia 1861,

to Union 1863li l ted

The Secessioh of the Southern States

MAP Which states left the Union? How many free statesSTUDY were there?

What do you think

Why do you think theRepublican party did notwant any state to leave theUnion?

SECTION 4 REVIEW On a separate sheet of paper, writeTrue if the statement is true or False if the statement is nottrue.

1) The Democratic party split into two groups.

2) The Republican party was against slavery.

3) The Republican party believed the nationwould have peace if everyone cooperated.

4) The Republican party nominated StephenDouglas as their presidential candidate.

5) The Democratic party nominated John Bellas their presidential candidate.


SOURCE R E A D I N Gre»*ffw CB11 tm 11 • i ir f j*f

The Dred Scott Decision

In 1857, Chief Justice of the SupremeCourt Roger Taney heard the case ofScott versus Stanford. Scott was enslavedto a Missouri doctor who hadmoved to Illinois andWisconsin. In both of thosestates, slavery was outlawed.Following their return toMissouri, his owner died.Scott sued the doctor'swidow for his freedom. Scottwas successful in a Missouri circuit court.However, he had been claimed as theproperty of a New Yorker. Thus, the caseended up before the Supreme Court. Hewas denied his freedom by a seven totwo vote. This is part of the statement byChief Justice Taney.

"Now . . . the right of property in a slaveis distinctly and expressly affirmed in theConstitution. The right to traffic in it, likean ordinary article of merchandise andproperty, was guaranteed to the citizensof the United States, in every State thatmight desire it, for twenty years. And theGovernment in express terms is pledgedto protect it in all future time, if the slaveescapes from his owner. . . . And no wordcan be found in the Constitution whichgives Congress a greater power overslave property, or which entitles propertyof that kind to less protection thanproperty of any other description. Theonly power conferred is the power

coupled with the duty of guarding andprotecting the owner in his rights.

Upon these considerations, it is theopinion of this court that the Act ofCongress which prohibited a citizenfrom holding and owning property of

this kind in the territory of theUnited States north

of the line thereinmentioned, is notwarranted by the

Constitution, and is therefore void; andthat neither Scott himself, nor any of hisfamily, were made free by being carriedinto this territory; even if they had beencarried there by the owner, with theintention of becoming a permanentresident. . . ."

Source Reading Wrap-Up1) What rights did Chief Justice Taney

claim he was defending?

2) The Missouri Compromise forbadeslavery north of a certain line. In whatway does this statement refer to it?

3) What responsibility did the federalgovernment have to the slaves?

4) What did Chief Justice Taney sayabout Scott's freedom?

5) How fair do you think Chief JusticeTaney's decision is?


CHAPTER SUMMARY

* As Kansas moved towardstatehood, it was unclear if it wouldbe a slave state or a free state. Theresidents of the territory were tovote one way or the other.

* People from both sides of theslavery issue moved to Kansas tohelp swing the vote their way. Theproslavery people won the electionand violence broke out.

* By the election of 1856, thecountry was becoming moreseparated by the issue of slavery.

if James Buchanan of Pennsylvaniawon the election for President. Hehad not been involved in the Kansasdispute.

if The Supreme Court made animportant ruling concerning slaveryin the Dred Scott Case. Dred Scottwas an enslaved African who filed asuit that said he should be freebecause he had lived in a free state.The court said that enslaved peoplewere property and could be takenanywhere. Many people in the Northwere upset by the decision. Theythought it meant slavery couldexpand into all states.

* Abraham Lincoln ran for the U.S.Senate in 1858. He ran against thepopular Stephen Douglas.

* Lincoln and Douglas held a seriesof debates in which Lincoln showedhis great wisdom and leadershipstyle. Although he lost the electionfor Senate, Lincoln's popularity grew.

* A radical abolitionist, John Brown,attacked an army arsenal at Harper'sFerry, Virginia. Brown wanted to armenslaved Africans and lead them in arevolt.

* John Brown was captured andhanged for treason. His actions anddeath increased the tensions betweenthe North and the South.

* The Democratic party split intotwo separate parties. The issue thatdivided them was slavery.

* Lincoln ran for President in 1860as the Republican candidate. TheRepublican platform stressedopposition to slavery and said thatno state could leave the Union.

* Soon after Lincoln won theelection, several southern statesvoted to leave the Union and forma new country.


Review

Comprehension: Identifying FactsOn a separate sheet of paper, write the words from theWord Bank to complete each sentence.

WORD BANK

Abraham Lincoln

arsenal

Bibles

"Bleeding Kansas"

David R. Atchison

decision

Dred Scott

"Honest Abe"

James Buchanan

John Brown

property

Robert E. Lee

Stephen Douglas

Union

1) After his debates, Lincoln became known as _ _.

2) __ was an abolitionist who believed only violencecould end slavery.

3) The winner of the 1856 election was _ _.

4) was an enslaved African who sued for hisfreedom because he had lived in free states.

5) Because of the violence there, the territory south ofNebraska became known as

6) The Supreme Court's in the Dred Scott Caseangered many northerners.

7) The Republican candidate for President in 1860 was

8) Lincoln debated with in the 1856 Senate race.

9) The Supreme Court ruled in the Dred Scott Case thatenslaved people were _^____ and could be takenanywhere and still remain enslaved.


10) led the marines who captured John Brownduring his raid on Harper's Ferry.

11) John Brown captured the army's _ _ to stealweapons for a slave revolt.

12) Abolitionists brought guns into Kansas in boxes thatsaid they were boxes of .

13) After Lincoln was elected President, several states votedto leave the .

14) went to Kansas to help the proslavery groupwith the election.

Comprehension: Understanding Main IdeasOn a separate sheet of paper, write the answer to eachquestion using complete sentences.

1) Why was the election in Kansas so important?

2) How did Lincoln make himself look so good in thedebates with Douglas?

3) Why did John Brown attack people at PottawatamieCreek in Kansas?

4) What was a major issue in the election of 1860?

Critical Thinking: Write Your Opinion1) Why do you think the Supreme Court decided against

Dred Scott?

2) How important are the debates between candidatesbefore presidential elections?

Read the test directions twice. Sometimes they will giveyou a hint. For example, the directions may remind youto look for the best answer.


Chapter The Civil War

• 1861 Confederate States• of America is formed

1861-1865

A fter several states left the Union, it was clear that thenation was in trouble. Very little could be done to

prevent a war. Though President Lincoln tried to avoid warwhen he took office, the Civil War began in 1861. In thischapter, you will learn how the war started, which battleswere fought, and how it came to an end.

Goals for Learning

^ To explain the events leading to the Civil War

^ To explain the Emancipation Proclamation

^ To describe the major events of the Civil War

^ To identify important people and their role in the Civil War

^ To describe the effect of the Civil War on the United States

1862 Confederates winthe Seven Days Battle

1861 Confederatesattack Fort Sumter

1863 Lincoln issues theEmancipation Proclamation

I

1864 Lincoln isre-elected Presii

1861 PresidentLincoln takesoffice

1861 Confederateswin first Battle ofManassas

1862 Unionwins Battle ofAntietam

1863 Union winsBattle of Gettysburg

1865War

Section The North Tries to Compromise

Jefferson Davis

During Buchanan's last four months as President, sevenstates left the Union. Buchanan did nothing to stop them.Although he was a northerner, he agreed with the southernstates. He maintained that the North had caused theproblems that led to secession. He proposed that the Northshould return all runaway enslaved people, while all thenew territories should be opened to slavery. Buchananthought the southern states would then rejoin the Union.

Senator John Crittenden of Kentucky offered a compromise.He suggested that the Constitution be changed to allowslavery in all new territories. He also suggested that any statenorth of 36 degrees 30 minutes north latitude could vote toenslave people or not. Crittenden thought the southernstates would be pleased with this plan and return to theUnion. He hoped the slavery issue would finally be settled.

Members of the Senate discussed thecompromise, but they reached no agreement.Abraham Lincoln, leader of the Republicanparty, felt that slavery must be stoppedforever. Senator Crittenden's plan forcompromise was turned down.

What New Government Did theSouthern States Form?In February of 1861, the southern states metin Montgomery, Alabama, and formed thegovernment of the Confederate States ofAmerica. They drew up a constitution thatsaid that each state would be independent,that slavery would be protected, and thatConfederate states would pay no federaltariffs. Jefferson Davis was chosen to serve asPresident of the Confederacy. Montgomerywas its first capital.

1861-1865 The Civil War Chapter 16 301

RequestThe act of askingfor something

Abraham Lincoln

What Did the Seceded States Do?Near the end of Buchanan's presidency, the seceded statestook over most of the federal properties inside their borders.These included forts and arsenals filled with large suppliesof weapons. The South claimed many post offices andcustomhouses as well as the large supply of coins at theNew Orleans Mint.

Fort Sumter in South Carolina was commanded by MajorRobert Anderson. The newly formed southern governmentexpected the North to turn the fort over to the South.President Buchanan did not agree with South Carolina'srequest. Instead, he sent a ship of supplies and food totroops at the fort. Confederates fired upon the vessel,forcing it to turn back. Afterward, Buchanan did nothingmore to help the troops in Fort Sumter nor in any otherfederal properties in the South.

What Happened WhenPresident Lincoln Took Office?On March 4, 1861, Lincoln becamePresident. He faced a very serioussituation. Under the Constitution, nostate had the right to leave the Unionand form a separate government.Lincoln's first challenge as Presidentwas to bring the South back into theUnion peacefully.

When Lincoln was sworn in asPresident, his inaugural address wasabout peace. He stressed that he didnot intend to stop slavery in stateswhere it was already in use. However,he wanted to see all federal propertiesin the South returned to Unioncontrol and all tariffs paid.

302 Chapter 16 The Civil War

LUCY STONE: 1818-1893

*Civil warA war betweengroups within thesame country

WORD BANK

Abraham Lincoln

Jefferson Davis

John Crittenden

PresidentBuchanan

Robert Anderson

Lucy Stone became an unyielding pioneer in women's rightsand was active in abolishing slavery. She grew resistant tothe male-controlled society she knew as a youth. With rareexpressiveness, she lectured widely on women's rights.She was one of the first Massachusetts women to earn acollege degree. Stone may have been the country's firstmarried woman to retain her family name. She helped toorganize the first national convention on women's rights.

Stone and her husband established the American WomanSuffrage Association in 1869. In 1870, she founded Woman's

Journal, which promoted women's right to vote.

Lincoln wanted the Union to be preserved. He appealedto the southern states to return to the Union withoutbloodshed. Lincoln made it clear, though, that any warlikeaction that the South took would lead to a civil war. A civilwar is a war between groups wi th in the same country.

SECTION 1 REVIEW On a separate sheet of paper writethe name from the Word Bank to complete each sentence.

1) thought the southern states would rejoin theUnion if the North returned all runaway enslavedpeople.

2) Fort Sumter was commanded by _ _.

3) A compromise that would have allowed slavery in newterritories was proposed by_ .

4) The Confederacy chose . as its President.

5) The first challenge facingback together.

was to get the Union

What do you thinkDo you think Lincoln's policy toward theConfederacy was good? Why or why not?


Section Confederates Attack Fort Sumter

Confederatesattacked Fort Sumterin 1861. This was thefirst battle of theCivil War.

DefenseProtection againstattack

President Lincoln received a message from Fort Sumterin March of 1861. Food and supplies were running out.More men were needed, too. Major Anderson would haveto surrender the fort unless immediate action was taken.President Lincoln would not let Fort Sumter surrenderto South Carolina.

In early April, President Lincoln sent a message to thegovernor of South Carolina. He told him that a shipcarrying food was being sent to the fort. Jefferson Davis

told Genera] Beauregard,the Confederate commanderin South Carolina, to orderMajor Anderson to surrenderthe fort. Major Andersonrefused to surrender. OnApril 12, 1861, Confederatesattacked Fort Sumter. MajorAnderson and his men foughtfor nearly two days beforethey were forced to surrender.

The news of the attack onFort Sumter spread quicklyThousands joined the Union

army when Lincoln called for volunteers. Four more states,Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee, joinedthe Confederacy. Eleven states had left the Union.

Richmond, Virginia, became the new Confederate capital.Virginia organized a large, well-trained army led by goodgenerals. Virginia would serve as a solid line of defense forthe rest of the Confederacy. The states farthest north in theConfederacy were much stronger and better prepared forwar than those in the deep South. The Confederate attackon Fort Sumter was the beginning of a bloody civil war.


General Robert E. Lee

What Advantages DidEach Side Have?With twenty-three states, the Unionhad a larger population than theConfederacy. Only eleven states were inthe Confederacy. The South had onlytwenty-nine percent of the population ofthe North and the South combined. TheNorth had most of the country's factoriesand industrial labor force. In addition, theNorth had more money to pay for a war.

The Confederates were united againstthose who wanted to destroy their wayof life. Southerners were fighting todefend their land and their rights. TheConfederacy had some excellent militaryleaders, including General Robert E. Lee.The southern men were more familiarthan the northerners with firearms, the

outdoors, and horses. Also, the fighting broke out onsouthern soil. In 1861, as the war began, the South had adefinite military advantage.

What Was the North's Plan?The war was expected to last only a few months. GeneralWinfield Scott, "Old Fuss and Feathers" of the MexicanWar, was the commander of the Union army. Scott was stillthought to be an excellent leader. He called his plan forwinning the war the "Anaconda Plan." An anaconda is alarge snake that crushes its prey to death. Scott planned tocrush the enemy. His plan called for:

1. a blockade of the South to stop all imports and exports,

2. capturing Richmond, Virginia, the new capital of theConfederacy, and

3. stopping all shipping on the Mississippi River.


Write a short story orpoem about the CivilWar. Describe abattle, how a personnot fighting in thewar is affected, howan enslaved personwould view the war,or a similar topic.Write the poem or 'story in yournotebook.

What do you think

Who do you think was moreprepared for the Civil War—the North or the South?Why?

If the plan was successful, the South would becrushed and forced to surrender. Many lookedupon the plan as too slow and not forceful

enough.

President Lincoln ordered a blockade of all thesouthern states that had seceded. He cut off theseaports of the South. The Confederates wereunable to ship cotton from their harbors. Theyneeded to trade cotton for guns and ammunitionfrom Europe. The blockade decreased the amountof supplies coming into the South.

The blockade was an important part of the Union'swar plan. Some people said that with trade cut off,

the South would choke to death. The South had verylittle industry and could not produce the materials neededto fight a war.

What Was the South's Plan?The southerners took a different approach. They planned tolet the North come to them. In addition, the South countedon the North losing interest in the war. Southerners alsothought that at some point Europe would break the Unionblockade to get the cotton that it needed.


1) What did the attack on Fort Sumter cause?

2) What happened in Virginia after the attackon Fort Sumter?

3) What were two advantages the North hadduring the Civil War?

4) What were two advantages the South hadduring the Civil War?

5) Why did the North form a blockade of theSouth?


Section The Civil War Begins

The new recruits for the Union army were in Washington,D.C., being trained. Scott ordered General Irvin McDowellto lead 35,000 of these inexperienced soldiers. He led themtwenty-five miles to Manassas Junction near a stream calledBull Run in northern Virginia. Despite their inexperiencein battle, northerners were certain that their soldiers woulddefeat the southern "rebels," as they were called. They wereso certain that many people traveled down fromWashington to watch the battle.

Camped on the banks of Bull Run, the Confederates wereready for the attack. On July 21, 1861, the battle began.At first, the Union army seemed to be winning. But thenConfederate troops under General Thomas "Stonewall'1Jackson arrived. The Union army was defeated. They fledback to Washington in panic.

The defeat shocked the North. They realized that the warwould be a long one. Northerners were eager for a victory.They urged another attack. Northern newspapers hadheadlines that read, "Forward to Richmond!"

Stonewall Jackson

When the Union seemed to be winning the firstBattle of Manassas, a Confederate general,trying to get his men to fight on, pointed toGeneral Thomas J. Jackson. "Look at Jackson'sbrigade. It stands like a stone wall. Rally behindthe Virginians!" This is how Jackson came to beknown as "Stonewall."

General "Stonewall" Jackson


* GunboatAn armed shipused for battle

*IroncladA military shipcovered in ironplates

*VeteranAn experienced orformer member ofthe armed forces

The Monitor and the Merrimac battled atHampton Roads channel in Virginia.

Who Became the New Union Leader?In November of 1861, General Winfleld Scott retired. Hewas seventy-five years old. It was time for a younger generalto take charge. President Lincoln chose General George B.McClellan as chief of the Union armies. McClellan wasthirty-five years of age and a veteran of the Mexican War.A veteran is an experienced or former member of the armedforces. He graduated second in his class at West Point.

McClellan was good at organizing an army and training newsoldiers for battle. He was a very cautious leader. Before goinginto another battle, McClellan drilled his men over and over.Finally, in the spring of 1862, McClellan was ready to face theConfederate troops in Richmond.

What Happened in the Western Campaign?The Confederate forts in western Tennessee were importantin the Union plan to defeat the South. In February of 1862,Union General Ulysses S. Grant and the navy's gunboats, orarmed ships used for battle, captured Fort Henry. This wasthe Confederate stronghold on the Tennessee River, Grantcontinued up the Cumberland River to capture FortDonelson near Nashville. Under the direction of AdmiralDavid G. Farragut, the Union also gained control of most ofthe Mississippi Valley. However, complete control was neededin order to stop the Confederacy from using the river.

What Happened Between theMonitor and the Merrimac?On March 8, 1862, the Confederatesraised a sunken Union ship, theU.S.S. Merrimac, and renamed itVirginia. The Confederates thencovered the vessel with iron platesso it could not be damaged bycannonballs. This kind of ship wascalled an ironclad. The North alsohad an ironclad ship, called theMonitor.


Mathew Brady, Civil War Photographer

Many Civil War photographs bear thename of Mathew B. Brady. When we seeso many, we assume he was everywhereduring the war. Actually, he took few, ifany, of the estimated 3,500 pictures thatbear his name.

Brady had photography studios in NewYork and Washington, D.C. He liked totake pictures of famous people. Whenthe war began, Brady decided to takepictures of the troops in the battlefields.Because his eyesight was failing, hehired a large group of assistants totake the pictures. He directed hisphotographers from Washington but

took credit himself for all the pictures.Many of his photographers becameangry and quit.

As a businessman, Brady did not dowell either. He invested $100,000 inthe Civil War project. He figured thegovernment would pay top dollar forhis photographs. But the governmentwas not interested. Brady went broke.A few years later he died—alcoholic,alone, and forgotten in a hospitalcharity ward.

After he died, some of the photographswere placed in the National Archives. Inthis way his name lives on in history.

OutnumberTo have morepeople than anopponent in abattle

The two ships had a battle in March of 1862. TheConfederates wanted to break the northern blockade.Neither ship won the battle. The Confederates, however,did use the Merrimac to prevent McClellan's army fromapproaching Richmond on the James River. TheConfederates later destroyed the Merrimac to keep it fromfall ing into the hands of the North. The Monitor sank offthe coast of North Carolina. The Merrimac and the Monitorwere the first ironclad ships to be used in battle.

Who Won the Seven Days Battles?McClellan led his troops toward Virginia. ConfederateGenerals Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson were ready forthe attack on Richmond. They let McClellan get within a fewmiles of Richmond before attacking. There was heavy fightingat many different locations for seven days. For this reason, thebattle was called the Seven Days Battles. From time to time,each side seemed to be winning. However, knowing his armywas outnumbered, McClellan retreated after the seven days.


Songs of the Civil War

Several songs were written around the timeof the Civil War. These songs promotedloyalty toward the North or the South andmany of them told stories of the war. Somefamous songs from the North were "TheBattle Hymn of the Republic" (1861),"When Johnny Comes Marching Home"(1863), and "Tenting to Night on the OldCamp Ground" (1864). "The Bonnie BlueFlag" (1861) became the Confederacy'snational anthem.

Who Won Battles atManassas, Antietarn, and Fredericksburg?In late August of 1862, a second battle was fought atManassas (Bull Run). The Confederate army again defeatedthe Union soldiers.

General Lee changed his plan from defense to offense. Heprepared to attack northern states. Confederate soldiersmarched into Maryland. On September 17, 1862, GeneralMcClellan and his Union army of the Potomac blocked Leeat Sharpsburg, Maryland, on Antietam Creek. The Battle of

Antietam turned out to be oneof the bloodiest battles of thewar. At the end of the fighting,Lee was forced to retreat.McClellan did not follow Leeinto Virginia. For this reasonLincoln removed McClellan asa Union leader, replacing himwith General Ambrose Burnside.

Fallen soldiers were a common sighton September 17, 1862. Over 4,800soldiers died that day during theBattle of Antietam.


General Burnside took the Union army to Fredericksburg,Virginia. Positioned on a line of hills, the Confederatesdefended the city. The Union army made a strong attemptto charge the hills, but their efforts failed. More than 12,000Union soldiers were killed. General Burnside resigned.General Joseph Hooker replaced him.

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MAPSTUDY

Which battles took place in Tennesee? When did theBattle of Antietam occur? Which battles took place nearRichmond, Virginia?

What do you think

How does the battle of the/Won/tor and the Mem'macshow that the Civil War wasa different kind of war fromwars in the past?

SECTION 3 REVIEW On a separate sheet of paper, writeTrue if the statement is true or False if the statement is nottrue.

1) The Union army won the second Battle ofManassas.

2) General Grant captured Fort Henry.

3) The Confederates destroyed the Merrimac.

4) The Union won the Seven Days Battles.

5) General Lee and the Confederate armyattacked Maryland.


Section The War Continues

President Lincoln readthe EmancipationProclamation to hiscabinet in 1862.

*EnlistTo join the armedforces

President Lincoln knew that the victory at Antietam hadbeen important. He issued a warning to the ConfederateStates. He said he would free all the enslaved people inthose states if the states did not return to the Union by

January 1, 1863.The fightingsouthern states didnot think he woulddo it. To theirsurprise, on the firstday of January in1863, PresidentLincoln declaredthat all enslavedpeople in theseceded states werefree. This was calledthe EmancipationProclamation.

The proclamation applied only to those states that hadleft the Union. Although the Emancipation Proclamationdid not abolish slavery completely, it was a major step.Northerners cheered the proclamation.

What Did Many Runaway Enslaved People Do?Many enslaved people had run away and joined the Unionarmy even before the Emancipation Proclamation. By theend of the war, nearly 180,000 former enslaved people hadenlisted in the army and fought against the Confederacy.To enlist means to join the armed forces. Twenty-threeAfrican soldiers won the Medal of Honor for bravery.Several regiments of Africans were formed. They took partin many major battles. The first African group from a freestate was called the 54th Massachusetts Volunteers.


The Fourth ColoredInfantry was one ofmany Africanregiments to servein the Civil War.

What Happened atChancellorsvilleand Gettysburg?General Joseph Hookerhad intended to keep anarmy at Fredericksburg tokeep General Lee busy.He hoped to attackChancellorsville at thesame time. Meanwhile,General Lee had heardof the planned attack.He left a small army

at Fredericksburg, and went on to meet Hooker atChancellorsville. Lee's and General Jackson's soldierseasily defeated a much larger Union army. During thebattle, Stonewall Jackson was accidentally shot and woundedby his own men. He died eight days later. Lee had lost his

most important general.

Today we usually think of hot-airballoon rides as recreation. Did youknow that hot-air balloons were usedduring the Civil War? The Union armysent men up in hot-air balloons toobserve Confederate troop movements.The men signaled information to officerson the ground. Officers used this infor-mation to direct Union troop movementand cannon fire.

Today, the United States detects militaryactivities from satellites revolving aroundEarth in space. Directed from controlcenters in the United States, the satellitesgather secret information. With special

cameras, the satellites photographa target on Earth. Then they sendimages back to Earth. Theseimages show whether countries

are building or disarmingweapons according totreaties.

General Lee's original p lan had beento fight a defensive war. He wouldwait and be ready. Now, though, thewar was not going well for the Southin the western states. Lee thoughtabout sending soldiers to win backthe West. On the other hand, he feltone major victory in the North wouldbring an end to the war.

Lee decided to attack the North.He made his way into Pennsylvaniawith an army of about 65,000 well-trained soldiers. General George G.Meade's Union army in Pennsylvanianumbered almost 85,000. The twoarmies prepared for battle near thequiet town of Gettysburg.


On July 1, 1863, Lee attacked. The battle continued for threedays, with each side having the advantage from time to time.Lee made a desperate strike on the third day. He sent GeneralGeorge Pickett with 13,000 soldiers to charge the Union line.The line moved back, but it did not break. Slowly, Meade'sarmy forced the Confederates back.

The South lost thebattle, and Lee retreatedto the Potomac River.The losses on both sideshad been very heavy.Gettysburg was theturning point of thewar. Although theSouth continued tofight after this battle,they had littlepossibility of winning.

The Union won the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863.

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MAPSTUDY

In which state was the Battle of Chancellorsville fought?How many total casualties were there from the Battle ofGettysburg?


The Gettysburg Address

Four months after the Battle of Gettysburg, PresidentLincoln dedicated a national cemetery for those whodied there. His dedication speech, known as theGettysburg Address, was short, but effective. Thespeech told of the grief President Lincoln felt for thesoldiers who died there. It also expressed his feelingthat the men fighting in the Civil War were fightingfor a good cause—to protect the nation anddemocracy. A famous line from the addressexplains this idea: "...that this nation, under God,shall have a new birth of freedom—and thatgovernment of the people, by the people, forthe people, shall not perish from the earth."

This second page of manuscript fromthe Gettysburg Address shows Lincoln'sactual words.

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DedicateTo /io/d a ceremonyas a way to honor aplace or person

What do you think

Why do you think so manyAfricans were willing to fightin the Civil War?

SECTION 4 REVIEW Choose the best word or name inparentheses to complete each sentence. Write your answerson a separate sheet of paper.

1) The (Gettysburg Address, EmancipationProclamation, Medal of Honor) declaredthat slaves were free in the states that hadseceded.

2) General (Robert E. Lee> Stonewall Jackson,Joseph Hooker) wanted to keep an army atFredericksburg and attack Chancellorsville.

3) General (George G. Meade, Robert E. Lee,Stonewall Jackson) was wounded at a battlefought at Chancellorsville.

4) General (George G. Meade, Robert E. Lee,Joseph Hooker) forced the Confederatesback at Gettysburg.

5) The Union army won a battle at(Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville,Gettysburg).

j


Section The Final Chapters of the War

Admiral David Farragut and the Union navy had attackedNew Orleans, at the mouth of the Mississippi. They forcedthe Confederacy to surrender there. General Grant, underGeneral Halleck of the army in the West, had scored manyvictories in the Mississippi River Valley. These victoriesincluded Shiloh, Perryville, and Murfreesboro in Tennessee.

As Lee retreated from the Battle of Gettysburg, he learnedthat Vicksburg, Mississippi, also had been captured byGeneral Grant. The loss of Vicksburg meant that the entireMississippi River was controlled by the Union army. AsGrant moved eastward, the North took all the ConfederateStates except Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, andVirginia.

Grant was now the commander in chief of all the Unionarmies. On May 4, 1864, he forced his way toward Richmond.Even though his losses were heavy, he pressed on. Grantwanted to destroy the South so they could no longer fight.This would include destroying the cotton industry,railroads for transporting goods, and seaports forreceiving goods from Europe.

Lee realized that hewas fighting a Uniongeneral who wouldnot retreat, despite hislosses. Lee's army wasgetting smaller witheach battle. There wasstill hope for the South,though. PresidentLincoln was seekingre-election, and hisdefeat could leadto a settlement.Admiral David Farragut's Union navy enabled Union forces

to capture New Orleans.


LivestockAnimals used forfood or profit

Who Won the Election of 1864?In 1864, the Republicans nominated Lincoln for a secondterm. Civil War veteran George McClellan was the Demo-crats' choice for President. His party stood for bringing anend to the war. Before the election, the Union scoredvictories on land and sea. The sudden change in eventsruined the chances of the Democrats. Lincoln won easily.

How Did General Sherman Advance His Army?Under General Grant's orders, General William Sherman ledan army of 100,000 men into Atlanta, Georgia. ConfederateGeneral John Hood tried to stop the Union troops, but he wasforced to retreat. On September 2, 1864, General Shermancaptured Atlanta. He continued his march to Savannah andthen on to the sea.

General Sherman and about 60,000 Union troops set outfrom Atlanta. They had only the supplies each soldiercould carry. Sherman commanded his troops to destroyeverything in sight. His army cut a fifty-mile-wide paththrough Georgia. Sherman's troops destroyed bridges,barns, livestock, railroads, and crops. On December 21,1864, the Union army captured Savannah.

General Sherman marched northward to join GeneralGrant at Richmond in the spring of 1865. Phillip Sheridan,another Union general, was closing in quickly from theWest. General Lee was in a difficult situation. In one lastdesperate move, the Confederate leader marched his

men westward. Sheridan'stroops surrounded Lee nearAppomattox Court Housein Virginia. Lee asked for theterms of surrender, to avoideven more losses on both sides.

General Sherman's army destroyedeverything that could be used bythe Confederacy in Georgia.


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MAP STUDY

Where did mostof the battles takeplace in 1864?

How Did the War End?General Lee met General Grant to discuss the terms ofsurrender on April 9, 1865. General Lee knew he mustagree with Grant's conditions. If not, his army would beattacked. Grant respected General Lee as a military leader.He knew that Lee had fought bravely.

Grant's terms of surrender were generous. The Confederatesoldiers would be allowed to keep their horses and mules.Officers could also keep their pistols. All other militaryguns and supplies were to be turned over to the Union.General Lee was pleased with the terms and agreed tothem. The war was over. Confederate President Jefferson

Davis was later arrestedand placed in prison fortwo years. The Union hadbeen saved, and the slaveryquestion was finally settled.

General Grant and his officersmet with General Lee at ahouse in Appomattox CourtHouse, Virginia. General Leeagreed to surrender.


The McLean House

General Lee and General Grantended the Civil War by meetingin a house owned by a Confederateofficer, Major Wilmer McLean.McLean had offered his own houseas the meeting site. The house,pictured to the right, still standstoday in Virginia at the AppomattoxCourt House National Historic Park.

RebuildTo build somethingagain

What Were the Losses From the War?The losses from the war were very high. It claimed moreAmerican lives than any other war before it. The fighting

damaged property, too.Sherman's march alonewas estimated to havecaused over $100 millionin damages. The Southwould need a rebuildingprogram to get back tonormal.

Civil War StatisticsUnion Confederacy

Soldiers served

Battle deaths

Wounded

Deaths by disease

2,213,400

110,000

275,000

224,000

1,003,600

94,000

226,000

60,000


1) How was the loss at Vicksburg harmful to theConfederacy?

2) What was Grant's plan for winning the war?

3) Why was the election of 1864 important?

4) How did General Sherman's army destroy the South?

5) Why was General Lee forced to surrender?

What do you thinkThe Civil War resulted in a huge loss of lifeand damage to property. What other thingsdo you think the war affected?


Lee's Surrender

A fifteen-year-old boy ran away fromhome to enlist in the Union army in1862. He used a false name and claimedhe was eighteen. After sixteen monthsof fighting, the boy was injured. Hetransferred to a different company as abugler. That change brought the Yankeebugler to Appomattox Court House onApril 9, 1865. His company was escortingGeneral Grant. He saw Robert E. Lee rideup on his horse, Traveler. General Leehad come to surrender to Ulysses 5.Grant to end the Civil War. Seventy-fiveyears later, in January 1940, the buglerwrote this memory of the day.

"It was not difficult to recognize thefamous commander of the Army ofNorthern Virginia. He measured up fullyto my expectations, and thoseexpectations were rather elaborate.Though I was only a lad of eighteen,I had been in sixteen battles duringthree years, and had come to have awholesome esteem for the Johnny Rebsand their leader. He had become a sortof legendary figure. . . .

What a brave pair of thoroughbreds Leeand Traveler were! That horse wouldhave attracted attention anywhere.General Lee's uniform was immaculateand he presented a superb martialfigure. But it was the face beneath thegray felt hat that made the deepestimpression on me.

I have been trying to find a single wordthat describes it, and I have concludedthat 'benign' is the adjective I am after;because that means kindly and gracious.There was something else about him thataroused my deep pity that so great awarrior should be acknowledging defeat.

There we were, a group of eagertroopers in blue, and a lone orderly ingray. General Lee came from the house,his soldierly figure erect, even in defeat.We stiffened up and gave him a saluteand the man in gray courteouslyreturned it. At the moment his soul musthave been heavy with sorrow, but hecould return the salute of Yankeetroopers. Soldiers do not carry hatred;they leave that to the stay-at-homes."

Source Reading Wrap-Up1) Why did the bugler say it was easy to

recognize General Lee?

2) What did the bugler feel towardGeneral Lee?

3) What are three words the bugler usedto describe General Lee?

4) The last paragraph refers to the colorsblue and gray. What do those colorsrefer to?

5) How do you feel toward General Leeafter reading this passage?


CHAPTER SUMMARY

•*• The Confederate States of Americawas formed in February 1861 afterseven states left the Union. Later, fourmore states joined the Confederacy.

* Abraham Lincoln becamePresident on March 4, 1861. Hewanted to unite the country again.

* Fort Sumter, a Union fort inSouth Carolina, was captured bythe Confederacy in April 1861. Thisaction was the beginning of the CivilWar.

* The Union established a blockadeto prevent the South from sellingcotton to European customers.Money from cotton would gotoward buying military supplies.

if The Union had a largerpopulation, more factories andworkers, and more money to pay forsupplies, but not everyone wascommitted to the war.

if The Confederacy had strongmilitary leaders and people werefighting to maintain their way of life.

if Lincoln appointed GeorgeMcClellan as the commander ofthe Union army. Robert E. Lee ledthe Confederate army.

if The Confederate army won manyof the major battles in the early partof the war.

* After the bloody Battle of Antietam,Lincoln removed General McClellan.Lincoln appointed Ambrose Burnsideas the head of the army in 1862.

* Lincoln issued a warning to theConfederate States. He said that ifthey did not return to the Union,he would free enslaved people inthose states. Lincoln issued theEmancipation Proclamation onJanuary 1, 1863.

* The Battle of Gettysburg wasfought in July of 1863. It was theworst battle of the war and lastedthree days. Won by the Union, it wasthe turning point of the war.

if General Grant became the headof the Union army in 1864.

if President Lincoln was re-electedin 1864.

* In 1864, General William Shermanled Union soldiers on a march throughGeorgia, destroying everything alongthe way.

if Lee surrendered to Grant onApril 9, 1865, ending the Civil War.


Review

Comprehension: Identifying FactsOn a separate sheet of paper, write the words from theWord Bank to complete each sentence.

WORD BANK

Ambrose Burnside

Antietam

Appomattox CourtHouse

blockade

EmancipationProclamation

Fort Sumter

Gettysburg

GettysburgAddress

Jefferson Davis

John Hood

Robert E. Lee

Stonewall Jackson

Vicksburg

William Sherman

1) was the Confederate general whose troopstried to defend Atlanta from Union attack.

2) The battle at lasted for three days and was theturning point of the war.

3) One of the bloodiest battles of the war was fought inMaryland on Creek.

4) General commanded the Confederate army.

5) The troops of _ _ cut a path of destruction fiftymiles wide through Georgia.

6) After General Grant captured , the Unioncontrolled the entire Mississippi River.

7) The Civil War began with the attack on .

8) and his troops helped the Confederacy to winthe Battle of Manassas in July of 1861.

9) President Lincoln gave the _ _ at the dedicationof a national cemetery.


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