computer material.pdf

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Windows Shortcut Keys

Alt + F File menu options in current program.

Alt + E Edit options in current program

F1 Universal Help in almost ever Windows program.

Ctrl + A Select all text.

Ctrl + X Cut selected item.

Shift + Del Cut selected item.

Ctrl + C Copy selected item.

Ctrl + Ins Copy selected item

Ctrl + V Paste

Shift + Ins Paste

Home Goes to beginning of current line.

Ctrl + Home Goes to beginning of document.

End Goes to end of current line.

Ctrl + End Goes to end of document.

Shift + Home Highlights from current position to beginning of line.

Shift + End Highlights from current position to end of line.

Ctrl + Left arrow Moves one word to the left at a time.

Ctrl + Right arrow Moves one word to the right at a time.

Alt + Tab Switch between open applications.

Alt + Shift + Tab Switch backwards between open applications.

Alt + Print Screen Create a screen shot only for the program you are currently in.

Ctrl + Esc Bring Up start menu.

Alt + Esc Switch Between open applications on taskbar. F2 Renames selected Icon.

F3 Starts find from desktop.



F4 Opens the drive selection when browsing.

F5 Refresh Contents.

Alt + F4 Closes Current open program.

Ctrl + F4 Closes Window in Program.

Ctrl + (the '+' key on the keypad) Automatically adjust the widths of all the columns in Windows explorer

Alt + Enter Opens properties window of Selected icon or program.

Shift + F10 Simulates right click on selected item.

Shift + Del Delete programs/files without throwing into the recycle bin.

Holding Shift Boot safe mode or by pass system files.

Holding Shift When putting in an audio CD, will prevent CD Player from playing.

WINKEY + D Brings the desktop to the top of all other windows.

WINKEY + M Minimizes all windows.

WINKEY + SHIFT + M Undo the minimize done by WINKEY + M and WINKEY + D.

WINKEY + E Open Microsoft Explorer.

WINKEY + Tab Cycle through open programs through the taskbar.

WINKEY + F Display the Windows Search / Find feature.

WINKEY + CTRL + F Display the search for computers window.

WINKEY + F1 Display the Microsoft Windows help.

WINKEY + R Open the run window.

WINKEY + Pause / Break key Open the system properties window.

WINKEY + U Open Utility Manager.

WINKEY + L Lock the computer (Windows XP and above only).



Excel Shortcut Keys :

F2 Edit the selected cell.

F5 Go to a specific cell. For example, C6. F7 Spell check selected text and/or document.

F11 Create chart.

Ctrl + Shift + ; Enter the current time.

Ctrl + ; Enter the current date.

Alt + Shift + F1 Insert New Worksheet.

Shift + F3 Open the Excel formula window.

Shift + F5 Bring up search box.

Ctrl + A Select all contents of the worksheet.

Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection.

Ctrl + I Italic highlighted selection.

Ctrl + K Insert link.

Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection.

Ctrl + 5 Strikethrough highlighted selection.

Ctrl + P Bring up the print dialog box to begin printing.

Ctrl + Z Undo last action.

Ctrl + F9 Minimize current window.

Ctrl + F10 Maximize currently selected window.

Ctrl + F6 Switch between open workbooks / windows.

Ctrl + Page up Move between Excel work sheets in the same Excel document.

Ctrl + Page down Move between Excel work sheets in the same Excel document.

Ctrl + Tab Move between Two or more open Excel files.

Alt + = Create a formula to sum all of the above cells



Ctrl + Insert the value of the above cell into cell currently selected.

Ctrl + Shift + ! Format number in comma format.

Ctrl + Shift + $ Format number in currency format.

Ctrl + Shift + # Format number in date format.

Ctrl + Shift + % Format number in percentage format.

Ctrl + Shift + ^ Format number in scientific format.

Ctrl + Shift + @ Format number in time format.

Ctrl + Arrow key Move to next section of text.

Ctrl + Space Select entire column.

Shift + Space Select entire row.

Word Shortcut Keys

Ctrl + A Select all contents of the page.

Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection.

Ctrl + C Copy selected text.

Ctrl + X Cut selected text. Ctrl + P Open the print window.

Ctrl + F Open find box.

Ctrl + I Italic highlighted selection.

Ctrl + K Insert link.

Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection.

Ctrl + V Paste.

Ctrl + Y Redo the last action performed.

Ctrl + Z Undo last action.

Ctrl + L Aligns the line or selected text to the left of the screen.



Ctrl + E Aligns the line or selected text to the center of the screen.

Ctrl + R Aligns the line or selected text to the right of the screen.

Ctrl + M Indent the paragraph.

Ctrl + Shift + F Change the font.

Ctrl + Shift + > Increase selected font +1.

Ctrl + ] Increase selected font +1.

Ctrl + Shift + < Decrease selected font -1.

Ctrl + [ Decrease selected font -1.

Ctrl + Shift + * View or hide non printing characters.

Ctrl + Moves one word to the left.

Ctrl + Moves one word to the right.

Ctrl + Moves to the beginning of the line or paragraph.

Ctrl + Moves to the end of the paragraph.

Ctrl + Del Deletes word to right of cursor.

Ctrl + Backspace Deletes word to left of cursor.

Ctrl + End Moves the cursor to the end of the document.

Ctrl + Home Moves the cursor to the beginning of the document.

Ctrl + Spacebar Reset highlighted text to the default font.

Ctrl + 1 Single-space lines.

Ctrl + 2 Double-space lines.

Ctrl + 5 1.5-line spacing.

Ctrl + Alt + 1 Changes text to heading 1.





Ctrl + F1 Open the Task Pane.

F1 Open Help.

Shift + F3 Change the case of the selected text.

Shift + Insert Paste.

F4 Repeat the last action performed (Word 2000+)

F5 Open go to window.

F7 Spell check selected text and/or document. Shift + F7 Activate the thesaurus.

F12 Save as.

Shift + F12 Save.

Alt + Shift + D Insert the current date.

Alt + Shift + T Insert the current time.

Basics Of Computers :



Central Processing Unit (CPU) : This component is like the brain center of the computer,

responsible for processing all the functions your computer allows.This is the home of Random

Access Memory (RAM), which gives your computer the space it needs to process information.

More RAM is typically associated with faster processing time; an important feature in computer

efficiency.

Bits And Bytes:

A computer stores data in units called bits and bytes. Computer chips called integrated circuits

have one of two states, off or on. Therefore, a system was developed that used only two

numbers, 0 and 1. Zero representing off and 1 representing on. You can think of this as a sort of

light switch. Each switch is called a bit.

Bits are grouped together in sets of eight. Each set of eight bits is called a byte. Setting different

combinations of those eight "on and off" combinations can be developed to stand for letters

numbers, spaces, and symbols. For practical purposes, think of a byte as one character. When

computers refer to memory or storage they refer to terms using the following forms of

measurement.

8 bits = 1 byte

1024 bytes = 1 Kilobyte (K)

1024 Kilobytes = 1 Megabyte (MG)

1024 Megabytes = 1 Gigabyte (GB)

Today's hard drives are usually two or more gigabytes of memory and a floppy disk has 1.44

megabytes of memory.

Graphics cards : Responsible for producing clear images on the computer monitor. These cards

also come in a wide variety of options, and should be chosen based on what the computer will

be primarily be used for. Gamers tend to need higher quality graphics cards than those who

typically use their computers for typing documents or researching websites.

Disk drives : Disk drives are another important feature for a home computer, allowing the user

to play CDs and DVDs on the system or store information from the computer to these disks.

Floppy disk drives are also an option, albeit a much older one, but these drives tend to store

much smaller units of information. Computer users now tend to opt for flash drives, temporary

storage units that can be transported from one device to another, for storage purposes.

Hard drive : A hard drive is also an essential element of the CPU, and may come in two

different types; the hard drive (HD) or solid:state drive (SSD). This drive hosts all of the



programs and operating systems on the computer. Most desktop computers use an SSD as a

main hard drive. However, this drive offers limited space and may be more expensive. A hard

drive can also be added to host data, leaving the SSD to run the operating systems. This choice

often results in the best performance from the computer.

Modem : Users that want to be able to access the Internet will need a method for connecting

the PC to other computers. A modem is a device that serves just this purpose, allowing the

computer to receive outside information over phone lines or high:speed cable.Some computers

come with built:in modems, but external devices tend to offer faster processing.

Monitor : The computer monitor provides the visual image of what is being done on the

computer. It is also essential for watching movies or playing games on the computer. CRT

monitors were the popular choice for many years, until flat screen monitors using LCD

technology came into existence. These screens offer a brighter, clearer image, with much

narrower components that take up less space on the workstation.

Speakers : Just as the monitor is required to see the computer work, speakers are required to

hear the computer. Monitors may come equipped with built:in speakers, but many users prefer

to connect separate speakers for better sound quality.

Keyboard and Mouse : These devices allow the user to communicate with the computer,

initiating various actions by typing keys or clicking a button. Both the keyboard and the mouse

provide very similar functions, although the keyboard is necessary for typing text. The mouse

operates by pointing to a function on the screen and clicking. .

Printer : To create hard copies of work completed on the computer, a printer is necessary. This

device is hooked up to the computer so that the two devices can communicate with one

another. Printers can be used for strictly printing images and words on the screen, but they can

also provide additional functions, such as scanning and faxing documents and making copies.

Important Computer Abbrevations :

AI: Artificial Intelligence

ALGOL: Algorithmic Language

ALU: Arithmetic Logic Unit

ANSI: American National Standards Institute

API: Application Program Interface



APIPA: Automatic Private Internet Protocol Addressing

APT: Automatically Programmed Tooling

ARP: Address Resolution Protocol

ARPANET: Advanced Research Projects Agency Network

ASCII: American Standard Code For Information Interchange

ASF: Advanced Streaming Format

ASP: Active Server Pages

ATAPI: Advanced Technology Attachment Packet Interface

ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

AUI: Attachment Unit Interface

AVI: Audio Video Interleave

BASIC: Beginner`s All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code

BCD: Binary Coded Decimal

BDPS:: Business Data Processing Systems

BHTML: Broadcast Hyper Text Markup Language

BIOS: Basic Input Output System

BIU: Bus Interface Unit

BMP: Bitmap

BPS: Bytes Per Seconds

C-DAC: Centre For Development Of Advanced Computing

CAD: Computer Aided Design

CADD: Computer Added Drafting And Design

CAI: Computer Aided Instructuion

CAM: Computer Aided Manufacturing



CAR: Control Address Register

CASE: Computer Aided Software Engineering

CCIS: Common Channel Interoffice Signaling

CCNA: Cisco Certified Network Associate

CD: Compact Disc

CD RW: Compact Disc ReWritable

CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access

CDROM: Compact Disc Read Only Memory

CFG: Control Flow Graph

CGI: Common Gateway Interface

CGM: Computer Graphics Metafile

CIDR: Classless InterDomain Routing

CIM: Computer Integrated Manufacture

CISC: Complex Instruction Set Computers

CIX: Commercial Internet Exchange

CLR: Common Language Runtime

CMOS: Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor

CMS: Content Management System

CMYK: Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Key (Black)

COBOL: Common Business Oriented Language

CORBA: Common Object Request Broker Architecture

CPI: Clock Cycle Per Instruction

CPU: Central Processing Unit

CRC: Cyclic Redundancy Check



CRM: Customer Relationship Management

CROM: Control Read Only Memory

CRT: Cathode Ray Tube

CUI: Character User Interface

DAC: Digital To Analog Converter

DAO: Data Access Objects

DARPANET: Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Network

DBA: Data Base Administrator

DBMS: Data Base Management System

DCA: Defence Communication Agency

DCL: Data Control Language

DCOM: Distributed Component Object Model

DCP: Data Communication Processor

DDL: Data Definition Language

DDOS: Distributed Denial Of Service

DDP: Distributed Data Processing

DFD: Data Flow Diagram

DFS: Distributed File System

DHCP: Dynamic Host Control Protocol

DHTML: Dynamics Hyper Text Markup Language

DLC: Data Link Control

DLL: Dynamic Link Library

DMA: Direct Memory Access

DML: Data Manipulation Language



DMTF: Distributed Management Test Force

DNA: Distributed Internet Architecture

DNS: Domain Name System (Server)

DOM: Document Object Model

DOS: Disk Operating System, Denial Of Service

DPI: Dots Per Inch

DRAM: Dynamic Random Access Memory

DSL: Digital Subscriber Line

DSN: Digital Subscriber Network

DTD: Document Type Definition

DVD: Digital Versatile Disc

E: Electronic

EAROM: Electrically Alterable Read Only Memory

EBCDIC: Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code

EDC: Electronic Digital Computer

EDCDIC: Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code

EEPROM: Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

EFS: Encrypted File System

EJB: Enterprise Java Beans

ENIAC: Electronics Numerical Integrator And Calculator

EPROM: Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

EROM: Erasable Read Only Memory

ERP: Enterprise Resource Planning

EULA: End User License Agreement



FAT: File Allocation Table

FDD: Floppy Disk Drive

FDDI: Fiber Distributed Data Interface

FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access

FIFO: First In First Out

FLOPS: Floating Point Operations Per Second

FO: Fiber Optics

FORTRAN: Formula Translation

FPS: Frames Per Second

FRAM: Ferro Electric Random Access Memory

FTP: File Transfer Protocol

GB: Giga Bytes

GIF: Graphic Interchange Format

GIGO: Garbage In Garbage Out

GML: General Markup Language

GPL: General Public License

GUI: Graphical User Interface

HDD: Hard Disk Drive

HFS: Hierarchical File System

HP: Hewlett Packard

HPC: High Performance Computing

HPFS: High Performance File System

HSR: Horizontal Scan Rate

HTML: Hyper Text Markup Language



HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

IO: Input Output

IBM: International Business Machines

IC: Integrated Circuit

ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol

ICS: Reduce Instruction Set Computer

ICT: Information And Communication Technology

IDE: Integrated Development Environment

IE: Internet Explorer

IGMP: Internet Group Management Protocol

IL: Intermediate Language

IOP: InputOutput Processor

IP: Internet Protocol

IPX: Internetworked Packet Exchange

IRAM: Integration Ram

IRC: Internet Relay Chat

IRDA: Infrared Data Association

IRQ: Interrupt Request

ISAPI: Internet Server Application Program Interface

ISDN: Integrated Services Digital Network

ISO: International Standard Organization

ISP: Internet Service Provider

ISR: Interrupt Service Routine

IT: Information Technology



ITPL: Information Technology Park Limited (India)

JCL: Job Control Language

JDBC: Java Data Base Connectivity

JHTML: Java Within Hyper Text Markup Language

JPEG: Joint Photographic Experts Group

JSP: Java Server Pages

KB: Kilo Bytes

KBPS: Kilo Bytes Per Second

L2TP: Layer Two Tunneling Protocol

LAN: Local Area Network

LCD: Liquid Crystal Display

LDAP: Light Weight Directory Access Control

LIFO: Last In First Out

LIPS: Logical Interfaces Per Second

LOC: Lines Of Code

LSI: Large Scale Integration

LSP: Layered Service Provider

MAC: Media Access Control

MAN: Metropolitan Area Network

MAU: MultiStation Access Unit

MB: Mega Bytes

MBONE: Multicast Backbone

MBPS: Mega Bytes Per Second

MBR: Master Boot Record



MCP: Microsoft Certified Professional

MCS: Multicast Server

MDI: Multiple Document Interface

MDS: Microcomputer Development System

MFC: Microsoft Foundation Classes

MFT: Master File Table

MG: Mega Bytes

MICR: MagneticInk Characters Reader

MIDI: Musical Instrument Digital Interface

MIMD: Multiple Instruction Multiple Data

MIME: Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions

MIPS: Millions Of Instructions Per Second

MISD: Multiple Instruction Single Data

MODEM: Modulator And Demodulator

MP3: Motion Pictures Experts Group Layer 3

MPEG: Motion Pictures Experts Group

MS: Microsoft

MSDN: Microsoft Developer Network

MSIIS: Microsoft Internet Information Server

MSIL: Microsoft Intermediate Language

MSMQ: Microsoft Message Queue

MSN: Microsoft Network

MSRAP: Microsoft Remote Administration Protocol

MSRPC: Microsoft Remote Procedure Call



MTS: Microsoft Transaction Server

MTU: Maximum Transmission Unit

MUDS: MultiUser Dungeons

NAS: Network Attached Storage

NASSCOM: National Association Of Software & Service Companies

NCP: Network Control Protocol

NDIS: Network Driver Interface Specification

NDRO: Nondestructive Read Out

NETBEUI: Netbios Enhanced User Interface

NIC: National Informatics Centre,

NIIT: National Institute Of Information Technology

NNTP: Network News Transfer Protocol

NSFNET: National Science Foundation Network

NTFS: New Technology File System

NTP: Network Time Protocol

OCR: Optical Character Readers

ODBC: Open Data Base Connectivity

OLE: Object Linking And Embedding

OMR: Optical Mark Reader

ONE: Open Network Architecture

OOA: Object Orient Analysis

OOAD: Object Oriented Analysis And Design

OOP: Object Oriented Programming

OOPS: Object Oriented Programming System



OPEN GL: Open Graphics Library

OS: Operating System

OSI: Open System Interconnection

PC: Personal Computer

PCI: Peripheral Component Interconnect

PCMCIA: Personal Computer Memory Card International Association

PDA: Personal Digital Assistant

PDF: Portable Document Format

PDL: Page Description Language

PDU: Protocol Data Unit

PIC: Programming Interrupt Control

PILOT: Programmed Inquiry Learning Or Teaching

PLA: Programmable Logic Array

PLC: Programmable Logic Controller

PNG: Portable Network Graphics

PNP: Plug And Play

PPP: Peer To Peer Protocol

PPTP: Point To Point Tunneling Protocol

PROM: Programmable Read Only Memory

PS: Post Script

RADSL: RateAdaptive Digital Subscribes Line

RAID: Redundant Array Of Independent Disks

RAM: Random Access Memory

RAMDAC: Random Access Memory Digital To Analog Converter



RAS: Remote Access Network

RD RAM: Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory

RDBMS: Relational Data Base Management System

RDO: Remote Data Objects

RDP: Remote Desktop Protocol

RFC: Request For Comments

RGB: Red Green Blue

RICS: Reduced Instruction Set Computer

RIP: Raster Image Processor

RISC: Reduced Instruction Set Computer

ROM: Read Only Memory

RPC: Remote Procedure Call

RTC: Real Time Clock

RTF: Rich Text Format

RTOS: Real Time Operating System

SACK: Selective Acknowledgements

SAM: Security Access Manager

SAP: Service Access Point, Systems Applications Products

SCMP: Software Configuration Management Plan

SD RAM: Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory

SDD: Software Design Description

SDK: Software Development Kit

SDL: Storage Definition Language

SDN: Integrated Service Digital Network



SDRAM: Static Dynamic Random Access Memory

SDSL: Symmetric Digital Subscribes Line

SG RAM: Synchronous Graphics Random Access Memory

SGML: Standard Generalized Markup Language

SIM: Subscriber Identification Module

SIMD: Single Instruction Multiple Data

SISD: Single Instruction Single Data

SIU: Serial Interface Unit

SMP: Symmetric MultiProcess

SMS: Short Message Service

SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

SNA: System Network Architecture

SNAP: Sub Network Access Protocol

SNMP: Simple Network Management Protocol

SNOBOL: String Oriented Symbolic Language

SOAP: Simple Object Access Protocol

SPX: Sequenced Packet Exchange

SQA: Statistical Quality Assurance

SQL: Structured Query Language

SRAM: Static Random Access Memory

SRS: Software Requirements Specification

STP: Shielded Twisted Pair

SVVP: Software Verification And Validation Plan

SW: Software



TAPI: Telephony Application Program Interface

TB: Tera Bytes

TCP: Transmission Control Protocol

TCPIP: Transmission Control Protocol Internet Protocol

TDI: Transport Data Interface

TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access

TPM: Transactions Processing Monitor

TSR: Terminate And Stay Residents

UDD: User Datagram Protocol

UDP: User Datagram Protocol

UI: User Interface

UML: Unified Modelling Language

UNC: Universal Naming Convention

UNIX: Uniplexed Information And Computer Systems

URL: Universal Resource Locator

USB: Universal Serial Bus

USRT: Universal Synchronous Receiver Transmitted

UTP: Unshielded Twisted Pair

VAN: Virtual Area Network

VAST: Very Small Aperture Terminal

VB: Visual Basic

VC++: Visual C++

VCD: Video Compact Disc

VDL: View Definition Language



VGA: Video Graphics Array

VHS: Video Home System

VLIW: Very Long Instruction Words

VLSI: Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits

VPN: Virtual Private Network

VRAM: Video Random Access Memory

VRML: Virtual Reality Modelling Language

VS: Visual Studio

VSNL: Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited

VVR: Software Validation And Validation Report

VXD: Virtual Device Driver

W3C: World Wide Web Consortium

WAIS: Wide Area Information Servers

WAN: Wide Area Network

WAP: Wireless Application Protocol

WBEM: WebBase Enterprise Management

WDM: Wave Division Multiplexing

WHQL: Windows Hardware Quality Lab

WINDOWS ME: Windows Millennium Edition

WINDOWS NT: Windows New Technology

WINDOWS XP: Windows Experienced

WINS: Windows Internet Name Service

WMI: Windows Management Instrumentation

WML: Wireless Markup Language



WORM: Write Once Read Many

WSH: Windows Script Host

WWW: World Wide Web

WYSIWYG: What You See Is What You Get

XHTML: Extensible Hyper Text Markup Language

XML: Extensible Markup Language

XSL: Extensible Style Sheet Langauge

Y2K: Year 2000

Basics Of Computer Hardware :

Input/Output (I/O) devices : These allow you to send information to the computer or get

information from the computer.

Central Processing Unit : CPU or Processor for short. The brain of a computer. Approximately

1.5 in X 1.5 in. Does all the computation/work for the computer.



Random Access Memory: RAM. Where information is stored temporarily when a program is

run. Information is automatically pulled into memory, we cannot control this. RAM is cleared

automatically when the computer is shutdown or rebooted. RAM is volatile (non-permanent).

Hard Drive : Where you store information permanently most frequently. This is also

nonvolatile.

Motherboard: A circuit board that allows the CPU to interact with other parts of the computer.

Ports: Means of connecting peripheral devices to your computer.

a. Serial Port : Often used to connect a older mice, older external modems, older digital

cameras, etc to the computer. The serial port has been replaced by USB in most cases. 9-pin

connector. Small and short, often gray in color. Transmits data at 19 Kb/s.

b.Monitor Ports : Used to connect a monitor to the computer.PCs usually use a VGA (Video

Graphics Array) analog connector (also known as a D-Sub connector) that has 15 pins in three

rows. Typically blue in color.Because a VGA (analog) connector does not support the use of

digital monitors, the Digital Video Interface (DVI) standard was developed.

C. Parallel Port : Most often used to connect a printer to the computer.25-pin connector. Long

and skinny, often pink in color. Transmits data at 50-100 Kb/s.

D.USB Port : Universal Serial Bus. Now used to connect almost all peripheral devices to the

computer. USB 1.1 transmits data at 1.5 Mb/s at low speed, 12 Mb/s at full speed. USB 2.0

transmits data at 480 Mb/s.

e. Firewire/ IEEE 1394 Port: Often found on Apple Computers. Often used with digital

camcorders. Firewire transmits data at 400 Mb/s.Firewire 1394B (the new firewire) transmits

data at 3.2 Gb/s.

f. PS/2 Port : sometimes called a mouse port, was developed by IBM. It is used to connect a

computer mouse or keyboard. Most computers come with two PS/2 ports.

g. Ethernet Port : This port is used for networking and fast internet connections. Data moves

through them at speeds of either 10 megabits or 100 megabits or 1 gigabit (1,000 megabits)

depending on what speed the network card in the computer supports. Little monitor lights on

these devices flicker when in use.

Power Supply : Gives your computer power by converting alternating current (AC) supplied by

the wall connection to direct current (DC).



CD ROM : A device used to read CD-ROMs. If capable of writing to the CD-ROM, then they are

usually referred to as a burner or CD-RW.

DVD ROM : A device that is used to read DVDs/CDs. If capable of writing to the DVD, then it is

often referred to as a DVD-burner or a DVD-RW.

Floppy Drive : A device that is used to read/write to floppy diskettes.

Fan : Keeps your computer cool. If the inside of your computer becomes too hot, then the

computer can overheat and damage parts.

Heatsink : Used to disperse the heat that is produced inside the computer by the CPU and other

parts by increasing surface area.13. The little parts : Capacitors : store energy, Resistors : allows

a current through, Transistors : a valve which allows currents to be turned on or off.

Case : (Tower if standing upright.) What your motherboard, CPU, etc is contained in.

Network Topologies :

Network topologies are categorized into the following basic types:

1.Bus

2.Ring

3.Atar

4.Tree

5.Mesh

Bus Topology : Bus networks (not to be confused with the system bus of a computer) use a

common backbone to connect all devices. A single cable, the backbone functions as a shared

communication medium that devices attach or tap into with an interface connector. A device

wanting to communicate with another device on the network sends a broadcast message onto

the wire that all other devices see, but only the intended recipient actually accepts and

processes the message.

Ring Topology : In a ring network, every device has exactly two neighbors for communication

purposes. All messages travel through a ring in the same direction (either "clockwise" or

"counterclockwise"). A failure in any cable or device breaks the loop and can take down the

entire network.To implement a ring network, one typically uses FDDI, SONET, or Token Ring

technology. Ring topologies are found in some office buildings or school campuses.



Star Topology : Many home networks use the star topology. A star network features a central

connection point called a "hub node" that may be a network hub, switch or router. Devices

typically connect to the hub with Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Ethernet.Compared to the bus

topology, a star network generally requires more cable, but a failure in any star network cable

will only take down one computer's network access and not the entire LAN. (If the hub fails,

however, the entire network also fails.)

Mesh Topology : Mesh topologies involve the concept of routes. Unlike each of the previous

topologies, messages sent on a mesh network can take any of several possible paths from

source to destination. (Recall that even in a ring, although two cable paths exist, messages can

only travel in one direction.) Some WANs, most notably the Internet, employ mesh routing.A

mesh network in which every device connects to every other is called a full mesh. As shown in

the illustration below, partial mesh networks also exist in which some devices connect only

indirectly to others

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OSI And TCP/IP Models :



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