consequences of inequality for education

- 1 -

Consequences of Inequality for

Education

Veronika Baumgärtel

Paulina Hofman

Agata Jankowska

Marc C. Zurhold

Introduction Reasons Consequences Countermeasures Conclusion

- 2 -

Inequalitiesare associated with

• rates of obesity

• teenage birth

• mental illness

• homicide

• low social capital

• hostility

• racism

• imprisonment

• low social mobility

• child conflict

• poor educational performance among school children

Consequences of Inequality for Education


- 3 -

Rules of education

• „Secondary socialization”

• Transmitting knowledge, skills, values

• Developing in children a certain number of physical, intellectual and moral states

• Important link between the individual and society



- 4 -


PERFECT WORLD =

EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES ?


- 5 -

Causes of educational inequalities


Differences among countries : -Industrial state or developing country-Rich/poor-Welfare state

- 6 -

Differences within the society



- 7 -

Family backround



- 8 -

Social class backround

- Inteligence

- Owners

- Working class

- Peasants



- 9 -

Maternal and paternal educational level



- 10 -

Money and origin

• Income:

– Rich

– Poor

• Racial group:

– White

– Black



- 11 -

Neighborhood

State education

vs.

Private education



- 12 -

According to PISA



- 13 -

According to PISA


ARG

AUS

AUT

AZE

BEL

BGR

BRA

CAN

CHE

CHL

COL

CZE DEU

DNKESP

EST

FIN

FRA

GBR

GRC

HKG

HRVHUN

IDN

IRL

ISL

ISR

ITA

JOR

JPN

KGZ

KOR LIE

LTULUXLVA

MAC

MEX MNE

NLD

NOR

NZL

POL

PRT

QAT

ROU

RUS

SRB

SVK

SVN

SWE

TAP

THA

TUN

TUR URY

USA

300

350

400

450

500

550

Me

an

stu

de

nt

pe

rfo

rma

nce

-1 -.5 0 .5 1Mean socio-economic background

OECD all countries

Mean SES and mean student achievement


- 14 -

According to PISA


ARGAUSAUT

AZE

BEL

BGR

BRA

CAN

CHE

CHL

COL

CZEDEU

DNKESP

ESTFIN

FRA

GBR

GRCHKG

HRVHUN

IDN

IRLISL

ISR

ITA

JOR

JPN

KGZ

KOR

LIE

LTU

LUX

LVA

MACMEXMNE

NLDNOR

NZL

POLPRT

QATROU

RUS

SRB

SVK

SVN

SWETAP

THA

TUNTUR

URY

USA

60

70

80

90

100

110

Std

. D

ev.

of

stu

de

nt

pe

rfo

rma

nce

.6 .8 1 1.2 1.4Std. Dev. of socio-economic background

OECD all countries

Std. Dev. of SES and student outcomes


- 15 -

Observations

• The most powerful predictor of student achievement is the economic, social, and cultural status of student family

• Socioeconomic status: sum of father and mother occupational status

• Maternal and paternal educational level; not speaking national language at home; born in another country



- 16 -

Observations

• Parental education has a steeper coefficient on school performance in Germany, a flatter one in France and Italy

• Not speaking the national language and born in another country has a stronger negative effect in Germany than in Italy and France



- 17 -

Different spending on education…



- 18 -

Different quality of education in different countries (PISA)


…leads to different quality ofeducation


- 19 -

Education:

• College degree < 2%

(national average=24%)

• Impact on employment:

~40% of the Adult population incapable of attaining a professional job


Example: East Chicago


- 20 -

Example: East Chicago


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- 21 -

Increasing Importance of Education for Job



- 22 -

Vicious circle I

Inequalities (familiar background / culture, income situation /welfare, …) among

• people

• different social groups

• different countries

Inequality in educational possibilities (e.g. children with richparents in general attain higher education level than thosewith poor parents)


Consequences


- 23 -

Vicious circle II

Better education leads to

• Higher income

• Smaller risk of unemployment

• Better social status

vicious circle: gap between the rich and the poor, theeducated and the non-educated widening!


Consequences


- 24 -

What to do against inequality foreducation?

Thesis:

• Inequality in access to education due to parents‘ different income levels (hypothesis: children out of poor families haveNO possibility to get education)



- 25 -

What to do against inequality for education?

Solution: 2-tracks system

• 1st track: estimated high quality of education, high tuition

• 2nd track: education at estimated lower quality level, tuition-free

• 2nd track financed by fees for 1st track

through self selection rich parents finance education for poorparents‘ children



- 26 -

Conclusion


Discussion:

• Suggestions for other definitions of education

• Reasons for inequality

• Vicious circle

• Counter measures


consequences of inequality for education

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