computers on 19th century.pptx
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Palawan State University
College of Community Resources DevelopmentBrookes Point, Palawan
Subject: Ed. 7Educational Technology
Topic: Educational Movements in the 19thCentury
Reporters: Rosalina Ibrahim, Myrna Saguiran, Melhasan Indanan,
Marianne Mariposa, Sweet Grace Dalabajan and Abbylenne Malong
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Educational Technology
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Educational Movements and Technologies
in the 19thCentury
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Famous are the works of John Dewey and
Edward Lee Thorndike.
Dewey, an American Pragmatist, formulated thescientific theory of learning.
Thorndike, a Connectionist , advanced the threeprimary laws of learning.
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John Dewey,an Americanphilosopher and educator who
was a founder of the
philosophical movement known
as pragmatism, a pioneer
in functional psychology, and aleader of the progressive
movement in education in the
United States.
Source: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/160445/John-Dewey
SCIENTIFIC THEORY OF LEARNING
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/160445/John-Deweyhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/160445/John-Deweyhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/160445/John-Deweyhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/160445/John-Dewey -
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Edward Lee "Ted"Thorndikewas an American
psychologist who spent nearly his
entire career at Teachers College,
Columbia University. His work on
animal behavior and the learning
process led to the theory of
connectionism and helped lay the
scientific foundation for
modern educational psychology.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Thorndike
THREE PRIMARY LAWS OF LEARNING
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Thorndikehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Thorndike -
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The Primary Laws of Learning
are the following:
1. Law of Readiness
2. Law of Exercise
3. Law of Effect
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19thcentury paved the way to the
development of effective
educational technology, including:
Production of booksUse of blackboards
Improvement of writing implements
like pen and ink.
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Production of books.
In the 19th century a whole newera in publishing began. A series oftechnical developments, in thebook trade as in other industries,dramatically raised output andlowered costs. The iron press, anda lot more these inventions,developed through the centuryand often resisted by the printer,amounted to a revolution in bookproduction.
Sources: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-
century-to-the-presenthttp://www.gutenberg-museum.de/37.0.html?&L=1
Iron press
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.gutenberg-museum.de/37.0.html?&L=1http://www.gutenberg-museum.de/37.0.html?&L=1http://www.gutenberg-museum.de/37.0.html?&L=1http://www.gutenberg-museum.de/37.0.html?&L=1http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-presenthttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/28632/Modern-publishing-from-the-19th-century-to-the-present -
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Use of blackboards.
Teachers no longer had to spend so
much time writing individual
problems and lessons on a single
students slate, but could speak to
an entire class where everyone hadthe benefit of seeing the board.
Source: http://schooltwinning.wordpress.com/2008/08/21/bye-bye-blackboard/newspaper2/
School
Slate andSlate
Pencil
http://schooltwinning.wordpress.com/2008/08/21/bye-bye-blackboard/newspaper2/http://schooltwinning.wordpress.com/2008/08/21/bye-bye-blackboard/newspaper2/http://schooltwinning.wordpress.com/2008/08/21/bye-bye-blackboard/newspaper2/http://schooltwinning.wordpress.com/2008/08/21/bye-bye-blackboard/newspaper2/http://schooltwinning.wordpress.com/2008/08/21/bye-bye-blackboard/newspaper2/http://schooltwinning.wordpress.com/2008/08/21/bye-bye-blackboard/newspaper2/ -
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Improvement of
writing implements
like pen and ink.
Starting in the early 19th
century, steel point pensbegan to replace the use ofquills as writinginstruments. Now, thosepens have become highlycollectible pieces that are
admired for their eleganceas well as their historicalfunction.
Sources: http://www.ehow.com/how_7373689_value-inkwell-pens.html
http://www.ehow.com/how_7373689_value-inkwell-pens.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/how_7373689_value-inkwell-pens.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/how_7373689_value-inkwell-pens.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/how_7373689_value-inkwell-pens.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/how_7373689_value-inkwell-pens.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/how_7373689_value-inkwell-pens.html -
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PhotographyPhotography was
invented giving way
to a movement call
visual instruction.
By 1920, visual
media became
widely accepted.
Then came the
publication ofaudio-visual media
texts.
Source: http://www.smashinglists.com/top-25-most-ancient-historical-photographs/
Footprint on the Moon [Lunar, 1969]
http://www.smashinglists.com/top-25-most-ancient-historical-photographs/http://www.smashinglists.com/top-25-most-ancient-historical-photographs/http://www.smashinglists.com/top-25-most-ancient-historical-photographs/http://www.smashinglists.com/top-25-most-ancient-historical-photographs/http://www.smashinglists.com/top-25-most-ancient-historical-photographs/http://www.smashinglists.com/top-25-most-ancient-historical-photographs/http://www.smashinglists.com/top-25-most-ancient-historical-photographs/http://www.smashinglists.com/top-25-most-ancient-historical-photographs/http://www.smashinglists.com/top-25-most-ancient-historical-photographs/http://www.smashinglists.com/top-25-most-ancient-historical-photographs/http://www.smashinglists.com/top-25-most-ancient-historical-photographs/http://www.smashinglists.com/top-25-most-ancient-historical-photographs/ -
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Sample Visual Instructions
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Kodak Brownie Camera
during 19th
Century.Brownieis the name of along-running popular seriesof simple andinexpensive cameras madeby Eastman Kodak. TheBrownie popularized low-costphotography and introducedthe concept of the snapshot.
The first Brownie, introducedin February, 1900.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownie_(camera)
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Educational Films
In 1926, educationalfilms were used asinstructional media.
In 1932, the firstinstructionaltelevision program
was aired at the StateUniversity of Iowa.
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In 1969, the childrens program Sesame Street debuts on the
National Educational Television network (later public
broadcasting service) and soon becomes an international hit.
Source: http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334#btnNext
http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334 -
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About the same time, the 16mm sound motion
picture was developed.
16 mm filmis apopular,economical gaugeof film used formotion picturesand non-theatrical(for instance,industrial oreducational) filmmaking. 16 mm isthe width of thefilm.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_mm_film
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_mm_filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_mm_film -
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16 mm
cameras
and
projectors.
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Second World WarThe experiences of the American soldiers showed
the importance of educational devices such as:
MoviesFilmstrips
Radio
Other Pictorial Devices
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MoviesMost of the
films in the
19th century
was about thesoldiers and
wars because
it serves as a
tribute in
World War 2.
Source: http://www.imdb.com/list/dtKsVaonRBI/
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FilmstripsFrom the 1940s to 1980s,filmstrips provided an easyand inexpensivealternative to 16mmprojector educational
films, requiring very littlestorage space and beingvery quick to rewind forthe next use. Filmstripswere large and durable,and rarely needed splicing.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmstrip
Muhammad Ali filmstrips
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RadioThe word "radio" also appears in a 1907 article by Lee De Forest. It was
adopted by the United States Navy in 1912, to distinguish radio from
several other wireless communication technologies, such as
the photophone.
Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio
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Pictorial DevicesPictorial device: a technique in which a
visual strategy or an aspect of design is
used for a particular picture-making
purpose (for example, using linear
perspective and tonal devices to give
the illusion of space in a drawing).
Source: http://en.mimi.hu/finearts/pictorial.html
http://en.mimi.hu/finearts/pictorial.htmlhttp://en.mimi.hu/finearts/pictorial.html -
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Other Pictorial
Devices
Pictorial device for metal and gold detecting.Self Portrait with Brush and Pictorial
Device (Oil Canvas)
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After the war more developments in
educational technology were seen
like:
The use programmed instruction by Skinner.The Taxonomy of educational objectives by
Bloom.
The use of modularized instruction.
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Burrhus Frederic "B. F." Skinnerwas
anAmerican psychologist, behaviorist,
author, inventor, and social
philosopher.He was the Edgar Pierce
Professor of Psychology at Harvard
University from 1958 until his
retirement in 1974.Skinner invented the operant
conditioning chamber, innovated his
own philosophy of science
called radical behaviorism, and
founded his own school of
experimental research psychologythe experimental analysis behavior.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Skinner
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The use programmed instructionby Skinner.
Programmed instruction is an instructional method in which thematerial to be learned is presented to the student in smallchunks of information. In order to progress through the material,the student needs to demonstrate understanding of the previousinformation, thereby receiving instant reinforcement for correctresponses.
Source: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-programmed-instruction.htm
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-programmed-instruction.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-programmed-instruction.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-programmed-instruction.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-programmed-instruction.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-programmed-instruction.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-programmed-instruction.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-programmed-instruction.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-programmed-instruction.htm -
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Benjamin SamuelBloomwas
an American
educational
psychologist who
made contributions
to the classification
of educational
objectives and to the
theory of masterylearning.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Bloom
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The Taxonomy of educational
objectives by Bloom.
Cognitive: mental skills (Knowledge)Affective: growth in feelings or emotional
areas (Attitude)
Psychomotor: manual or physical skills
(Skills)
Source: http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/bloom.html
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The use of modularizedinstruction.
This is how-to book how to
design, select, use, and evaluate
instructional modules.
Source: http://www.joe.org/joe/1975july/1975-4-brv1.pdf
http://www.joe.org/joe/1975july/1975-4-brv1.pdfhttp://www.joe.org/joe/1975july/1975-4-brv1.pdfhttp://www.joe.org/joe/1975july/1975-4-brv1.pdfhttp://www.joe.org/joe/1975july/1975-4-brv1.pdfhttp://www.joe.org/joe/1975july/1975-4-brv1.pdfhttp://www.joe.org/joe/1975july/1975-4-brv1.pdf -
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Other Educational Technologies during19thCentury
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In 1946, the first fully electronic computer, the Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), is unveiled at the
University of Pennsylvania.
Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC -
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The Osborne 1was the first commercially
successful portable microcomputer, released on April 3, 1981
by Osborne Computer Corporation. The first laptop that was
commercialized, with a small 5 CRT monitor and a keyboardthat sits inside of the lid when closed.
Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osborne_1http://www.historyofcomputer.org/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osborne_1http://www.historyofcomputer.org/http://www.historyofcomputer.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osborne_1 -
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In 1977, Japan Victor Company (JVC) introduces the
VHS format video cassette recorder.
Source: http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334#btnNext
http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334http://www.slideshare.net/carlaminchilli/ict-applied-to-english-teaching-5106334 -
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A floppy disk, or diskette, is a disk storage medium composed of
a disk of thin and flexible magnetic storage medium, sealed in a
rectangular plastic carrier lined with fabric that removes dustparticles.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk
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In 1983, Compact disc (CD-ROM was invented by James T.
Russell) technology is introduced in the United States.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc
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1990s Connecting the World
Tim Berners-Lee
Developed HTML(Hypertext
Markup Language) and the
WWW(World Wide Web) wasborn.
Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web -
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Thank you!God bless!