ConsciousneConsciousness ss

Chapter 5 Chapter 5

ConsciousConscious ConsciousConscious-awareness of senses, self, -awareness of senses, self,

and environmentand environment Conscious is a psychological Conscious is a psychological

constructconstruct – something we can not see – something we can not see touch or measure. Intelligence and touch or measure. Intelligence and emotion are also constructs because they emotion are also constructs because they effect behavioreffect behavior

Believed that there was no value in Believed that there was no value in studying, can’t be measuredstudying, can’t be measured

It can be studied because it is linked with It can be studied because it is linked with measurable behaviors such as talkingmeasurable behaviors such as talking

We become conscious of sudden changes, We become conscious of sudden changes, unusual stimuli, and intense stimuliunusual stimuli, and intense stimuli

Levels of ConsciousnessLevels of Consciousness PreconsciousPreconscious is not in your awareness is not in your awareness

now, but you could recall them if you had now, but you could recall them if you had to by drawing attention to them ( What to by drawing attention to them ( What did you do last weekend)did you do last weekend)

UnconsciousUnconscious information stored in your information stored in your mind but unable to accessmind but unable to access

Freud stated we use these mental Freud stated we use these mental strategies (defense mechanisms) to push strategies (defense mechanisms) to push painful or unacceptable ideas out of painful or unacceptable ideas out of consciousconscious

NonconsciousNonconscious- basic biological functions - basic biological functions ( breathing, heart beat, growing)( breathing, heart beat, growing)

Sleep and DreamsSleep and Dreams Why sleep? Build resistence Why sleep? Build resistence

to infection, reccorver from to infection, reccorver from stress, brain organizes stress, brain organizes informationinformation

Brain waves measured by Brain waves measured by electroencephalograph (EEG) electroencephalograph (EEG)

Stage 1 sleepStage 1 sleepStage 1 sleep is experienced Stage 1 sleep is experienced as falling to sleep and is a as falling to sleep and is a transition stage between transition stage between wake and sleep. wake and sleep. It usually lasts between 1 and 5 It usually lasts between 1 and 5

minutes and occupies minutes and occupies approximately 2-5 % of a normal approximately 2-5 % of a normal night of sleep. night of sleep.

Stage 2 sleepStage 2 sleepStage 2 sleep follows stage 1 Stage 2 sleep follows stage 1 sleep and is the "baseline" of sleep and is the "baseline" of sleep. This stage is part of the sleep. This stage is part of the 90 minute cycle 90 minute cycle approximately 45-60% of sleep.approximately 45-60% of sleep.

AwakeLow-voltage, high-frequency beta waves

DrowsyAlpha waves prominent

Stage 1 SleepTheta waves prominent

Stage 2 SleepSleep spindles and mixed EEG activity

Slow wave sleep (stage 3 and stage 4 sleep)Progressively more delta waves (stage 4 shown)

REM sleep

Stage 3 and 4 or Delta sleepStage 3 and 4 or Delta sleep Stage 2 sleep evolves into Stage 2 sleep evolves into "Delta" sleep or "slow wave" "Delta" sleep or "slow wave" sleep in approximately 10-20 sleep in approximately 10-20 minutes and may last 15-30 minutes and may last 15-30 minutes. It is called "slow wave" minutes. It is called "slow wave" sleep because brain activity sleep because brain activity slows down dramatically from slows down dramatically from the "theta" rhythm of stage 2 to the "theta" rhythm of stage 2 to a much slower rhythm of 1 to 2 a much slower rhythm of 1 to 2 cycles per second called "delta" cycles per second called "delta" and the height or amplitude of and the height or amplitude of the waves increases the waves increases dramatically. dramatically. In most adults these two stages In most adults these two stages

are completed within the first are completed within the first two 90 minute sleep cycles or two 90 minute sleep cycles or within the first three hours of within the first three hours of sleep. sleep.

is the "deepest" stage of sleep is the "deepest" stage of sleep (not REM) and the most (not REM) and the most restorative. It is delta sleep that restorative. It is delta sleep that a sleep deprived person's brain a sleep deprived person's brain craves the first and foremost. craves the first and foremost.

In children, delta sleep can In children, delta sleep can occupy up to 40% of all sleep occupy up to 40% of all sleep time and this is what makes time and this is what makes children unwakeable or "dead children unwakeable or "dead asleep" during most of the night. asleep" during most of the night.

AwakeLow-voltage, high-frequency beta waves

DrowsyAlpha waves prominent

Stage 1 SleepTheta waves prominent

Stage 2 SleepSleep spindles and mixed EEG activity

Slow wave sleep (stage 3 and stage 4 sleep)Progressively more delta waves (stage 4 shown)

REM sleep

Stage 5 sleepStage 5 sleepREM (Rapid Eye Movement REM (Rapid Eye Movement Sleep): a very active stage of Sleep): a very active stage of sleep. Composes 20-25 % of a sleep. Composes 20-25 % of a normal nights sleep.normal nights sleep. Breathing , heart rate and brain Breathing , heart rate and brain

wave activity quicken. wave activity quicken. Vivid Dreams can occur. Sleep Vivid Dreams can occur. Sleep

Specialists call this 5th stage of Specialists call this 5th stage of sleep "REM" rapid eye movement sleep "REM" rapid eye movement sleep because if one is to watch a sleep because if one is to watch a person in this stage, their eyes are person in this stage, their eyes are moving rapidly about. moving rapidly about.

After REM stage, the body usually After REM stage, the body usually returns to stage 2 sleep. returns to stage 2 sleep.

During the deep stages of NREM During the deep stages of NREM sleep, the body repairs and sleep, the body repairs and regenerates tissues, builds bone regenerates tissues, builds bone and muscle, and appears to and muscle, and appears to strengthen the immune system. strengthen the immune system.

As you get older, you sleep more As you get older, you sleep more lightly and get less deep sleep. lightly and get less deep sleep.

Typical night go through these Typical night go through these stages 5 times per nightstages 5 times per night

AwakeLow-voltage, high-frequency beta waves

DrowsyAlpha waves prominent

Stage 1 SleepTheta waves prominent

Stage 2 SleepSleep spindles and mixed EEG activity

Slow wave sleep (stage 3 and stage 4 sleep)Progressively more delta waves (stage 4 shown)

REM sleep

Why do we need sleep?Why do we need sleep? To repair bodyTo repair body Reduces stressReduces stress 1964 test 17 year old stayed awake for 11 1964 test 17 year old stayed awake for 11

days irratible, could not focus his eyes, had days irratible, could not focus his eyes, had speech difficultiesspeech difficulties

How Much Sleep Do You Need?How Much Sleep Do You Need? depends on the individual. depends on the individual. The need for sleep depends on various The need for sleep depends on various

factors, one of which is age. factors, one of which is age. Infants usually require about 16-18 hours of Infants usually require about 16-18 hours of

sleep per day,sleep per day, while teenagers need about 9 hours per day on while teenagers need about 9 hours per day on

average.average. Most adults need about 7-8 hours of sleep per Most adults need about 7-8 hours of sleep per

day.day.

The Consequences of Too Little The Consequences of Too Little SleepSleep

Too little sleep may cause:Too little sleep may cause: Impaired memory and thought processes. Impaired memory and thought processes. Depression. Depression. Decreased immune response. Decreased immune response. Sleep deprivation also increases pain Sleep deprivation also increases pain

perception on pain simulation testing. perception on pain simulation testing. Caffeine and other stimulants can Caffeine and other stimulants can

temporarily overcome the effects of severe temporarily overcome the effects of severe sleep deprivation, but cannot do so for sleep deprivation, but cannot do so for extended periods of time.extended periods of time.

Sleep ProblemsSleep Problems Dreams- Dreams- Meaning of DreamsMeaning of Dreams InsomniaInsomnia unable to sleep, usually unable to sleep, usually

happens to people in times of stresshappens to people in times of stress NightmaresNightmares- bad dreams- bad dreams Night terrors-Night terrors- more severe than night more severe than night

mares, breath heavy, talk out loud and mares, breath heavy, talk out loud and even thrash aroundeven thrash around

Sleep walking-Sleep walking- walk around and can walk around and can respond while sleeping and have respond while sleeping and have memory of events when awakenmemory of events when awaken

Sleep apnea-Sleep apnea- breathing interruption breathing interruption during sleepduring sleep

NarcolepsyNarcolepsy-suddenly fall asleep no -suddenly fall asleep no matter what time or placematter what time or place

Drugs and ConsciousnessDrugs and Consciousness Drugs distort people’s perceptions, Drugs distort people’s perceptions,

changes their moods, or causes them changes their moods, or causes them to see and hear things that are not to see and hear things that are not realreal

AddictionAddiction- after taking a drug the - after taking a drug the body craves it to feel normalbody craves it to feel normal

DepressantsDepressants- drugs that slow the activity of the - drugs that slow the activity of the nervous system.nervous system.

Alcohol in small amount relaxes a person, Alcohol in small amount relaxes a person, larger amounts can put the person to sleep, too larger amounts can put the person to sleep, too much alcohol can be lethal. much alcohol can be lethal. Intoxication slurs speech, blurs vision and makes Intoxication slurs speech, blurs vision and makes

people clumsy. people clumsy. Drinkers may do things they normally would not do. Drinkers may do things they normally would not do. Alcohol limits a person’s ability to focus on Alcohol limits a person’s ability to focus on

consequences. consequences. If addicted, people may drink to avoid withdraw If addicted, people may drink to avoid withdraw

symptoms of sickness and shakingsymptoms of sickness and shaking Narcotics- used to relieve pain (morphine, Narcotics- used to relieve pain (morphine,

heroin, codein) very adictive.heroin, codein) very adictive. Morphine used on soldiers in Civil War. Morphine used on soldiers in Civil War. Heroin can cause feelings of pleasure but can plunge Heroin can cause feelings of pleasure but can plunge

user into a deep depression when coming off the user into a deep depression when coming off the drug. Herione can also slow the respitory system and drug. Herione can also slow the respitory system and cause a coma or even deathcause a coma or even death

StimulantsStimulants- increase activity of the nervous system- increase activity of the nervous system Nicotine casues heart rate to go up making people Nicotine casues heart rate to go up making people

feel alert but does not improve the ability to perform feel alert but does not improve the ability to perform difficult tasks. difficult tasks. Withdrawl symtoms include nervousness, drowsiness, Withdrawl symtoms include nervousness, drowsiness,

headaches, insomnia, tremors, and sweating. headaches, insomnia, tremors, and sweating. Smokers are about 10 times as likely to die of lung cancer. Smokers are about 10 times as likely to die of lung cancer.

Pregnant women who smoke risk miscarrages, pre-mature Pregnant women who smoke risk miscarrages, pre-mature

birth, and birth defects. birth, and birth defects. AmphetaminesAmphetamines- stimulant which helps people stay - stimulant which helps people stay

awake longer and reduce appetite. awake longer and reduce appetite. Higher doses give feelings of pleasure. Higher doses give feelings of pleasure. Can also cause hallucinations, see an object but not real or Can also cause hallucinations, see an object but not real or

a delusion- a false idea that seems real. a delusion- a false idea that seems real. Prolonged uses can cause a “Crash” where they sleep for Prolonged uses can cause a “Crash” where they sleep for

days or fall into a deep depression which can cause a days or fall into a deep depression which can cause a suicide. suicide.

Examples include Cocaine or impure Crack.Examples include Cocaine or impure Crack.

HallucinogensHallucinogens- drug that produces - drug that produces hallucinations, relaxes, feelings of hallucinations, relaxes, feelings of pleasure or panicpleasure or panic

Marijuana impares perception, Marijuana impares perception, coordination, memory, and learning. It coordination, memory, and learning. It increases heart rate and is a threat to increases heart rate and is a threat to people with high blood pressure people with high blood pressure

Treatment for Drug AbuseTreatment for Drug Abuse

Treatment includes Treatment includes detoxificationdetoxification, , maintenancemaintenance programs and programs and therapytherapy. .

DetoxificationDetoxification- remove harmful - remove harmful substance from the bodysubstance from the body

Maintenance Programs-Maintenance Programs- people given people given controlled amounts of the substance of controlled amounts of the substance of drug. Sometimes never get off drugdrug. Sometimes never get off drug

Support GroupsSupport Groups people who share people who share common experiences and problems. common experiences and problems. Encourage people to live without drugsEncourage people to live without drugs