conception de modèles pour la simulation
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Conception de modèles pour la simulation. Exercices de familiarisation. How does one program a Mas?. Methodology. Internal structure of the agents Communication Control. Communication. Questions Who communicate with whom? What language?. Coordination and control. Questions - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Conception de modèles pour la simulation
Exercices de familiarisation
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How does one program a Mas?
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Methodology
– Internal structure of the agents
– Communication
– Control
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Communication
• Questions – Who communicate with whom? – What language?
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Coordination and control
• Questions – Who does what ? – How are the actions scheduled ? – How are the conflicts resolved ?
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Without communication
• Planes coordinate without communication.
B: conflict with C
C: conflict with B
B: I go up
C: I stabilize the level
A: Conflict with B A: I turn right
B Conflict with A B: I turn right
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With communication
A: I go to Montpellier
B I go to Chiang Mai
C: I go to Djakarta
B: Do I go up?
A: No you go left , I go up
B: ok
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Without communication
• Agent structure
Sensors
Plan generator
Models of the world
Model assesment Controler
Environmental change
Possible plans Execution
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With communication
Sensors
Plan generator
Models of the world
Model assesment Controler
Environmental change
Possible plans Execution
Communication
Planes
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Three main issues for reactive agents
• Representation of space and environment
• Actions and perceptions
• Decision between perception and action
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Environment
• A space and a medium for interactions
• The perception of an agent is the result of the actions of other agents (externalities)
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Interactions
• Interactions through a field of forces
• Interactions through the use of marks
• Interactions through actions with neighbors
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A field of forces
• Reynolds Boids
• Fish shoal (Mesle)
• Planes (Zeghal)
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The use of marks
• The relation with environment is linked to the perception of marks,
• The action is the use of marks
• Examples
– Foraging robots
– Foraging ants
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Without cooperation
• Explore : randomly
• Find : if I perceive a mine, then I take
• Carry: go back to the base
• Base : drop what I am carrying
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With marks
• Robots use marks
• Follow Mark : If not carrying and perceive mark then follow marks
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Result
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With explicit cooperation
• Help: if perceive agent carrying then propose help
• Exchange : If help proposed then give the resource
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Action on the neighbors
• Assess the state of the neighbors and the pressure
• Analyze the state and pressure and choose the best action
• Move and put pressure on the neighbours
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Cognitive agents
• A cognitive agent– has memory– has beliefs and skills– has goals– can communicate
• Some parts of knowledge are facts. Other parts are models of the world.
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Three main questions for a cognitive MAS
• Decision
• Organization
• Communication
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Decision
• Choices– Knowledge and beliefs
– Objectives
– Computation
• What are the formalisms?
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Organization
• Who can do the task ?
• Who has access to resources ?
• Who can communicate ?
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Communication
• Agents communicate
– to inform themselves
– to distribute the tasks
– to resolve the conflicts
– to learn
• The problem of languages
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From goals to intentions (commitment)
• Blinded : Until the agent believes it has accomplished its intention
• Single-minded : As long as it thinks it is possible
• Open minded : As soon as it has the goal
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Some strategies for negotiation
• Always concede
• Be competitive
• Be cooperative : look for a mutually acceptable solution
• Inaction
• Break
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From individual to collective with cognitive agents.
• Reactive agents often coordinate through the environment
• Two approaches for cognitive agents – define mutual beliefs, joint desires and joint
intentions – define norms and conventions.