concentration of it jobs by zip code tabulation area (zcta ... · technical consultant/analyst...

As the largest institution of public higher education in Virginia, Northern Virginia Community College (NOVA) acts as a catalyst for economic growth in the capital region by providing access to highly skilled, credentialed, and diverse talent. NOVA’s Office of Corporate and Workforce Engagement advances this mission by collaborating with employers, economic development organizations, education institutions, community-based organizations, and local governments in the northern Virginia region to address the skills gap and develop a robust talent pipeline.

NOVAWORKFORCE

NOVA Regional Workforce

$109,300Average annual wage of IT workers in the NOVA region

113,505Job postings in the NOVA region over the last 12 months

2nd nationallyThe Washington D.C. metropolitan area's ranking for total IT employment and IT job postings

11,000Total IT degrees and credentials awarded in the Washington D.C. metropolitan area in 2016-2017

Information Technology

130,190Total IT jobs in the NOVA region as of Q4 2018

Concentration of IT jobs by ZIP code tabulation area (ZCTA) in northern Virginia

Source: Chmura Economics & Analytics, JobsEQ.NOTE: Individual dots do not represent exact locations of jobs/establishments, but are evenly distributed geographically across each ZCTA to represent the concentration of jobs in each area.

Information Technology Workforce | 1

Ever since Amazon announced that a major part of its HQ2 operations would be located in northern Virginia, the region’s profile as a national tech hub has skyrocketed. Even before Amazon’s announcement, the information technology sector in the Washington D.C. metropolitan area had been experiencing substantial growth, with northern Virginia at its core. As Amazon ramps up hiring over the coming months and years, and as other technology companies inevitably follow in its wake, the challenges associated with finding talent in such a competitive labor market will only continue to grow. 1

With this in mind, and with an eye towards better understanding NOVA’s role in collaborating with employers and community partners to address these challenges as they arise, this brief examines the various facets of the information technology industry in order to determine where our region is now, and what the future may look like.

Definitions

1 Jonathan Capriel. “Lots of job openings, not enough workers and HQ2 on the way has Fairfax County on edge.” Washington Business Journal, 28 March 2019. https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2019/03/28/lots-of-job-openings-not-enough-workers-and-hq2-on.html

Washington D.C. Metropolitan Area (D.C. MSA) The 25 counties (and independent cities) centered around the District of Columbia that are highly integrated economically and socially, as defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget. For the purpose of analysis, we consider four different sub-regions within the MSA:

NOVA Region The nine jurisdictions served by Northern Virginia Community College, including: Arlington County, Alexandria City, Fairfax County, Fairfax City, Falls Church City, Loudoun County, Manassas City, Manassas Park City, and Prince William County.

District of ColumbiaThe city and federal district that lies at the core of the metropolitan area.

Suburban Maryland (MD) and West Virginia (WV) The counties in Maryland and West Virginia that lie within the Washington D.C. MSA, including: Calvert County, Charles County, Frederick County, Jefferson County (WV), Montgomery County, and Prince George’s County.

Northern Virginia (Non-NOVA)The outlying Virginia counties composing the remainder of the Washington D.C. MSA that are not included in the NOVA Region. Includes: Clarke County, Culpeper County, Fauquier County, Fredericksburg, Rappahannock County, Spotsylvania County, Stafford County, and Warren County.

Information Technology Many types of occupations, such as in healthcare and manufacturing, are largely concentrated within a single industry sector. However, while technology companies may be the primary employer of IT workers,

IT talent is needed across the entire economy, from financial services and healthcare, to higher education and government. As a result, we will primarily be defining the IT “industry” in terms of those occupations that require specific technology skills and activities, regardless of the sector in which a worker is employed.

Table 1 contains a full list of the occupations we have considered in this analysis, including the code and title used by the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ standard occupation classification (SOC) system to formally define occupational categories for data collection and analysis. Since individual occupations typically encompass a range of related job titles, we have also provided a sampling of alternate titles that employers might use, as found in regional job postings. Finally, we have indicated the total employment for each occupation in the NOVA region.

Overview

Figure 1. IT Workforce by D.C. MSA Sub-Region


GroupSOC Code SOC Title Alternate Job Title

Total Employment

Prog

ram

min

g

& D

evel

opm

ent

15-1131 Computer Programmers Programmer 5,783

15-1132 Software Developers, Applications Software Developer 21,780

15-1133 Software Developers, Systems Software

Software Engineer, Technical Consultant/Analyst 14,917

15-1134 Web DevelopersWeb Designer, Front End Developer, User Interface/ Experience Designer (UI/UX)

2,843

17-2061 Computer Hardware Engineers Computer Engineer 1,560

Net

wor

king

& S

yste

ms

15-1121 Computer Systems Analysts Systems Analyst 15,913

15-1122 Information Security Analysts Cyber Security Analyst/Engineer 6,328

15-1142 Network and Computer Systems Administrators Server Administrator 10,048

15-1143 Computer Network Architects Solutions Architect, Systems Engineer, Enterprise Architect 5,206

15-1152 Computer Network Support Specialists

Network Technician, Operations Specialist 4,184

Dat

a W

areh

ousi

ng

& A

naly

sis

15-1111 Computer and Information Research Scientists Data Scientists, Research Engineer 1,112

15-1141 Database Administrators Data Engineer, Database Developer, Data Center Technician 2,668

43-9021 Data Entry Keyers Data Entry Associate 1,732

IT O

pera

tions

& S

uppo

rt

11-3021 Computer and Information Systems Managers

Chief Information/Technology Officer 9,118

15-1151 Computer User Support Specialists

Help Desk Technician/Specialist, Desktop Support 11,512

15-1199 Computer Occupations, All Other

GIS Technician, Data Warehousing Specialist, Business Intelligence Analyst, IT Project Manager, Video Game Designer

12,093

15-2031 Operations Research Analysts Process Manager, Decision Support Analyst 2,899

43-9011 Computer OperatorsConsole Operator, Data Center Operator, Data Management Clerk, Data Processor

495

Source: Chmura Economics & Analytics, JobsEQ; Burning Glass Technologies: Labor Insight. 2019; O*NET OnLine.

Table 1. IT Occupations in the NOVA Region


As of Q4 2018, there were a little over 130,000 information technology jobs in the NOVA region, representing over half (53%) of IT jobs in the entire Washington D.C. metropolitan area (Figure 1). Compared to the MSA as a whole, the NOVA region has been growing somewhat faster than average, and is projected to continue this trend, adding around 6,600 new jobs over the next 3 years (Table 2).

It is important to note that these projections do not yet include potential hiring from Amazon’s HQ2. However, early indications from the company are that half of the 25,000 jobs expected over the next 10 years will be tech-related, with around 35-40% being for software developers and engineers,2 an occupation area that is already expected to make up around 42% of all new IT occupation growth over the next 3 years (Figure 2).

In addition to projected growth, another measure of an occupation’s importance and potential demand in the region is its concentration in the regional economy compared to its concentration nationally, also known as an occupation’s Location Quotient (LQ).

An LQ of 0.8 – 1.2 usually means the occupation makes up a similar proportion of total regional employment as it does nationally, while an LQ higher than 1.2 means that the occupation makes up a greater share of the regional labor market than it does at a national level (and vice-versa for an LQ below 0.8).

All of the IT occupations examined for this brief had an LQ of 1.1 or higher, and collectively had an LQ of 2.9,

2 Jonathan Capriel. “Amazon exec describes breakdown of future HQ2 workforce.” Washington Business Journal, 7 March 2019. https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2019/03/07/amazon-exec-describes-breakdown-of-future-hq2.html

meaning that the industry overall is significantly more concentrated in the NOVA region than it is across the rest of the country. Even with this, a few occupations are particularly concentrated within the region (Table 3).

This includes information security analysts, likely due to the area’s high volume of defense contracting, military intelligence, and data storage activity. Also included are networking occupations, critical to the many data centers and cloud computing operations in the region, as well as more specialized occupations such as computer scientists (which includes data scientists).

In addition to understanding where potential growth may be located within the industry, it is critical to be

OccupationsTable 2. Summary — IT Employment in the NOVA Region

Current (Q4 2018)Last 5 Years Next 3 Years

Total Employment

Average Annual Wage

Unemployment Rate

Average Annual Growth

Total New

DemandTotal

Separations*New

Growth

Average Annual Growth

NO

VA

Regi

on

130,190 $109,300 1.8% 1.2% 34,153 27,533 6,620 1.7%

D.C

. M

SA 244,202 $109,500 2.4% 1.1% 62,783 51,445 11,339 1.5%

Source: Chmura Economics & Analytics, JobsEQ.*Separations include demand resulting both from expected exits (individuals leaving the workforce due to retirement, etc.) and expected transfers (individuals moving into other occupations).

Occupation LQ*Total

Employment

Information Security Analysts 6.5 6,328

Computer and Information Research Scientists 4.2 12,093

Computer Occupations, All Other 4.2 1,112

Software Developers, Systems Software 3.9 14,917

Computer Network Architects 3.6 5,206

Table 3. Highest Concentrated IT Occupations in the NOVA Region

Source: Chmura Economics & Analytics, JobsEQ.


aware of occupations and industry areas that are contracting or declining in order to ensure that segments of the workforce are not under-skilled or mismatched with shifting labor market demand (Table 4).

Two of the three IT occupations expected to lose jobs over the next three years are also among the lowest paid, on average, for the IT industry in the region (Table 5). This would indicate that there is declining demand for lower-skilled (thus, lower-compensated) jobs. Indeed, as automated solutions become more adept at carrying out routine tasks in data entry, management, system operation, and even programming, the need for workers trained in these areas will continue to decline.3

3 McKinsey Global Institute. A future that works: Automation, employment and productivity. McKinsey & Company, January 2017. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/digital-disruption/harnessing-automation-for-a-future-that-works

Table 5. IT Occupations with the Highest and Lowest Annual Wages in the NOVA Region

Highest Lowest

OccupationAverage Annual

Wages OccupationAverage Annual

Wages

Computer and Information Systems Managers $170,300 Data Entry Keyers $36,200

Computer Hardware Engineers $126,100 Computer Operators $50,000

Computer and Information Research Scientists $125,500 Computer User

Support Specialists $63,300

Software Developers, Systems Software $125,000 Computer Network

Support Specialists $81,400

Computer Network Architects $119,900 Web Developers $89,800


OccupationsTotal

EmploymentProjected Change

in EmploymentAverage

Annual Change

Computer Operators 495 -31 -2.1%

Computer Programmers 5,783 -98 -0.6%

Data Entry Keyers 1,732 -103 -2.0%

Table 4. IT Occupations Expected to Decline in Employment in the NOVA Region over the Next 3 Years



Figure 2. IT Occupations Expected to Add the Most New Jobs over the Next 3 Years


As mentioned above, IT occupations span a wide range of industries. Even so, most IT jobs in the NOVA region (70%) lie within the professional, scientific, and technical services sector, which includes computer and systems design firms, as well as those primarily engaged in consulting, research, and engineering. Further, 90% of all IT jobs in the region lie within this and other professional sectors such as public administration, management, and finance; around a quarter of all employment in these industries is composed of IT workers (Table 6).

It is also useful to note that projected growth among IT occupations is at least one factor driving overall growth in the top 5 sectors in which the occupations are employed, with IT growth outpacing overall employment growth in each. So, even though overall job growth in the information sector—which includes industries and businesses engaged in the distribution of information such as broadcast and print media, as well as telecommunications—is

expected to be relatively low, IT jobs in the sector are expected to grow at a much faster rate.

Each industry sector can be further divided into groups of related industries focused on more specific business activities. Examining the concentration of IT jobs across these groups further highlights the unique composition of the regional IT industry and the areas of our economy most reliant on IT jobs. Of course, computer systems design and related services firms—what we might

IndustriesTable 6. Top Industry Sectors Employing IT Jobs in the NOVA Region

Sector TitleIT

Employment

% of IT Jobs Employed in Sector

Annual % Growth (IT

Jobs)

Annual % Growth

(All Jobs)

Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services 92,097 70.7% 2.2% 1.6%

Information 11,503 8.8% 1.1% 0.3%

Public Administration 5,604 4.3% 0.3% 0.2%

Management of Companies and Enterprises 3,977 3.1% 0.7% 0.5%

Finance and Insurance 3,809 2.9% 1.5% 1.0%

Total – Top 5 Sectors 116,990 89.9% 1.9% 1.2%

All Other Sectors 13,191 10.1% 0.6% 1.1%

Source: Chmura analysis of data from BLS’s Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW).

Table 7. Top Industry Groups Employing IT Workers in the NOVA Region

Industry Group

% of Industry Employed in

IT Occupations

Average Annual Wage

Projected Annual % Growth (IT Occupations)

Computer Systems Design and Related Services 59.2% $162,900 2.3%

Management, Scientific, and Technical Consulting Services 5.9% $159,400 2.4%

Data Processing, Hosting, and Related Services 3.3% $152,800 1.8%

Management of Companies and Enterprises 3.1% $159,500 0.7%



consider “traditional” IT firms such as IBM and HP—employ well over half of all IT jobs in the region. Other groups in the professional services sector, such as management consulting, architecture/engineering, and scientific research are also prominent among industry groups employing at least 1% or more of the region’s IT workers (Figure 3).

Table 7 provides additional detail on the top four industry groups employing a total of over 2/3 of the IT workforce. In general, wages for IT jobs in these industries are much higher than average and employment in each is projected to grow much faster than average over the next 10 years. It may be the case that wages are much higher in these areas as employers must increase compensation in order to meet higher demand.

While the industry groups identified in Table 7 make up a significant share of regional IT employment, it is interesting to note that those employers posting most frequently for IT jobs in the NOVA region (Table 8) are spread across a variety of additional industry groups including engineering services (SAIC), accounting and bookkeeping (Deloitte), and electronic instrument manufacturing (General Dynamics and Northrop Grumman).

While job postings are a useful proxy for labor demand, they are not a perfect measure; for example, some employers may post for a job online simply to gather applications (without any actual open positions) or may post once for multiple identical positions. This may explain why, while a number of employers representing the top four industry groups are among those posting the most jobs in IT, these employers representing other

industries are also prominent. It is also important to keep in mind that because industry classification is designated on a firm-by-firm basis, it could be the case that these employers (such as SAIC) employ significant numbers of IT workers at establishments that may be categorized under groups other than the company's primary group designation.


Figure 3. Industry Groups Employing IT Workers in the NOVA Region (by % of All IT Employment)

Computer SystemsDesign and RelatedServices: 59.2%

Groups EmployingOver 1%: 22.6%

Groups Employingless than 1%: 18.2%

Employer Job Postings

Total Corporate Employees

General Dynamics 5,820 105,600

Booz Allen Hamilton Inc. 4,619 24,600

SAIC 2,892 23,000

Capital One 1,912 47,600

ManTech International Corp. 1,855 7,800

Leidos 1,311 32,000

Northrop Grumman 1,270 85,500

CACI 1,218 18,800

Deloitte 1,170 40,000

Perspecta 1,159 2,000

Table 8. Top Ten NOVA IT Employers by Total Job Postings

Source: Burning Glass Technologies: Labor Insight. 2019. Employer NAICS categorization and Total Employees information from InfoGroup/Reference USA.


In order to best understand the local IT labor market, it is also useful to place the region in context of other similar metropolitan areas, peer cities, and nearby regions. In this case, we compare the NOVA region to the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (MSA), other national MSAs with prominent IT industries, and two nearby MSAs, Baltimore and Richmond.

The D.C. MSA is second only to New York City in terms of the total number of people employed in IT occupations (Table 9). This is even more notable when considering that, despite ranking 6th in population size, it still manages to surpass the second most populous metropolitan area in the country in terms of IT employment (Los Angeles).

As the IT hub for the D.C. MSA, the NOVA region compares well to other metro areas even on its own, exceeding the number ten ranked MSA for total IT employment, Atlanta, and outpacing all others except for San Jose in terms the overall concentration of IT jobs (as a percentage of all area employment).

While not nearly as large or concentrated as in either the D.C. MSA or NOVA region, the IT industry in the Baltimore and Richmond MSAs make up an average to above-average portion of their overall labor

market—across all MSAs, IT occupations make up, on average, 3.5% of all employment, compared to 4.7% and 3.5% in Baltimore and Richmond, respectively. However, the makeup of the IT industry in these two nearby MSAs is significantly different than in the D.C. MSA broadly and the NOVA region specifically.

Figure 4 indicates the extent to which IT occupations are concentrated across various industry groups for the NOVA region, D.C. MSA, and nearby MSAs of Baltimore and Richmond—the concentration of IT occupations by group at the national level is also provided for reference, and the five groups displayed aside from computer systems design were those that had the highest concentration of IT workers at the national level.

Most IT jobs are concentrated in computer systems design and related services, regardless of location. However, IT jobs in the NOVA region are over twice as concentrated in these firms compared to the nation. Concentration in computer systems design is lower than average for Richmond, while IT jobs there are located to a much higher degree in firms responsible for the management of companies than in any of the other regions considered. While IT jobs

Regional Comparison

Figure 4. Concentration of IT Jobs by Industry Group for NOVA, D.C. MSA, and Other Nearby Regions



Table 9. Top MSAs by Total IT Employment (in thousands) Compared to the NOVA Region and Nearby MSAs

MSA Rank

Region/ MSA

IT Employment

Total Employment

IT Concentration

1 New York City 353.5 10,104.5 3.5%

2 Washington D.C. 244.2 3,378.3 7.2%

3 Los Angeles 202.9 6,572.2 3.1%

4 Chicago 166.7 4,849.2 3.4%

5 San Francisco 166.1 2,582.6 6.4%

6 Boston 159.2 2,834.0 5.6%

7 Dallas-Fort Worth 157.9 3,826.2 4.1%

8 San Jose 156.0 1,175.9 13.3%

9 Seattle 143.8 2,109.1 6.8%

- NOVA Region 130.2 1,333.7 9.8%

10 Atlanta 129.2 2,870.9 4.5%

19 Baltimore 66.3 1,425.1 4.7%

39 Richmond 24.1 680.1 3.5%

in the Baltimore area are more similar to the NOVA region and D.C. MSA as a whole, software publishers and employment services firms employ a slightly higher share of their local IT workforce than in our area.

This just serves to highlight that, even within relatively close regional proximity, the nature and activities of the IT workforce—and thus, skill and talent needs—may differ meaningfully. While IT in NOVA is more heavily focused on computer systems design and management consulting than even the surrounding D.C. MSA, IT in other nearby metros such as Baltimore and Richmond is much more focused on management and administrative functions.


In general, the NOVA region has much higher levels of education than the country as a whole, with around 70% of the population holding some sort of 2-year, 4-year, or post-graduate degree as compared to around 46% nationally. Degree holders are also slightly more concentrated in the region than across the entire D.C. MSA, where roughly 62% of the population holds an associates degree or higher (Figure 5).

Given the high level of overall education, it is not surprising that the vast majority of IT job postings in the region request some sort of degree as an educational requirement, typically a bachelor’s or higher (Figure 6).

Even so, there are some IT occupations that do not typically require a bachelor’s degree or higher, as determined by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). In particular, an entry-level support occupation

such as help desk technician may only require a certificate or some level of technical training (Table 10). While network/systems specialists and web developers will likely require slightly more education, workers in these positions may see entry level wages that are, on average, 40-50% higher than the average entry level wage for all occupations in the region ($38,700).

EducationalFigure 5. Educational Attainment of Population Aged 25-64

Source: Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates (ACS 5 Yr., 2013-2017).


However, our region is likely not producing enough workers locally with the education necessary to fill these jobs. Looking across the entire metropolitan area, only 132 certificates and 2-year degrees were awarded in 2017 from programs directly preparing individuals for help desk and computer support roles (Figure 7). Even if all IT-related certificates and 2-year degrees are included, the nearly 2,000 graduates is well short of the

5,500+ annual job postings for the occupation.

Of course, not all of these openings will need to be filled by new graduates. At least some will be filled by individuals “transferring” from similarly-skilled IT occupations, or from

occupations/positions where they have built the necessary skills on top of existing education; others may be filled by individuals with the necessary skills moving into the region. Still, it is unlikely that this movement within the labor market will be enough to fill the increasing demand for skilled and educated IT workers already being felt by IT employers.

Figure 6. Minimum Education Requirements Requested in NOVA IT Job Postings

Source: Burning Glass Technologies: Labor Insight. 2019.

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Information Sciences/Studies

Cyber/Information Security

Information Technology

Computer Science

Management Information Systems/Science

Computer Engineering

Information Technology Project Management

Computer Systems Networking and Administration

Data Entry, Processing, and Warehouseing/Database Administration

Computer Support Specialist/Technician

Web/Multimedia Design and Management

4,263

2,356

1,406

903

668

330

328

279

227

132

107

Figure 7. IT Credentials Awarded by Program Area and Level (D.C. MSA, 2016-2017)

SOC Title

Typical Education

(via BLS EP)Work

ExperienceOn-the-Job

Training

Average Entry Level

WageJob

Postings

Computer Operators

High school diploma or equivalent None Moderate $34,000 65

Data Entry Keyers

High school diploma or equivalent None Short-term $42,400 367

Computer User Support Specialists

Some college, no degree None None $40,500 5,854

Computer Network Support Specialists Associates degree None None $51,000 711

Web Developers Associates degree None None $56,600 5,027

Table 10. IT Occupations Typically Requiring Less Than a Bachelor's Degree

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program (EP)

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, IPEDS.Information Technology Workforce | 10

In order to develop education and training opportunities that truly meet the demand among IT employers for well-qualified talent, it is critical to understand which skills they are looking for within the workforce.

Table 11 indicates the most in-demand skills for all IT occupations in the NOVA region based on the percentage of postings requesting the skills. These are further split into two categories, software and programming skills—encompassing specific software, operating systems, and programming languages—and technical skills, which are skill sets that are specific to individual roles (as opposed to soft or “baseline” skills, which can be applied in any work context). Also indicated is the individual occupation which requested each skill most frequently.

While information security ranks lower in terms of requested technical skills, related credentials are among the most-requested certifications listed on job regional job postings (e.g. CompTIA Security+, CISSP,

SANS/GIAC, and CISA) (Table 12). While information security skills are critical, particularly for cyber security occupations, employers seem to be largely looking for formal validation of these skills through industry-recognized credentials.

Networking certifications such as CCNA and CCNP were also prominent, reflecting the demand for networking and systems-related workers—similarly, network engineering was the second most requested technical skills set in postings. Finally, not only was project management the third most requested technical skill area, project management certifications (PMP as well as others) were also frequently mentioned. While project management as a skill was (logically) requested most frequently in postings for IT project managers, it is notable that it was prominent in postings across a number of other occupations as well, indicating its wide applicability regardless of occupational role.

Skills and Certifications

Software & Programming Skills Technical Skills

Skill % of All Postings

Top Occupations Skill

% of All Postings

Top Occupations

Java 23.4% Software Developers

Software Development and

Engineering35.4% Software Developers

SQL 20.8% Database Administrators

Systems Engineering 13.0% Computer Systems

Engineers/Architects

Linux 18.5% Network and Computer Systems Administrators

Project Management 12.3% Information Technology

Project Managers

Python 16.1%Computer and

Information Research Scientists

Information Systems 12.3% Information Security

Analysts

JavaScript 14.7% Web Developers Customer Service 10.2% Computer User Support Specialists

Oracle RDBMS 12.7% Software Developers Scrum 10.1% Information Technology

Project Managers

UNIX 9.5% Web Administrators DevOps 9.5% Software Developers

Git 7.3% Web Developers Technical Support 8.1% Computer User Support Specialists

VMware 6.4% Network and Computer Systems Administrators Scheduling 7.7% Information Technology

Project Managers

Atlassian JIRA 6.1% Information Technology Project Managers

Information Security 6.6% Information Security

Analysts

Table 11. Top Skills Listed on NOVA IT Job Postings



Certification Postings

Security Clearance 31,039

CompTIA Security+ 8,325

Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) 6,809

IT Infrastructure Library (ITIL) Certification 5,164

Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) 3,802

Project Management Certification (Other than PMP) 3,427

SANS/GIAC Certification 3,334

Project Management Professional (PMP) 2,200

Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP) 2,142

Certified Information Systems Auditor (CISA) 1,513

Table 12. Top Certifications Listed on NOVA IT Job Postings


Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections Program. “Education and training assignments by detailed occupations, 2016” [Data File]. Retrieved November 5, 2018.

Burning Glass Technologies. (2019) “Labor Insight Real-Time Labor Market Information Tool.” [Data File]. http://www.laborinsight.burning-glass.com/jobs/us#. Retrieved May 10, 2019. Job Postings from 1 May 2018 – 30 April 2019.

Chmura Economics & Analytics. (2019) “JobsEQ.” [Data File]. http://www.chmuraecon.com/jobseq. Retrieved May 10, 2019.

InfoGroup. (2019) “ReferenceUSAGov.” http://www.referenceusagov.com. Retrieved May 10, 2019.

National Center for Education Statistics. “Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS).” [Data File]. https://nces.ed.gov/ipeds. Retrieved May 10, 2019.

United States Census Bureau. “American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, 2013-2017.” [Data File]. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs. Retrieved May 10, 2019.

AcknowledgmentsWe would like to thank the Capital One Foundation for generously providing the funding that made this series of industry briefs possible.

The views expressed in this report are those of its authors and do not necessarily reflect the position or views of the Capital One Foundation.

Data Sources


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