consciousness m11 (1)

8/3/2019 Consciousness m11 (1)

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CONSCIOUSNESSM11



Circadian rhythm

Definition

Regular fluctuation from high to low points of certainbodily functions and behaviors within each 24-hr

period. Bp, heart rate, appetite, hormonal secretion, digestive enzymes,

sensory acuity, bodys response to medication follow circadianrhythm.

Controlled by suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN),located in hypothalamus *not strictly biological

Environmental cues also influencesCR

Eg: bright light (sunlight)



ImportantCR1. Sleep/wakefulness cycle

2. Body temperature fluctuation

Normal temp : 97-97.5 between 3.00-4.00am to 98.6between 6.00-8.00 pm

People sleep best when body temp is low

3. Alertness

Most alert when body temperature is at its daily highpoint

Alertness decrease between 2.00-5.00 pm andbetween 2.00-7.00 am



Disruptions in CR

Chronic jet lag produces memory deficits thatcould be permanent.

Melatonin can alleviate jet lag in long-distancetravelers.

Exposure to bright sunlight in early morning andavoidance during evening can restoreCR

Alertness and performance deteriorates if peoplework during subjective night, when biologicalclock tells them to sleep. Energy and efficiency are at lowest during subjective

night, reaction time is lowest, productivity diminished.



IMPORTANCE OF SLEEP1. Learning and memory:

Sleep helps the brain commit new information to memory through a

process called memory consolidation.

2. Metabolism and weight:Chronic sleep deprivation may cause weight gain by affecting the way ourbodies process and store carbohydrates, and by altering levels of hormonesthat affect our appetite.

3. Safety:

Sleep debt contributes to a greater tendency to fall asleep during thedaytime. These lapses may cause falls and mistakes such as medical errors,air traffic mishaps, and road accidents.

4. Mood:Sleep loss may result in irritability, impatience, inability to concentrate, andmoodiness.

5. Cardiovascular health:Serious sleep disorders have been linked to hypertension, increased stresshormone levels,

and irregular heartbeat.

6. Disease:Sleep deprivation alters immune function, including the activity of the

bodys killer cells.

Keeping up with sleep may also help fight cancer.



EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION

(TOO LITTLE SLEEP)1. Effects on growth

Sleep deprivation resulted in reduced cortisol secretion the next day, driven by

increased subsequent slow-wave sleep.

2. Effects on the healing processA group of rats which were deprived of REM sleep for five days had no significant effect

on their ability to heal wounds, compared to a group of rats not deprived of "dream"

sleep.

3. Microsleeps

The brain automatically shuts down, falling into a sleep state for a period that can last

from a second to half a minute. The person falls asleep no matter what activity he orshe is engaged in. Microsleeps are similar to blackouts and a person experiencing them

is not consciously aware that they are occurring.

4. Weight gain or loss

Sleep deprivation could be disrupting hormones that regulate glucose metabolism and

appetite.



Activity 1: Sleep and biological rhythms

1.3 Define and describe (with figures or tables) the stages of sleep ( Stage 1-Stage

5) which must include:

Alfa, Theta, Delta and Beta wavelength

Physiology and physical characteristic at each stages (i.e.: hypnagogic and

myoclonia state)Characteristic REM and Non-REM in each stages



Stage Waveform type Physiology and physical characteristic Characteristic REMand Non-REM in

each stages

1 Theta waves hypnic myoclonia or myoclonic jerks(sudden jerk movement)

Eye movement slowdown

2 Sleep spindles(sleepers are more difficult to awaken in stage

two than stage one)

A short period of calm interrupted by brief flashes of intent activities

Eye movementstops.

3 Delta waves(EEG registers 20% delta waves)

transitional period between light sleep and avery deep sleep

Almost the same asstage 4

4 Delta waves

(EEG registers 50%-100% delta waves)

Delta waves continue to increase and

eventually reach deepest sleep, which is thehardest to awaken.

Bed-wetting and

sleepwalking usuallyoccur at the end of

stage 4 sleep.

5 REM (rapid eye movement)aka paradoxical sleep

eye movement, increased respiration rate,increased brain activity

breathing becomesfast, irregular andshallow. Your eyeswill move rapidlyand your muscles

become immobile.Heart rate and blood

pressure increase.Men may develop

erections.



SLEEP PHENOMENA

NightmaresNight terrors Sleep walking Sleep talking



Definition: A terrifying or deeply upsetting dream,occurring during rapid eye movement (REM)

sleep that arouses feelings of intense, inescapable

fear, terror, distress, or extreme anxiety that

usually awakens the sleeper.



WHY DO I GET NIGHTMARES?

Physical causes : ± sleeping in an uncomfortable or awkward

position

± having a fever

Psychological causes: ± Stress and anxiety. ± Eating before bed, which triggers an increase

in the body's metabolism and brain activity

± PTSD

HOW TO PREVENTNIGHTMARES?

Get a healthy sleep routine

Prayers before sleep!



Night terrors

(a.k.a sleep terror/ pavor nocturnus) Definition: An emotional episode (usually in young

children) in which the person awakens in terror withfeelings of anxiety and fear but is unable toremember any incident that might have provoked

those feelings. It is characterized by extreme terrorand a temporary inability to regain fullconsciousness.



SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:

Children (age 2-6, 15% affected)

± bolting upright' with their eyes wide open, with a look of fear and panic, and often scream

± sweat, breathe fast and have a rapid heart rate

(autonomic signs)

± although it seems like children are awake during a nightterror, they will appear confused, will not be consolableand will not recognize others

±

evidence shown that predisposition to night terrors andother parasomniac disorders can be passed genetically

± emotional stress during the previous day and a highfever are most common in night terror episodes



Adult ± If sufferer does not eat proper diet, get appropriate

amount of sleep, endures stressful events in their lifeor they remain untreated, the night terrors can occurevery night

± Often trauma-based rather than genetic, chronic, andoften respond to psychotherapy treatment andantidepressant medication

± Evidence of a link between adult night terrors andhypoglycemia

TREATMENT:

Night terrors are most commonly triggered by being overtired no treatment necessary except ensure proper sleep (bedtimeschedule)

If the night terrors are more frequent the sufferer should beawakened from sleep just before the time when the terrors occurmost to interrupt the sleep cycle



SLEEPWALKING

Also known as samnambulism



DEFINITION

Sleep walkers are usually unaware of their activity

In the definition of sleep walking, a sufferer may display several

characteristics such as: they are hard to wake - their eyes may be openbut they may looked dazed and be unaware of their surroundings orthose around them. They may sit up in bed and then wander around theroom. They may also use incoherent speech and they may do repetitivethings like switching on an off lights, or opening and closing a door.

The definition of sleep walking is actually being re-evaluated at present,in a social and legal context, where the criminal actions of sleepwalkersin certain cases are being judged.

A sleep walker can go back to sleep some place other than bed,depending on how far he or she has walked.



SLEEPWALKING

It is a series of complex behaviours that are initiated during slow wave sleep andresult in walking.

Sleep walking disorder occurs during the rapid eye movement (REM) phase of sleep, which is also the dream stage of sleep.

Under normal conditions, as soon as a sleeper slips into REM sleep, the bodybecomes paralysed to protect the person from acting out his/her dreams.

However with sleep walking disorder this paralysis does not occur, leaving theperson vulnerable to harming themselves or even others, as he tries to enact

his/her dreams. This is the opposite of the disorder known as sleep paralysis,where the victim awakens while his body is paralysed.

This disorder is often accompanied by vivid and frightening hallucinations, as thesleeper brings his dreams with him into the waking world.



Sleep walking disorder that starts at an earlyage, generally disappears as the child gets older.

Some of the symptoms and features to look forin sleep walking disorder include:

1. difficulty in rousing the individual during anepisode;

2. amnesia following an episode;

3. episodes typically occurring in the first third of the sleep episode and sleep terrors.



CAUSES OF SLEEPWALKING

There are several possibilities when looking at sleep walkingcauses, including

a) stress,

b) fatigue

c) alcohol

d) drug abuse.

e) Lack of sleep

It is thought that a full bladder may act as one of the sleepwalking causes, and it does have some credibility, so fluids shouldbe restricted before bedtime. or psychological factors are alsoknown to be likely sleep walking causes.



CAUSES OF SLEEPWALKING

In children, sleep walking causes are usually unknown, butmay also be related to

a) fatigue,

b)prior sleep loss, orc) anxiety.

In adults, sleep walking causes are usually associated with adisorder of the mind, but may also be seen with reactionsto drugs and/or medications, alcohol, and medicalconditions such as partial complex seizures.

if an adult sleep walker begins dangerous activities such asdriving while "sleepwalking."



Somniloquy or sleep-talking is a parasomnia thatrefers to talking aloud in one's sleep. It can be quiteloud, ranging from simple sounds to long speeches,and can occur many times during sleep.

Listeners may or may not be able to understandwhat the person is saying.

usually occurs during transitory arousals from NREMsleep, which is when the body does not movesmoothly from one stage in NREM sleep to another,and they become partially aroused from sleep.



Sleep-talking can occur by itself or as a feature of another sleep disorder such as:

1. Rapid eye movement behavior disorder (RBD) -loud, emotional or profane sleep talking

2. Sleepwalking

3. Night terror - intense fear, screaming, shouting

4. Sleep-related eating disorder (SRED)



How is it treated?

Sleep talking tends to be harmless and doesnot require treatment.



Why do some people talk in

their sleep?Nobody knows for sure.Children seem to be prone to

it, especially if they sleepwalk too.

Make sure the sleep talker gets plenty of sleep everynight, someone who is sleep deprived is more likelyto sleep talk.

Reduce the stress and anxiety levels

Keep to a regular schedule of going to bed and

getting up at the same time Don't eat a heavy meal right before bedtime

If an episode occurs, make sure the sleep talker issafe and gently soothe them



SLEEPING DISORDERS

1. Insomnia2. Narcolepsy3. Sleep apnea



Insomnia

Definition: sleep disorders in which the person has difficulty fallingasleep or staying asleep.

Sleep-onset insomnia: individuals have difficulty falling asleep at thehour at which they would like, but sleep is normal after it begins.

Early-awakening insomnia: waking up earlier than desired, either

several times in the middle of the night or early in the morning. Common: in individuals undergoing periods of stress, anxiety or

depression. People with little education, lower income.

Management:

-Cognitive therapy: correcting a few misconceptions about the nature of

sleep.- follow the rules of good sleep hygiene, take a warm bath, get amassage, listen to music, drink warm milk, drink herbal tea, sleep on afirm mattress, count something and using relaxation techniques.



Narcolepsy

Definition: Sleep disorder in which the person suddenly falls asleepduring activities usually performed when fully awake, even when theperson has had adequate sleep.

Occur in less than one-half of 1% of the general population. Itsimpact can be quite serious.

Occurs in the middle of work or during conversation with others,especially when upset or stressed.

The person experiences loss of muscle tone, lack of body movement.

Not REM sleep Management:

- supplementary melatonin, relaxation, herbal tea, chromotherapy(color therapy) and aromatherapy



Sleep apnea

What is sleep apnea??Common disorder in which you have one or more pauses in breathing orshallow breaths while you sleep (airway has collapsed or is blocked duringsleep)

Breathing pauses can last from a few seconds to minutes. They often occur5 to30 times or more an hour.

Typically, normal breathing then starts again, sometimes with a loud snortor choking sound.

usually is a chronic (ongoing) condition that disrupts sleep

snore loudly, but not all people is snoring

Obstructive sleep apnea :

unable to get enough air through your mouth and nose into your lungs

amount of oxygen in your blood may drop



Sleep apnea (cont)

Outlook:

Increase the risk of high blood pressure, heartattack, stroke, obesity, and diabetes

Increase the risk of, or worsen, heart failure Make arrhythmias (ah-RITH-me-ahs), or irregular heartbeats

Increase the chance of having work-related or driving accidents

Treatment:

Lifestyle changes- weight loss, sleeping position

mouthpieces

Surgery tracheotomy, tonsillectomy, pull forth mandible or tongue

breathing devices



ACTIVITY 4: SLEEP HYGIENE

SLEEP HYGIENE REFERS TO THEPRACTICE OF GUIDELINES TO

ENSURE RESTFUL AND EFFECTIVE

SLEEP. LIST AND EXPLAIN TENFACTORS HAVE AN EFFECT ON

SLEEP.



Factors that have effects on

sleep Environment

- A quiet environment for sleeping is the most

preferred as this will relax our mind.- However, some people find a familiar noise

e.g. traffic, is comforting when they fall

asleep. Again, it is your own preference.



Age

- Younger, more children sleep for about 10-12 hours,8 hours per day for adults, aged 5-6 hours a day.

Bedroom

- A cooler bedroom is thought to enable a betterenvironment for sleep as it mirrors the fall in thecore body temperature of the sleeper.

- Hotter environments can lead to a more disturbednights sleep as it affects the REM sleep and canlead to more awakenings during the night.



Light

- A dark room is favoured by most to fall asleep in

Eating & drinking

- Try not to go to bed on a full stomach as the

body will still be trying to digest the food.- Going to bed hungry may disrupt your sleep.

Drinking before bed may disturb your sleep as

you may need to urinate during the night, so try

to avoid drinking about an hour before bed.



Baths

- Having a bath may relax you as water can have a

calming effect on us.- It is also thought to cause a reactive decrease in

our body temperatures which allows us to sleepmore readily.

Stimulants

- Avoiding stimulants such as caffeine, alcohol

and nicotine before you sleep can help yourbody relax quicker as these will stimulate thebody rather than letting it unwind.



Emotional

- Where emotional changes will cause a blood disorderthat causes insomnia, or even sick.

Naps

- Try not to nap during the day as this will affect yoursleeping pattern, and if you cannot keep awake, then

nap for no longer than an hour.

Clutter free

- A bedroom that is free of electronic devices is alsothought to aid a better nights sleep

- Watching TV in bed is a delay for actual sleep tocommence and is thought to steal valuable sleep time.Removing clutter from your room will hopefully helpremove the clutter from your mind.



THANK YOU!!

consciousness m11 (1)

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