computers are your future · your future slide 2 computers are your future databases and...
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Computers Are
Your Future
Slide 2
Computers Are Your Future
Databases and Information Systems
Slide 3
What You Will Learn About
� The potential uses of a database program
� The basic components of a database
� The differences between file management and
relational database programs
�Advanced database programs and applications
Slide 4
What You Will Learn About
� The basic qualities of a good database
�Components and functions of an information system
� Functional divisions of an organization
�Major types of information systems used today
�Databases in retail organizations
Slide 5
Database Concepts
�Data is any unorganized text, graphics,
sounds, or videos
�A database is a collection of data
�Database programs enable people to add,
sort, group, summarize, and print data
�Information is data that has been processed in
a meaningful and useful way
Slide 6
�The layers in a database are:� Bits – The lowest layer made of 1s and 0s
� Characters – Letters, numbers, and symbols
� Fields – Areas that contain data identified by field names
(Examples: First Name; Address; City)
� Records – Contain a group of fields
� Data files – Contain related records
� Databases – The top layer made of one or more data files
(Example: ABC Company Address Book Mailing list, Employee
list, Vendor list)
The Levels of Data in a Database
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Slide 7
Data Type
� Data usually consists of text, numbers, currency, and
dates
� Logical data – Only “yes” or “no” answers are allowed
� Objects – Non-textual data
� Binary large objects (BLOBs) – Very large objects
� Default value – Pre-defined values such as today’s date
Slide 8
Data Type
�One field in a record is identified as the key field
or primary key
�The key field must be a unique entry such as a
social security number or student ID
Slide 9
Types of Database Programs
� File Management Programs:
�Create flat files containing one file or table
�Files can not be linked to other files
�Are easy to use and customize
�Are not as complex as database management systems
Slide 10
Types of Database Programs
�Database Management Systems (DBMS):
�Contain multiple files or tables
�Are programs that enable data to be stored, modified, and
extracted from a database
�Are more difficult to learn than file management systems
Slide 11
Relational Database Management Systems
� Relational database management systems are the most
widely used type of DBMS
� Data in several files are related through the use of a
common key field
Slide 12
Data Warehousing and Data Mining
� Data Warehousing:
�Supplements DBMSs by bringing together all data into one
huge database
�Organizes management’s decision-making process
�Uses a technique called drill-down to view performance
data of the entire company
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Slide 13
Data Warehousing and Data Mining
� Data marts support one division of an organization rather
than an entire firm
� Data Mining:
� Is a data exploration technique
� Is used to find unknown
patterns of data
Slide 14
Client/Server Database Systems
�Data server – Professionally administered program
that runs on a local area network (LAN); it responds
to requests for data
�Client – A user-friendly program that accesses the
server; users can add data, maintain records, perform
queries, and generate reports�Clients request data using a query language called
Structured Query Language (SQL)
Slide 15
Client/Server Database Systems
�Query �Specially phrased question used to access specific
information
Slide 16
The Internet Connection: Going Public With Data
�Web-based integration is the latest trend in database
software
� Information is stored in databases that are available
through the Internet
Slide 17
Advantages of Database Management Systems
�Data integrity is the validity of the
data.
�Data validation defines acceptable
input ranges for each field.
�Types of data validation are:
� Alphabetic check
� Numeric check
� Range check
� Consistency check
� Completeness check
� Data independence refers to how
data is stored so that it can be used
with different types of application
programs.
�Avoidance of data
redundancy refers to
avoiding the repetition of
data.
�Data security is the
unavailability of data to
people who would misuse
it.
�Data is also protected from
loss due to equipment
failure.
�Data maintenance refers
to the procedures for
adding, updating, and
deleting records.
� The areas of importance for building a quality
database are:
�Data integrity
�Data independence
�Avoidance of data redundancy
�Data security
�Data maintenance
Slide 18
Information Systems: Tools for Global
Competitiveness
� An information system is designed to bring data,
computers, procedures, and people together to manage
information important to an organization’s mission
� To be valuable, information must be:
�Accessible
�Accurate
�Complete
�Economical
�Relevant
� Reliable
� Secure
� Simple
� Timely
� Verifiable
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Slide 19
Functional Divisions of an Organization
Slide 20
Transaction Processing Systems (TPSs)
� TPSs handle an organization’s accounting needs
� Early TPSs used batch processing systems
�Online processing consists of entering transaction
data and viewing the results immediately
� TPSs enable managers to make operational
decisions
� TPSs can produce summary and exception reports
Slide 21
Management Information Systems (MISs)
�MISs are computer-based systems that support the
information needs of different levels of management
�MISs help management make informed tactical
decisions
�MISs work with transaction processing systems
�MISs inform managers if their goals are being met
�Drawbacks of MISs:
� Reports may contain unwanted information
� Information may not be available when needed
� Reams of printouts
Slide 22
Decision Support Systems (DSSs)
�DSSs enable managers to ask questions that can’t be
answered by MIS reports
�Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) enables
managers to import up-to-the-minute reports from
transaction databases
Slide 23
Executive Information Systems (EISs)
� EISs are also known as executive support systems
(ESSs)
� EISs support strategic decisions made by top level
management that will affect the entire company
� EISs filter critical information so that trends are
apparent
Slide 24
Strategic decisions
Tactical decisions
Operational decisions
Types of Decisions and Information Systems
for Managers
Organizational
Pyramid
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Slide 25
Knowledge Management Systems
�Knowledge management systems are used to capture knowledge created by employees and make it available when needed
Slide 26
Expert Systems
�Expert systems are systems that deal with expert
knowledge in a particular area
� Expert systems:
�Help in making decisions
�Use artificial intelligence principles
�Provide technical support for customers
Slide 27
Computers and Databases in the Retail Sector
�Computers and databases are used for the checkout
process and strategic purposes
�At the checkout stand:
�Point of sale terminals are replacing the cash register
�Optical scanners read the universal product code (UPC)
label that identifies items, their costs, and any sale prices
�Credit card authorization terminals are used to process
credit card transactions by placing a call to a call center
which provides authorization numbers
Slide 28
Computers and Databases in the Retail Sector
�At the checkout stand (continued):�Check-screening systems read the check’s account
number, then compare it with delinquent accounts
�Signature capture systems capture a customer’s signature
on a pressure sensitive pad
�Photo checkout systems display a customer’s photo when
a credit card is used
Slide 29
Chapter 09 Summary
• Database software transforms data into information
• Information is data that is organized to be meaningful and
useful
• A database file is made of:CharactersFieldsRecords
• File management programs work with one database file
• DBMSs can work with two or more database files at a time
• A good database system contains:Data integrityData independenceData redundancy avoidance measuresData securityData maintenance procedures
Slide 30
Summary continued
• A computer information system provides essential services to an
organization
• Information systems include:
Transaction processing systems (TPS)
Management information systems (MIS)
Decision support systems (DSS)
Executive information systems (EIS)
Knowledge management systems (KMS)
Expert systems (ES)
• Computers and databases provide an indispensable resource for
the retail sector