Ff - 2.

jehL muR gahs njthiza nj

bghJj - yfz - bkh g

iz vgjF xGf vgJ bghU iz : caid, m~iz vd U tifgL.

kf - caiz kf myhj cUs, cuw bghUf midJ m~iz

m~iz - m + iz = myhj iz

"caiz vkdh kfRnl" - bjhfha. kf caiz vgJ j bghU

kf, njt, euf caiz kW c cs y m~iz - e}

caiz : - mur, bghd, fz, Ma, kUJt m~iz :- ku, f, rF, wh,

gh 5 tifgL Mgh - mt, fz, fj, ntiyfhu bggh - mt, yR, jh, jif gygh - mtf, isPf, uf xwgh - mJ, Fiu, gR gy gh - mit, khLf, fWf

caizFa ghf : 3 Mgh, bggh, gygh

m~izFa ghf : 2 xwgh, gygh

ghntWghL cUs bghUfSF kLnk caJ

izbrhf : 3 tifgL - neiz, viz, briz

uL brhf xnubghU jJ fUij tWJtJ - neiz uho ghuho , x caJ

vbrhf izJ W fUij tWJtJ - viz xghU fhU, mW W

tz mlit (brit) tYgLJ brh briz

brf brnt, btis btns e vGJfis dbtGJf vd kuyfz TWwJ.

j Kj vGJf : 30 - cbuGJ : 12, bkbaGJ : 18

BUDDHAN SATTUR

cbk vGJf : 216 (12 x 18 = 216) Mj vGJ : ~

bkhj j vGJf : 247 (30 + 216 + 1 = 247)

j vGJl kL nrU vGJf cliy bkkaf :

gf, mr, mg

w vGJfnshL nrJ tUtJ ntWiy bkkaf : rh, thif

vGJfis xf MF fhyms - khiu

xU khiu neu - f ikF neu, u brhLF neu

vGJfSfhd khiu ms cF, cbk F - 1 khiu c beo, cbk beo - 2 khiu

bkbaGJ, Mj vGJ - akhiu

v - Utif - xUik, gik xiw FgJ - xUik (khzt, ku) gybghUfis FgJ - gik (khLf, kf)

l : 3 - jik, Kiy, glif jik - eh, eh, ehf Kiy - , glif - mt, mt

rhbgGJf - 10 tifgL. cbk, Mj, cusbgil, xwsbgil, Fafu, FaYfu, IfhuFWf, xsfhuFWf, kfuFWf, MjFWf

cbk : cbuGJ, bkbaGJ nrJ cbkbaGJf cUthwd. c guLl bk gbdL jjna nrJ, 216 cbkbaGJf wwd.

cbkbaGJf : + m = k, + < = , + c = F, + I = ir

cbkbaG

msbgil : br Xir FiwnghJ xU brh Kj, il, fil F beo vGJf jkFa msUJ L xF. ~J msbgil vdgL.

msbgil 2 tifgL.

cusbgil, xwsbgil

cusbgil : br Fiw Xiria iw bra, c beo vGJf VG msbgLgJ cusbgil.

cusbgil 3 tifgL. 1. iriw msbgil (brir msbgil)

2. irasbgil

3. brhirasbgil

br Xir FiwlJ iw bra c beo vGJf msbgLgJ ir iw msbgil - bjhHhm, bflhm

iriwasbgil

FaYfu xU khiuUJ FiwJ miu khiuahf xF.

gR - "R" FaYfukW. Vbd btGJ "g" vD j FiyaLJ tJsJ. J KaYfu

FaYfu vG K vGij bfhL mjid MW tifgLJt. 1. beo bjhl FaYfu, 2. Mjbjhl FaYfu. 3. tbjhl FaYfu. 4. bk bjhlFaYfu. 5. ilbjhlFaYfu. 6. cbjhl FaYfu

beo bjhl FaYfu : fhR, ML, L, NJ - t FaYfu vG KbdGJ beo (fh, M, , N) vdnt J beo bjhl FaYfu.

beo bjhl FaYfu

nfah, brah - t ah vD mirbrh tU fu, FafukhF.

KaYfu : jdFa xU khiu msUJ FiwahJ xF cfu KaYfu gR, vG, jS, fj, vU

Ifhu FWf : I - J cbeo vGJ. J xF ms 2 khiu. j "I" vD vGJ brh Kj, il,

abrh : vyhUF bghU sF tif aghf mikj brh abrh. fhL, ku, , kj

abrh bgaiu Fjh bga abrh - fhW, PhW, gyif.

abrh idia Fjh idabrh - gojh, dh, clh.

brh : fwtfSF kLnk bghU sf Toa brh brh (knjhif) c (ef)

tlbrh : j tHfgL tlbkh brhf. vGJf khw bgW tUtJ cL. - l, Zg - l, fky, Uja

irbrh :

jehil NJs w gFfUJ j tJ fyJ tHfgL brh - irbrh

nf (zW), bgw (gR)

wbkh brhfSnfw j brhf

rkUj j

mffhu - brUF mZl - engW muha - fUJ mt - Jik Muhjid - tghL Mdj - k rgj - NSiu dr - ehnjhW ija - J

nghJa j

mykh - beLngiH uh - ytf rh - wnfh rd - gyf

mu - j

jft - br t - tHFiuP gh - Yit lh - fo

kuh - j

fhj - jh ngil - wef mghl - g mltiz - goa

ehtif brhf : (yfz tif)

yfz tifah brhfis ehF tifgLJt. bgabrh, idbrh, ilbrh, cbrh.

bgaiu FgJ - bgabrh (L, , nk, fkh)

braiy FgJ - idbrh (Tdh, Modh)

bgabrh, idbrhf izghf tUtJ - ilbrh (fzD - c, ntia - I) bgabrh, id brhf bghUis wJ mtnf cik bfhL tUtJ - cbrh (khef, engdh, fokz.)

LFbga :

vjfhuzK fUjhJ, xU bghUSF Fplhf L tHF bga LFbga - ( eh, nfh, k )

fhuzbga :

VnjD xU fhuz fU, xU bghUSF tHF bga fhuzbga. (ehfh, gwit, brf.)

gytiffis csla, bghJthd LFbgaf LF bghJbga vdgL. (ku)

LFbga gytW xwid Fghf RLkhdh - LFwbga (bjid, thiH)

gytiffis csla bghJthd fhuzbga - fhuz bghJbga (gwit)

fhuzbga gytW xwid kL Fghf RLkhdh - fhuzwbga (wh, tisa)

mWtif bga brhf :

bghUbga, lbga, fhybga, idbga, Fzbga, bjhbga.

bghUbga : cUs, cuw KGbghUis FgJ - Fku, btshL, jL, ku.

lbga : lij FgJ -njhl, kiy, tFgiw

BUDDHAN SATTUR

fhybga : fhyij FgJ - neW, 2007 M ML, khiy

idbga : xU KG bghU cWig FgJ. id - cW f, , myF, jiy

Fzbga : (gbga) w, Rit, tot ms g FgJ. brky, eWRit, Kj, tlghij

bjhbga : bjhiy FgJ, J fhy fhlhJ. fj, goj, tiuj

idKW :

bra KW bgwij FF brh idKW. jid KWid vW TWt. tjh J Kfhyij fhL gojh - wjfhy MLwh - ffhy nghth - vfhy

idKW fhy, iz, gh, v, l Matiw fhL tiujh - wjfhy tiujh - caiz tiujh - Mgh tiujh - glif tiujh - xUik

bgabur : vrid bgaiu bfhL KotJ. gGj gH - gGj - vrid gH - bgabrh

idbar : vrid idia bfhL KotJ. ghJ kjh - ghJ - vrid kjh - idbrh

idbar Kfhyij fhL. vLJ bfhLjh - wjfhy vLJ bfhLwh - ffhy vLJ bfhLgh - vfhy

ngh : xU brh vGJ ntWglhY bghU khWglhJ UgJ

ngh. J Kjngh, ilngh, filngh (

filngh : brh

Kfj msitahFbga : ehF l njit l - Kfj msitbga. J gh, be Matiw Fjjh Kfj msitahF bga.

l msitahFbga : _W l bfhL l - l msitbga. lJ J JF Mtjjh l msitahFbga.

xU khgH bfhL, uL nyh be bfhL - t vQ bgaf MFbgauhfkhlh.

brhyhFbga : tSt brh aJ brh vgJ brhiy (thij) Ffhk bghUSF bgauhtjjh brhyhFbga.

jhahF bga: ghiy w it

gh bga ghiy Ffhk ghYs ghuij FjJ. ghu - jhd. gh - jh. jh bga mij jhs jhdF Mtjjh jhahF bga.

lbga bghUSF MtUtJ lthF bga. bghU (jh) lF MtUtJ jhahFbga.

fUahF bga : ah nfL knj.

ah - fU - mJ mfUjU irF Mtjjh fUahF bga.

fhathFbga : eh rika fnw.

rika vgJ fha (bra) bga. J fhuzF (fUF) bgauh tUtjh fhathFbga.

fUjhthFbga : UtStiu go

UtSt - fUjhbga. J mtuh vGjgl YF Mtjjh fUjhthFbga.

ctikahF bga : fhis eljh.

fhis - uDF TwgL ctik. tik ctikia Ffhk fhis nghw uid Fjjh ctikahF bga.

ntWik

g bfhLjh - bfhLjt g gF bfhLjh - bgW bfhlt g

bga brh bghU ntWgLtij ntWik vg. ntWik vL tifgL.

Kj ntWik :

Ky gojh - Ky - vGth;

gojh - gaiy (idbrh)

bgabrh vGthahf W, gaiyia bfhL KoJ aghf mikJsJ. J Kj ntWik. jid vGth ntWik vW TWt.

ulh ntWik : (cU :I)

Rlk ghiyFojh - Rlk - vGth

gh vgJ bgabrhjh - ~J I vD cUig VW bragLbghUis czJwJ.

bgabrh bghUis bragLbghUshf ntWgLJtJ

ulh ntWik. jid bragLbghU ntWik vW TWt.

ulh ntWik : Mf, mj, milj, j, xj, cilik vd MW bghUf tU. mHf iyia brjh - Mf tst giftiu btwh - mj stu il miljh - milj fz dij Ljh - j vy fhisia nghwt - xj fhnkf brtij cilat - cilik

_wh ntWik : (cUf - M, M, xL, XL)

fz Cah ijjh.

M, M, xL, XL vD _wh ntWik cUf bgabrhnyhL nrJ mj bghUis fUbghUshf, fUjhbghUshf, clf bghUshf ntWgLJwd.

fUbghU : 2

~J U tifgL. KjfU, JizfU

ehuh fW jh - eh KjfU - bghU miktJ.

ifah fW jh - if - fha bragL tiu Jizahf UgJ if - JizfU

fUjhbghU : 2

brtjuh L flglJ - Vj fUjh. (brtj Mfis itJ ilfo Kojh)

BUDDHAN SATTUR

jruh fo braglJ - aWj fUjh (jr jhnk, fUfis bfhL brJ KoJsh)

clf bghU : X vGth braYl, bjh braY clftJ - clf bghU

fojbjhL gzK tjJ. jhnahL FHij brwJ

brhYUf : 2 (bfhL, cl)

fUbghU bfhL vD brhtU. bfhL ijjh clf bghU cl vD brh tU. dYl kiH bghjJ. ehfh ntWik ( cU - F) jh FHijF cz Codh. ehfh ntWik bfhil, gif, e, jF, mJthj, bghUL, Kiw, viy vd gy bghU tU. gh ytF gR bfhLjh - bfhil nehF kUJ - gif fQF mfy fnzhl - jF jUF gh thdh - mJthj TF ntiy - bghUL tstDF jif tsk - Kiw gHF hf Lf - viy brhYUf : .(bghUL, j, Mf) T bghUL ntiy brjh ntiy j bt brwh.

efhf gz jjh - Mf vD brhYU F cl nrJ tU. Ijh ntWik ( cU - , ) bfhil wjt Fkz J f, x, viy, VJ(fhuz) vD ehF bghU tU. jiy j k - f fl j fGilah - x U nkF gH - viy m ft xsitah - VJ brhYUf ; (UJ, W, l, fhoY) nty CUJ tjh btyh nkfW btglJ. jHur vidl _jt jiH fhoY wj bkh ntiy

Mwh ntWik : (cU : mJ, MJ, m) Mwh ntWik cUf cik (Hik) bghU tU

vdJ L mJ, MJ - xUikF tU vdhJ ril m - gikF tU ij, kh vd j khjf guL Mwh ntWik brhYU - cila. vDila jf

VHh ntWik : cUf - f, l, , c, ntWik lbghUis czJ. o nrhiy csJ. kiy fL wl gif bfhshnj jiynk cs Rik

"" vD ntWik cU Ijh ntWik x, VJ, f Ma bghU tU. Mdh VHh ntWik "" lbghU tU.

vlh ntWik ( ntWik) glif bgaiu Kiy bgauh miHf ntWik gagLwJ. vdnt J (miHj) ntWik vdgLwJ. nty - ntyh, j - j

z

KUf tjh - KUf - iybkh tjh - tUbkh iybkh tUbkh iztJ z

z - a z, fhu z vd UtifgL. a z : bgh + kiy thiH + ku gid + ku vdnt ~J a z vdgL.

fl + miy = flyiy J a zna. iybkh

thiH + gH = thiHgH

gyh + Ris = gyhRis z U brhfSFilna , , vD vGJf jhf

njhsd vdnt J njhw fhu..

j fhu :

g + bgho = gbgho - iybkh

g + mHF = g + mHF = gyHF

e} :

"jF K xW ct uL"

cLgLbk z iybkhpY tUbkh KjY cvGJf U mit xWnruh. mtiw xWgLj , vD UbkbaGJf il njh xwhF. bkbaGJfSF clgLbkbaGJf vW bga.

+ mizjJ = aizjJ

gid + Xiy = gidnahiy

+ mHF = aHF

thW iybkhp ,

idbjhif cfy - ~J xU tif bgaburnk. J fhy fhliy. vdnt J clfy, cw fy, cQ fy vd KfhyF bghUJgo J bghU jUwJ.

fhy fhL iliy, bgabur F uL kiwJtU bgabur idbjhif

fhy fuj bgabur idbjhif - e}

gbjhif fUFtis - bjhl fUikaha Ftis vdbghU jUwJ.

fUFtis - fUik + Ftis - fUik - gbga, Ftis g bfh bga. uoF ilna ik vD gF Ma vD cU kiwJ tJsjh J gbjhif MF.

cU gaD cl bjhf bjhif Fl - iu cila Fl. "I" vD ntWik cU cila vD gaD kiwJ tUtjh ~J cU gaD cl bjhf bjhifahF. uL Kj VG ntWik tiu bjhif mik.

kghid - _wh ntWik cU gaD cl bjhf bjhif.

UbgabuhL gbjhif gid ku - gidaha ku vgJ j bghU

gid - w bga, ku - bghJbga. w bga KD, bghJbga D W il "Ma" vD g cU bjh tUtJ UbgabuhL g bjhif.

ctikbjhif : kyif - ky nghwif vgJ j bghU. ky - ctik, if - ctnka. ctikF ctnkaF ilna nghw, nghy vD ctk cU bjh tUtJ ctik bjhif.

cikbjhif : cwh, cwd - cwhU cwdU vgJ jbghU. U brhf ilY WY "c" vD ilbrh bjh tUtJ cikbjhif.

mbkhbjhif fa tjh - fa nghw vgJ jbghU. J ctikbjhif. J tjh vD idbrhiy jG wjh, fa nghw ia cila bg tjh vdbghU jUwJ. bjhl bg vD myhj bkh bjh tjjh, ~J mbkh bjhifahF. ~J ctik bjhifwJ wj mbkhbjhif. ijnghW ntWik, id, g, ctik, cik Ma bjhifiy bjhlfSF wnj myhj brhf bjh W mjdj mbkhbjhifahf tU.

BUDDHAN SATTUR

bjhfh iybjhl

xU bjhl bkh Ubrhf UJ, mt il brhnyh cUngh kiwahJ bghUis czJtJ bjhfh iybjhl vdgL.

bjhfh iybjhl 9 tifgL vGthbjhl, bjhl, idKWbjhl, bgabur bjhl, idbar bjhl, ntWik bjhfh iybjhl, ilbrh bjhl, cbrh bjhl, mLFbjhl.

vGth bjhl fy tjh - fy - vGth, tjh - gaiy. vGthia bjhlJ gaiy tJ bghU jUwJ. vGthbjhl.

egh, go - egh brh (miHj) go - gaiy - vdnt J bjhl MF.

idKW bjhl brwd u - brwd vD idKiw bjhlJ, u vD bga brh W bghU jUwJ. J id KW bjhl

bgabur bjhl : goj ghl - goj vD vrid ghl vD bga brhiy bfhL KoJsjh bgaburbjhl.

idbarbjhl : njo ghjh- njo vD vrid, ghjh vD idKW bfhL KoJsjh, J idbarbjhl.

ntWik bjhfh iybjhl : il fodh - L vD brhYl "I" vD ulh ntWik cU btgl tJ bghU jUtjh ntWik bjhfh iybjhl MW

ilbrh bjhl : kWw - kW vD il brhiy bjhlJ, w vD brh W bghU jUtjh ilbrh bjhl.

cbrh bjhl : khKt - kh - cbrh. J Kt vD brhnyhL nrJ bghU jUwJ - cbrhbjhl.

mLFbjhl : eW eW eW - xnu brh gyKiw mL tJ bghU jUtJ mLF bjhl MF.

a tHF : xU bghUis RLtjF vj brh aghf csnjh, mjdh tHFtJ a tHF

BUDDHAN SATTUR

a tHF - yfzKilaJ, yfz ngh, k%c vd _W tifgL.

yfz cilaJ : ah ghl gojh - bjhl brhf yfz Kiwgo W bghU jUwd.

yfzngh efw , fhth - it yfz cila brhf. tiw wef, thfh vd kh yfz cilaJ nghy bjhW bjhL tH tUnwh. vdnt it yfz ngh

k%c : jrh, nfha - bgafis jir, nfhit vd RU tHFnwh. ijJ tJs it k%c vdgL.

jFtHF : ngRnghJ, vGJnghJ jFahd brhfis gagLJtJ jF tHF.

jF tHF - Jlfulf, kfy, FGcF vd _W tifgL. lfulf : kyfGj vD luhd brhiy jJ, fh fGj vd tHFtJ lfulf. (lf + mlf)

kfy : mkfykhd brhiy , kfykhd brhfsh bghUis sFtJ. brjh - Jdh, RLfhL - efhL

F>cF : xU FGd, jkF kL tif gagLJ brh F>cF

bghbfhy bghdd g vg.

gj - gfhgj, gFgj vd U tifgL.

jh bghU juhj brh gfhgj. J bga gfhgj, id gfhgj, il gfhgj, c gfhgj vd ehF tifgL. ku, eh - c, vL, - k, w - rhy, cW

gFfToa gj gFgj - J bgagFgj, id gFgj vd UtifgL. fz, brjh

bghU, l, fhy, id, Fz, bjh vD M mogilahf njhWtJ bgagFgj. bghd - Cu - Miuah - fz - fa - eof

gF, F, iliy, r, rhia, fhu vD MW gFgj cWf MF.

brh Kj W bghU jUtij gF vg. gF Vt idahf tU. gojh - go, tjh - th, Xodh - XL.

F : gFgj W gJ F. eljh - M, eljJ - J, eljd - m

iliy : gFF FF il gJ iliy. J fhy fhL.

ffhy iliyf - W, W, MW cwh - W, cwh - W, czhwh - MW.

wjfhy iliyf - , , , ghjh - , clh - , btwh - , ghodh -

vfhy iliyf - , cgh - , tUth -

vkiw iliyf - , M, M coy - , fhzy - m, ghuh - M

r : gFF iliyF il gJ r ghwh - gh + + W + M

rhia : bga, id brhfis rhJ tUtJ - J iliyF FF il tU. cld - c + + m + m

m, M, , m, RW, W, mJ, m Kjad rhiafshf tU.

fhu : khw - tjh vD brh gF th - J FW t vd MW - j khwnk fhu vdgL.

brhdh - brh, flh - fh - fhu

ilbrhfS cbrhfS vnghJ gfhgjfns

BUDDHAN SATTUR

gFgj Fiwjs gF, F vD uL cWf Uf ntL.

tHhiy, tG, tGtik

yfz iH ngRtJ, vGJtJ tHhiy vdgL.

brt gojh.

tHhiy MW tifgL.

iz tHh iy - khL tjJ,

gh tHh iy - fz tjh

l tHh iy - eh tnj, tjh

fhy tHh iy - ehis tUnt, neW tjh

dh tHh iy - j yfz vjid tifgL?

il tHh iy - jHf jiy efu vJ? vD dhF brid vd ilaj.

tG - yfz Kiw ngRtJ vGJtJ tG vdgL. (tG - Fw) ~J VG tifgL.

iz tG - v khkh tjJ. ca izF m~iz idKW tjJ gh tG - fztjh. MghYF bggh idKW tjJ. ltG - ehf tjhf - jikF glif idKW tjJ.

fhytG - ghY ehis tjh - vfhyF wjfhy idKW tjJ

dh tG - KillJ nrtyh bgilah? bghUjkw dh

il tG - ehis g wfgLkh? vD dhF mijF cl eyiy vd il jUj

tGtik : yfz Kiwgo FwKilajhD fwtfsh Fwkwjhf VW bfhsgLtJ tGtik.

ctif, w, ca, cW, d fhuzkhf iz tG gh tG fhy tG tGtikahf VW bfhsgL.

gR - m~iz - mij ghJ, "v yR tJ lh" vd TWtJ - iz tGtik.

FoauRjiyt ehis jHf tUwh - cWjik fhuzkhf vfhy - ffhy TwgLsJ - fhy tGtik.

M FHijia "tho, v fnz" vd TWtJ gh tGtik.

BUDDHAN SATTUR

bghUnfh (RUfkhf)

br cs fisnah mofisnah bghUSnfg mikJ bghU bfhS Kiw bghUnfh.

bghUnfh - vL tifgL - MW bghUnfh, bkh khW bghUnfh, uiu bghUnfh, L bghUnfh, jhirbghUnfh, miskgh bghUnfh, bfhL TLbghUnfh, mok khW bghUnfh.

MW bghUnfh : M brtJ nghy, ghl brhf K khwhJ nenu W bghU jUtJ MW bghUnfh.

bghth Ijjh bgh xGf be wh Lth th.

bkh khW bghU nfh :

Xuo cs brhfis bghUSnfg kh itJ bghU bfhtJ - bkhkhW bghUnfh.

Riu ahH m jg - jid Riu jg m MH vd bghU khbfhtJ.

u iu bghUnfh :

br brhfis tirgL mikJ bghU bfhtJ u iu bghUnfh.

m mwD ciljh thif g gaD mJ.

thif g - m, ga - mw. Kjyo UbrhfS ulhko UbrhfS tirahf mikfgLsd.

L bghUnfh : UKidfS yh izfgoUjnghy, br KjbrhY WbrhY bghUgl bghUJtJ L (L) bghUnfh.

beUe csxUt iy vD bgUik cil yF

jhir bghUnfh : Cr eLwfW KD, D brW tUtJ nghy - ghl eLF brh KdhY WY cs brhfnshL nrJ bghU jUtJ jhir

bghUnfh (jhir - jh + ir = Cr fW)

czhik csJ ciy Ccz mzhj brahJ msW.

C vD brh KD Dkhf brW nrJ bghU jUwJ.

BUDDHAN SATTUR

misk gh bghUnfh : gh jiyitJ EiHnghJ, jiynkyhf cl mLJ brtJ nghy - br WUJ brhfis vLJ Kj itJ To bghU bfhtJ misk gh bghUnfh.

bfhL TLbghUnfh : br gy mofY TwgLs brhfis bghUSnfg To bghUbfhtJ bfhL TL bghUnfh.

fo fU frF f fj vo fF v} - gos fhis gogh fwFnk ey gR ntis juhJ cG.

fU F vW vo frF vW fhis cG, gR gogh fwF vd brhfis bghUSnfg bfhL Tl ntL.

mok khW bghUnfh : br mofis Kdhf kh itD, bghUS Xir ijahJ tUtJ mok khW bghUnfh.

dh, il tiff,

dh tif

dh mWtifgL. mit : mdh, mahdh, Iadh, bfhsdh, bfhildh, Vtdh vgd.

1. mdh

jh xU bghUis efUJ mbghU wF bjkh vgjid mbghUL dhtgL dh mdh.

(v-L) UFwis aat ah? vd Ma khztl dtJ.

2. mahdh

jh mahj xU bghUis mJbfhtjfhf wl dtJ mahdh

(v-L) vLbjhif fS w gad vit? vd khzt Mal dtJ.

3. Iadh

jdF Iakhf Uw xU bghU FJ, Iaid ngh bfhtjfhf dtgL dh, Iadh.

(v-L) mnf lgJ ghngh? fnwh?

4. bfhsdh

jh xU bghUis th bfhS bghUL filfhul d dh, bfhsdh.

(v-L) Iah, gU csjh? vd tfl dtJ

5. bfhildh

jh xU bghUis bfhLgjfhf, mbghU Ujiyg wl dtJ, bfhil dh.

(v-L) khztfns! cfSF Uil iynah?

6. Vtdh

xU bjhiy brgo V dh, Vt dh.

(v-L) kdghl bris gojhah?

KUfh rhlhah?

(it go, rhL vW Vt bghUis jUwd) m, mahik, Iw, bfhs, bfhil, Vt jU dh, MW Gfh - e} 385

il tif

dhF Vg ilagJ jh bkheil w.

nj, ehis eilbgWkh? vd nfl xUtl, "v jif vHh tF gowh" vd TWtJ jtW. dh il iH mikjny Kiw.

iw, br, g vgd il ntWbgaf. il vL tifgL. mit : RL, kiw, ne, Vt, dh vdhj, cwJiuj, cWtJ Tw, dbkh vgd.

1. RL il :

"bridF t ahJ?" vW ddh

"J" vgJnghy Ro TW il, RLil.

2. kiwil (vkWJ Tw il) :

"J brthah?" vW danghJ, brna vgJ nghy vkWJ TW il, vkiwil.

3. neil (clgL TWj) :

"J brthah?" vW danghJ brnt vW clgL TW il, neil.

4. Vtil :

"J brthah?" vW danghJ "na br" vW VTWtJ Vtil.

5. dh vdhj il

"J brthah?" vW danghJ, "brahkUngndh?" vW dhitna ilahf TWtJ, dhvdhj il.

BUDDHAN SATTUR

6. cwJiuj il

"J brthah?" vW danghJ, "cl behjJ" vW jdF cwjid ilahf TWtJ, cwJiuj il.

7. cWtJ Tw il "brthah?" vD dhF "if tF" vd jdF neu nghtij ilahf TWtJ, cWtJ Twil.

8. dbkhil

"MLthah?" vW danghJ, "ghLnt" vd MLtjF dkhd ghLtij ilahf TWtJ, dbkhil..

RL, kiw, ne Ma _W btgil. Vt, dh vdhj, cwJ ciuj, cWtJ Tw, dbkh Ma IJ dhfSF ca ilia Fgh czJtd. J iwgagd vdgL.

ah : br cWf

br, ghL, F, fij vgd xU bghU Fj gybrhf.

ah - bris fLj - cUthFj.

br cWf : 6 - vGJ, mir, , jis, mo, bjhil.

vGJ : j vGJf midJ brSFadnt, cF, cbeo, cbk F, cbk beo, bkbaGJf, Mj vgdah ahFa vGJfshF. bkbaGJf xbwGJf vdgL. Mj bkahf fUjgL.

mir : vGJ jnjh, gynrnjh Xirgl gJ mir, ~J UtifgL. neuir, iuair

neuir : F jJ, xwLJ, beo jJ, xwLJ tUtJ neuir. f, f, fh, fh

iuair : F izJ, F izJ xwLJ, F beo izJ, F beo xwLJ tUtJ iuair.

gl, gl, glh, glh

: mirf jJ izJ moF cWghf miktJ vdgL.

ehF tifgL - Xuir,

ehl tsjU ehL - fhR (ne)

gft Kjnw yF - w (iu)

a btlis :

1. w kh - tU Kjyir iuair.

mf/u Kj/y kh iu

2. w s - tU Kjyir neuir.

y / tiu / f fUs ne

bt btlis : fh K ne tUtJ ah/jh/D eh/lhkh njkhfh ne

a btlis, bt btlis btghFad.

fjis : fh K iutUtJ. J fghF caJ

xa tjis : f K iu tUtJ

xwhj tjis : f K ne tUtJ

mo : f gy mLJ elgJ mo vdgL. Fwso, jo, msto, beoyo, fbeoyo vd mo ItifgL.

1. Fwso : monjhW Ufis bgW tUtJ Fwso vdgL. (v-L) K ntLnk g ntLkh r aJ bernk. 2. jo : monjhW Kfis bgW tUtJ jo vdgL.

(v-L) gG yhj gbjh gG yhJ gwnt gG yhJ gybjh gG yhJ gd

3. msto : monjhW ehF fis bgW tUtJ msto myJ neuo vdgL.

(v-L) jhbkh jhD jf nghWt Mbkh ahsj mF Vwt fhbkh ahtJ foJ khWt thbkh jlh tif MWt

4. beoyo : monjhW IJ fis bgW tUtJ beoyo vdgL.

(v-L) ML filk ehmir ahk mybkF L Filia jj uhj y

ghL ty fXl Tj gjhaij NL FnyhJf nrhHbd nwbaid brhYtnu!

5. fbeoyo : monjhW MW myJ mjFnk gy fis bgw tUtij fbeoyo vd TWt.

(v-L) th brik ntL thikna ngr ntL ghbra yf ntL gid fhj ntL jhid mfw ntL jUid Lj ntL Niy czj ntL nrhgiy nghf ntL

gho monjhW MWf bgWsjh, jid fbeoyo vg. ghlYs fis v, jid mWfbeoyo vg. Jngh VGf Ujh vGfbeoyo vW, vL f Ujh vfbeoyo vW TWt.

bjhil : kyfis bjhLgJnghynt fY mofY nkhid Kjad mika bjhLgJ bjhil vdgL. (bjhil - bjhLfgLtJ; bjhil - khiy). gh XirgF wF bjhil ntLtjhF. bjhilaw ghL eilaW nghF vgJ gHbkh.

bjhil vL tifgL. mit : 1. nkhidbjhil, 2. vJifbjhil, 3. Kubjhil, 4. iabjhil, 5. msbgilbjhil, 6. uilbjhil. 7. mjh bjhil. 8. brbjhil.

1. nkhidbjhil : br monjhW Kj vGJ xtu

bjhLgJ monkhid bjhil vdgL.

v Jf fUk Jj vQt vg GF. - Fw, 468

Fwgh Kj mo KjYs Kj vGJ (v) ulh mo KjYs Kj vGJ (v) x tJsjh, J nkhidbjhil.

2. vJif bjhil : monjhW KjbyGJ msbthJ (Xir) f, ulh vGJ xtu bjhLgJ mobaJifbjhil vdgL.

mfu Kjy vGbjyh M gft Kjnw cyf. -Fw, 1

Fwgh Kj moY ulh moY f vD ulh vGJ xJ tJsJ. vdnt, ~J mobaJifbjhil vdgL.

BUDDHAN SATTUR

3. Ku bjhil : monjhW Kj bghUsh Kugl bjhLgJ moKubjhil vdgL. g iHah Lig abggh Jg cWj y. - Fw, 615

ghl Kjyo g vW, ulh mo Jg vW Kugl brhf tJsd. vdnt, ~J moKubjhil vdgL.

4. iabjhil : monjhW W xtu bjhLgJ moia bjhil vdgL.

bfhl nfhu mil TL bfhof thd goju _L fl ngul jliy ehL fdf K mdis ahL.

ghl monjhW W x (xJ) tJsjh moia bjhil MW.

5. msbgil bjhil : monjhW Kj msbgLJ tUtJ moasbgil bjhil vdgL.

bfLgc bflhF rhthk whnf vLgc vyh kiH. - Fw, 15

ghl bfLgc, vLgc vd ulofY msbgLJ tJsikah, moasbgil bjhil vdgL.

bjhil fgf : ehFfisila Xuo iz, bgh, x%c, TiH, nkfJth, fJth, KW Mad tubjhLgJ bjhil fg vdgL. ntG nkhid, vJif, ia, Ku, msbgil Ma IJ bghUj bjhil fg KgijJ tifgL.

nkhid : 1. iznkhid (1, 2) :

ehF fis bfhl Xuo KjU f KjbyGJ xtu bjhLgJ iznkhid vdgL.

brh w fhgh vtbfhnyh tbrh tHF tJ?

2. bgh nkhid (1, 3) : X mo KjY _wh Y KjbyGJ xJ tUtJ bgh nkhid vdgL.

Jwjh bgUik JizT ita wjhiu vbfh lW.

3. x%c nkhid(1, 4) :

X mo KjY ehfh Y KjbyGJ xtu bjhLgJ, x%c nkhid vdgL.

iwbkh khj bgUik yJ kiwbkh fho L

4. TiHnkhid (1, 2, 3) : X mo Kj, uL, _wh f KjbyGJ x tUtJ TiHnkhid vdgL.

jhd jtuL jfh aDyf thd tHfh bj

5. nkfJth nkhid (1, 3, 4) : X mo Kj, _W, ehfh f KjbyGJ xtu bjhLgJ nkfJth nkhid vdgL.

W bgh aDyf JW lW g.

6. fJthnkhid (1, 2, 4) : Xuo Kj, uL, ehfh f Kj vGJ xtu bjhLgJ fJth nkhid vdgL.

Unr Uid nruh iwt bghUnr fjh khL.

7. KWnkhid (1, 2, 3, 4) : X mo ehF fY KjbyGJ xtu bjhLgJ KWnkhid vdgL.

ff frlw fgit fw f mjF jf.

F : ehF f nkhidFa fgf iz, bgh, x%c, TiH, nkfJth, fJth, KW vd VF Kj vGJ xtu bjhLgJ nghynt vJif tU.

vJif : 1. iz vJif (1, 2) :

Kjyo KjU f KjbyGJ msbthJ f (Xiras) ulh vGJ xtu bjhLgJ izvJif vdgL.

MWth Mw gahw mgia khWth Mw .

2. bgh vJif (1, 3) : X mo Kj Y _wh Y KjbyGJ msbthJ f, ulh vGJ xtu bjhLgJ bgh vJif vdgL.

BUDDHAN SATTUR

(v-L) my mUshth iy ttHF kykh Phy f.

3. x%c vJif (1, 4) : X mo Kj Y ehyh Y KjbyGJ msbthJ f, ulh vGJ x tUtJ x%c vJif vdgL.

mUyh fyf iy bghUyh yf yh ahF

4. TiH vJif (1, 2, 3) :

X mo Kj, uL, _wh f KjbyGJ msbthJ f, ulh vGJ xtu bjhLgJ TiH vJif vdgL.

gWf gwwh gid mgiw gWf gW lF.

5. nkfJth vJif (1, 3, 4) : X mo Kj, _W, ehfh f KjbyGJ msbthJ f, ulh vGJ xtu bjhLgJ nkfJth vJif vdgL.

mHbfhl vyh mHngh, HD gaF egh yit.

6. fJth vJif (1, 2, 4) : X mo Kj, uL, ehfh f KjbyGJ msbthJ f, ulh vGJ xtu bjhLgJ fJth vJif vdgL.

gJ g iHahjh JgJ Jg cWj y. - Fw, 629

7. KbwJif (1, 2, 3, 4) : X mo cs ehfY KjbyGJ msbthJ f, ulh vGJ xtu bjhLgJ KbwJif vdgL.

JghF Jgha Jgh JghF Jgha c kiH.

ia : ia bjhilfgij Xuo ehyhtJ UJ fzl ntL. 1. izia : (4,3)

Xuo ehfhtJ _whtJ f

2. bgh ia : (4,2)

Xuo ehfhtJ ulhtJ f

mfu Kjy vGbjyh M gft Kjnw cyF.

neir btgh : btgh bghJ yfz - ehF mof - ulhko W jbrh - xU fgfkhf, Ufgkhf tUtJ.

ir btgh : btgh bghJ yfz- ehfof cilajh - ulhko W jbrh bgW _W fgjhD - _wh mo W jbrh bgW UfgjhD tUtJ.

g~bwhil btgh : btgh bghJ yfz - Ijo Kj guL motiu bgWtUtJ.

a btgh : btgh bghJyfz - _wofis cilajh tUtJ. ulhko jbrh bgW tjh neir a btgh - jbrh tjh ir a btgh.

Magh bghJ yfz.

msto bgW tU - a gW tU - wfS tU - Ma jistU - w jisf fyJ tU - 3 mo bwiy - ghL yt fUnfg gy mofis bgW tU - mftnyhir bgWtU

Magh - neir Magh, izFw Magh, iykoy Magh, mok koy Magh vd ehF tifgL.

neir Magh : Magh bghJ yfzJl

bghU yfz mfbghU

bghUyfz mf, w vd UtifgL.

mfbghU

mila jiyt jiy ga xGfid TWtJ mfiz vdgL.

F, Kiy, kUj, bej, ghiy, ifis, bgUiz vd mfizf VGtifgL.

mtW KjiyJ m Iiz vW tHfgL.

mfbghUSFa bghUf KjbghU, fUbghU, cbghU vgd.

KjbghU mfbthGf ftjF fhuzkhd yK bghGJ KjbghU vdgL. y ItifgL

Itif yf

1. F - kiy kiyrhj lK

2. Kiy - fhL fhL rhj lK

3. kUj - taY tarhj lK

4. bej - flY flrhj lK

5. ghiy - kzY kzrhj lK

bghGJ bgUbghGJ, WbghGJ vd UtifgL.

bgUbghGJ (Xuho MW TWf)

1. fhfhy - Mt, ulh

2. Ffhy - Ig, fhif

3. Kgfhy - khf, ij

4. gfhy - kh, gF

5. sntfhy - iu, itfh

6. KJntfhy - M, Mo.

WbghGJ (xUeh MW TWf)

1. fhiy - fhiy 6 k Kj 10 k tiu

2. egf - fhiy 10 k Kj 2 k tiu

3. vghL - gf 2 k Kj 6 k tiu

4. khiy - khiy 6 k Kj u 10 k tiu

5. ahk - u 10 k Kj u 2 k tiu

6. itfiw - u 2 k Kj fhiy 6 k tiu

(vghL - v + ghL. v - PhW, ghL - kiw neu.)

BUDDHAN SATTUR

iz bghGJ

iz bgUbghGJ WbghGJ

F Ffhy, Kgfhy ahk

Kiy fhfhy ahk

kUj MW bgUbghGJf itfiw

bej MW bgU bghGJf vghL

ghiy snt, KJnt, g egf

fUbghU

mjj yFa bjt, kf, cz, yF Kjad bghUf fUbghU vdgL.

fUbghU F Kiy kUj bej ghiy

bjt KUf Ukh u tUz bfhwit

kf btg njhw Cu nrg vd Fwt Ma cHt guj va Fwa Ma cHa gua

cz kiybe tuF brbe ,cF Niwahl id rhik btbz bgwbghUbghU

yF Ka vUik Kjiy tHj fuo,f kh, eh Rwh ahid

F Kiy brfG jhiH Fut fhj njh jhkiu bej gh

ku m bfhiw fh id Yig ntif fhah kUj PhH ghiy

gwit fhdnfh ehiu flfhf wh k k nfh,md --- gUJ

C WFo gho,nr ng%,_ god,ghf FW

mU fhlhW kidzWkzzW ta Rid bghif ctf Rid,zW giw bjhlfVWnfhgiw kzKHh nfhgiw Jo beyiz

ah Fah Kiyah kUjah sah ghiyah

g Fg Kiyg kUjg brtg gRug

bjh njbdLj VWjGj beyj oj tg Hffj iunkjfisgj cisj iuftj

BUDDHAN SATTUR

wbghU

wbghU vdgLtJ, thifF Jiz f, brt, f, u, mua Kja bghUfis g TWtJ. mfbghU tha v, wbghU cya MF. wga befis TWtJ wiz. wizf bt Kjyhf guL tifgL.

1. btiz : gif eho J ngh bjhlFK, mehoYs MiufSF F neuTlhJ vd fUJ kd, j ufis mD mtiw ftJ tubrtJ btiz. muf btit No brthf.

2. fuij iz : bt ufsh ftJ brygl j Miufis fuij it NobrW gJ, fuijiz.

3. tiz : kzhir fhuzkhf gift ehil ifgw fU tit No nghUF brtJ, tiz.

4. fhiz : j ehil ifgw tj khwurndhL fhit No vJ gJ fhiz.

5. behiz : gifaurdh KWiflgl j kiy fhj nto, cUnj, btna UF gifaurndhL behit No nghL, mkiy fhgJ behiz.

6. ciPiz : ciP it Noa j ufSl khwur nfhilF FJ kiy R tisj ciPiz.

7. Jig iz : gifntj UtU bt xiwna Fnfhshf bfhL, j ufSl nghLtJ Jig iz. uf Jig itNo nghLt.

8. thifiz : btbgw kd thif No ktJ, thifiz.

9. ghlhiz : ghLjF jFila X Mkf f, u, brt, f, fUiz Kjatiw ngh ghLtJ, ghlhiz. (ghL + M

+ iz = ghlhiz)

10. bghJa iz : btKj ghlhtiu cs wizf bghJthdtiw, mtW Twglhjdtiw TWtJ, bghJa iz.

11. ifisiz : ifis vgJ xUjiy fhk. ~J Mgh TW, bggh TW vd UtifgL.

12. bgUiz : bgUiz vgJ bghUjh fhk. J M ghTW, bggh TW vd UtifgL.

bt iuftj, l fuijah, tfhnk brtJ tah - cfh(J)

BUDDHAN SATTUR

v%w fh, vfhj beh, mJtisj yhF ciP, - mu bghUtJ Jigah, nghfsJ fh brUbt wJthif ah.

m yfz

a em : csij csthW aghd Kiw mHFglbghU sFkhW TWtJ.

Ka Uid MF Kaik ik F L.

ca e m : xU bghU cait, f cath wJ TWtJ. th f bfhl jehL

ctik m : xU bghUnshL kbwhU bghUis xikgL TWtJ. ctk cU btgl gJ.

cLif Hjt ifngh Mnf Lf fistjh e.

vLJfhLtik m : ctik xU bjhluhf ctnka xU bjhluhf f - il ctk cU btgilahf yhk miktJ.

wik uh mik mfik thikah fhzgL.

cUtf m : ctik ntW ctnka ntW vgJ njhwhj tif ctik jikia ctnkank V TWtJ.

Vfnjr cUtf m : xiw cUtfgL, mjndhL bjhlila kbwhiw cUtfgLjhJ LtJ.

w bghUfl Jt jh iwtdonruh jh. w bgUfl cUtf. iwtdo cUtfgLjgliy.

bghU ctika : cy yhj bghUis ctikah TWtJ.

mgfyh cthif tghf tw kuj jW

J bkhj m :

yt, jh fUa bghUis neuoahf Twhk, mjndhL bjhliladtiw T sFtJ.

bg rhfhL mW mgl rhy FJ bg

ntWika : br UbghUfSF ilnas xWikia T d mtiw ntWgL fhLtJ.

dh Rl cshW Mwhnj ehdh Rl tL.

u iu m : brhiy, bghUis tirahf (uyhf) W, nenu bghU bfhSkhW TWtJ.

m mwD ciljh thif g gaD mJ.

jFngw m : aghf fG f J, yt j Fig V TWtJ. nghUs bjLj Mbu beLbfho thu vgdngh kJ iffhl

tr f m : ftJ nghy ggJ, ggJ nghy ftJ. njt mida fat mtUjh nktd brbjhGf yh.

uLw bkhj m U bghUgl ghLtJ - nyil vW TWt. brbkh nyil, bkh nyil vd UtifgL.

brbkh nyil: br xU brh glhk W xWF nkgl bghUis jUtJ.

bkh nyil : xU brh jJ W xU bghUis mJnt J W ntbwhU bghUis jUtJ.

gyif - kugyif gy if - gy fuf

brh tU iy m : br Kd tj brh L L tJ ntW ntW bghUis jUtJ.

JghF Jgha Jgh JghF Jgha c kiH.

bghU tU iy m :

BUDDHAN SATTUR

br xnu bghU jU gybrhf gW tUtJ mjd njh myjd fhah bejd neKif Kiy.

mjd, myjd, bejd vD brhf kyj vD xU bghUis jjJ.

brhbghU tUiy m : br Kd tj brh, L L tJ xnu bghUis jUtJ.

ait a gajyh ait D mr gL.

brhbwhl tiff

brbjhl

m) gkh fiyP kJiufU cs shnr wjh. M) UtSt UFwis adh.

U bjhlfS brfis bjthf vLJ TWwd. thW, xU fUid brahf bjgJ brbjhl vdgL.

dhbjhl

m) v, vd rhlh? M) mgu, neW V gF tuiy? ) vnf brwh?

thW dhbghUis jU bjhl, dhbjhl vdgL. vd? V? vnf? vgo? Kja dhbrhf dhbjhl mik.

czbjhl

"mnlagh! vts bga V! "Inah, K Flnj!"

thW eh ngR brf czia btgLJ bjhlfshf mikjh, mtiw cz bjhlf vnwh.

k, a, Jg Kja czf btgLkhW miktJ, cz bjhl.

(v-L) vnd, kakiy cau!

mnjh, eh to mogL lnj!

flisbjhl

eFgo, bjthf vGJ, cj br. thW braiy brgo MizLTWtJ flisbjhl

jiybjhl

BUDDHAN SATTUR

1. mHf ghl vGJwh. 2. kh, gyh, thiH Mad Kff. Kj bjhl mHf vgJ vGth, ulh bjhl kh, gyh, thiH vgd vGthf. thwhf, X vGth myJ xWF nkgl vGthf xU gaiyia bfhL KotJ, jiybjhl.

bjhliy bjhl

mikr tjh; gRfis tHdh; ghuho ngdh. neW kiH bgjJ; mjdh, V Fsf ud.

thW, X vGth gy gaiyfis bfhL KotJ bjhliybjhl. bjhliybjhlf mjdh, Mifah , Vbd Kja iz brhfis bgW tU.

fyitbjhl 1. neW, a ajh, gF LKiw. 2. KUf, u, gfY mauhJ gojjh TLj kbgf

bgwh.

thW, xU jbrhbwhl xW myJ mjFnkgl Jiz bjhlfSl fyJ tUtJ, fyitbjhl.

bridbjhl

"FoauR jiyt cyf j khehil bjhlitjh." bjhl

FoauR jiyt - vGth cyf j khehL - bragLbghU bjhlitjh - gaiy

thwhf vGth, br idia bfhL Ko bjhl brid bjhl vdgL. bragLbghUnshL ulh ntWik cU (I) btgL tU. y bjhlf kiwJ tU.

(v-L) khtl Ma bfho Vdh.

braghL idbjhl (bragLbghU idbrhiy bfhL KotJ)

cyf j khehL FoauR jiytuh bjhl itfbgwJ. bjhl brhf bragLbghU, vGth, gaiy vD tir mikJsd. vGthnahL "M" vD _wh ntWikcU csJ. tif bjhlf gaiynahL gL, glJ, bgW, bgwJ vD JizidfS xW nrJ tU.

jidbjhl vGth, jhnd br bjhiy czJtJ ghkh UFw fwh.

BUDDHAN SATTUR

bjhlYs ghkh vD vGth, xU braiy jhnd brtjdh J jidbjhluhF.

widbjhl vGth, xU braiy wiubfhL brgJ myJ wUfhf brtJ. ghkh UFw fjh.

J widbjhl. ghkh vD vGth, wUfhf mbraiy brtjh, J widbjhluhF.

neTWbjhl (xUt ngRtij, mt ngagona TWtJ)

Ma, "khztfns, ehis xGfKilik Fwf Ijid goJ tUf", vwh. thW Ma, khztfl Ta bjhl neTW bjhluhF.

nknfh Ff lbgW; jik, Kiy bgaf lbgW; F, nghJ, it vd RLbgaf tU; neW, W, ehis vd fhybgafS tU.

(v-L) njbkh bghl, "eh, ehis kJiuF brnt" vwh.

maTWbjhl

xUt myJ gy ciuahlfis mayh TWtJngh mikgJ, maTWbjhl. bghl njbkh, jh kWeh kJiuF brtjhf Tdh.

maT nknfh Ff thuh; T jik, Kiy bgaf, glif bgafshf khW; RLbgaf mJ, mit, mnf vd khW; fhybgaf meh, kWeh vd khW; vW, Mf vD iz brhfS lbgW.

clghLbjhl

bra myJ bjh ftij nekiwahf czJtJ, clghL bjhl.

fiybr fLiu vGdh.

vkiwbjhl

fiybr fLiu vGy.

bjhl, fiybr fLiu vGjiy vd bra fHhikia TWtjdh, ~J vkiwbjhl.

bghUkhwh vkiwbjhl

fiybr fLiu vGjhk uh.

fiybr fLiu vGdh vD bjhl clghLbjhl. fiybr fLiu vGjiy vgJ jfhd vkiwbjhl.

nkny cs clghLbjhliu bghUkhwh vkiwbjhluhf khw ntLkhdh, mjid uL vkiwfis bfhl bjhluhf, fiybr fLiu vGjhk

uh vd khWj ntL. jF fiybr fLiu vGdh vgnj bghU vgjdh, J bghUkhwh vkiwbjhl vdgLwJ.

uL vkiwbrhf nrJ tjh, m~J clghL bghUisjU.

td F lf

1. m, , c vD RblGJfis mLJ v vD dhit mLJ tU tdfsha f, r, j, g F.

m + iga = miga

+ bro = bro

v + g = vg

2. mj, j, vj, mF, F, vF, mgo, go, vgo vw RL, dhbrhfis mLJ td F.

mj + nfh = mjnfh

mF + brwh = mFbrwh

vF + nghdh = vFnghdh 3. ulh ntWik td F.

iy + go = iygo

ghiy + Fo = ghiyFo

4. ehfh ntWik td F.

mtDF + bfhLjh = mtDFbfhLjh

gF + brwh = gFbrwh

5. uL, _W, ehF, Ijh ntWik cU gaD clbjhf bjhif td F.

j + Fl = jFl

L + rh = Lrh

ku + bgo = kubgo

+ d = d.

6. gbjhif td F.

gir + gL = girgL

gir + = gir

7. UbgabuhL gbjhif td F.

rhiu + gh = rhiugh

kif + = kif

8. ctikbjhif td F.

BUDDHAN SATTUR

ky + f = kyf

jhkiu + if = jhkiuif

9. XbuGJ xU bkh td F.

+ Rl = Rl

+ Til = Til

10.

3. vGthbjhl td fhJ.

ky + jJ = kyjJ

tL + gwjJ = tLgwjJ 4. mjid, jid, vjid vD brhfSF td fhJ.

mjid + glf = mjid glf

jid + gwitf = jid gwitf

vjid + fhiff = vjid fhiff

5. idbjhif td fhJ.

CW + fh = CWfh

RL + nrhW = RLnrhW

6. cikbjhif td fhJ. fyguz ugf

7. ulh ntWikbjhif td fhJ.

j + fwh = jfwh

fl + fljh = flfljh

8. _wh ntWik cUf (XL, XL) td fhJ

nthL + nrj = nthLnrj

fynuhL + guz = fynuhLguz

9. vL, gJ ju w vfSF td fhJ.

xW + bfhL = xWbfhL

uL + ng = uLng

10. anfh idKWF td fhJ

thf + j = thfj

tha + gyhL = thfgyhL

11. uils, mLFbjhl td fhJ.

ry + ry = ryry

gh + gh = ghgh

12.

yFf sikbgaf

mis is gFo MLFo FiuFo gw vUikfW fFUis idFo vFR ehFo khfW fGijFo FuFFo ahidfW

yFf thlf :

MLgo nfhgiz ahidTl Fiubfho khLbjhGt thJgiz

yF gwit df xku

Mij myW Fiu fidF e CisL fGij fJ F T cWK fhif fiu nfh bfhfF k mf bfhR f KHF ahid W

jhtu cW bgaf