conservation and ecology of marine reptiles mare 494 dr. turner summer 2007
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Conservation and Ecology of Marine Reptiles MARE 494 Dr. Turner Summer 2007. Diving Physiology. Among longest and deepest diving vertebrates Spend 3-6% time at surface Central features of dive ability: efficient O 2 transport tolerance for hypoxia maximum used of limited O 2 stores. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Conservation and Ecology of Marine Reptiles
MARE 494Dr. Turner
Summer 2007
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Diving PhysiologyAmong longest and deepest diving vertebrates
Spend 3-6% time at surface
Central features of dive ability:efficient O2 transporttolerance for hypoxiamaximum used of limited O2 stores
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Diving PhysiologyPhysiological traits of breath-hold mode are common reptilian traits
Present in land-dwelling ancestors
However, several distinct modifications to marine existence
parallels with marine mammals
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Dive Records
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Lung Structure & FunctionFew breaths (2-3s) at surface to empty & refill lungs
# breaths (time at surface) to increase with duration of submergence time
Tidal lung volumes greater than terrestrial or aquatic reptiles
marine mammals have greater tidal volumes than terrestrial
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Lung Structure & FunctionSimilar structure to marine mammal lungs
Large-diameter airways are well enforced cartilaginous bronchioles smooth muscle with elastic fiber matrix
Lack a diaphragmPelvic, gular, & pectoral muscles
ventilate lungs
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Lung Structure & Function
Phocid Otariid Odobenid
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Under Pressure
Tolerate ↑ in water pressure
1 atmosphere (atm) for each 10mLeatherback > 1000m (100atm)
Squeezes air-filled spaces
Absorbing gases at high pressure can be toxic – damage from bubbles
Effect upon central nervous system
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In Fact It’s a Gas
Sea turtles have the highest rates of O2 consumption and greatest aerobic scopes of any reptile
Can attain resting O2 consumption rates similar to rates of mammals
Greater area for gas exchange (diffusion) than most reptiles; lower resistance
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It’s a Gas Gas Gas
High pulmonary diffusion capacity – advantage during prolonged submergence when sea turtles deplete lung, arterial, & venous O2 stores
Low-resistance lung – support high metabolic rates (maximum exercise) by maintaining high saturation levels in arterial blood
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It’s a Gas Gas Gas
High pulmonary diffusion capacity – advantage during prolonged submergence when sea turtles deplete lung, arterial, & venous O2 stores
Low-resistance lung – support high metabolic rates (maximum exercise) by maintaining high saturation levels in arterial blood
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Hope Floats
Regulate volume of air in lungs during shallow dives for buoyancy control
fine-scale – shifting among compartments
Also thought to quickly distribute blood warmed via heliothermy
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Oxygen Transport
Dive duration a function of total O2 store and metabolic rate during the dive
metabolic rate a function of:SizeActivityTemperatureHormonal statusDietary status
O2 consumption – VO2
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STÖR
Diving birds & mammals typically store O2 in blood & tissues
Amphibians & reptiles use lings as major O2 stores
Sea turtles – may center around shallow versus deep diving
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SHØP
Shallow divers (Cheloniids)– depend upon lung as the major O2 store
Deep divers – (Dermochelyids) rely upon blood and tissue stores for O2
Hematocrit, hemoglobin, myoglobin concentrations among highest in reptiles similar to levels in marine mammals
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Total Body Oxygen Stores
Largest O2 stores in diving mammals Hemoglobin – O2 binding molecule of
red blood cells; can deliver O2 where needed
Myoglobin – O2 binding molecule of muscle cells; delivers O2 directly to muscles
Hematocrit – packed red blood cell volume; hemoglobin volume – higher in mammals with increased diving capacity
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Total Body Oxygen StoresResp – Cardio – Cellular = All EqualFewer mitochondria
Cellular dominantMore mitochondria
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Total Body Oxygen Stores
Respiratory properties of blood depends upon whether O2 is primarily stores in tissues or in the lung
High hematocrit in leatherbacks – similar to marine mammals
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Total Body Oxygen Stores
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Total Body Oxygen Stores
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Dive Response
During dive, available O2 ↓ (hypoxia) and CO2 ↑ (hypercapnia)
Together create asphyxia
Counteract with several adaptations:Anaerobic diving – no O2; lactic acid & H+ ions accumulateBradycardia – decline in heart rateIschemia – preferential distribution of blood to O2 sensitive organs;
temperature & metabolic rate
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Diving Adaptations
Cease breathing during diving events apneic conditions – conflicting conditions1. O2 stores ↓ with ↑ activity (O2 demand)2. CO2 & lactate ↑ in blood & muscle
During hypoxic events, muscle activity is maintained anaerobically
results in ↑ accumulation of lactate
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Low-Impact Aerobics
In the past 10-20 yrs – research emphasis on anaerobic dive physiology
Recent on aerobic dive limits and how animals stay within these limits
Know that aerobic diving is the only way to facilitate multiple sequential dives over a short period of time
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Aerobic Dive Limit
Longest dive that does not lead to an increase in blood lactate concentration
If dive within ADL, can dive again immediately without recovery period
If dive exceeds ADL and accumulate lactate; surface recovery period is
required to “burn-off” (remove) lactic acid from the body
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Aerobic Dive Limit
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Leatherback
Total Body Oxygen Stores
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Anoxia
Vertebrate brain has an absolute dependence upon O2 and dies within a few minutes without it Ultimate determinant of dive endurance in marine mammals
Some FW & sea turtles can survive several hours of anoxia
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Anoxia
Unique mechanisms to protect brain
Anoxic turtle brain can maintain ATP levels & ionic homeostasis by severely reducing metabolic demands to a level met by anaerobic glycolysis
In FW turtles – used to survive hibernation
“You have an absolutely unique genetic condition known as ‘Homer Simpson syndrome’. Why, I could wallop you all day with this surgical two-by-four without ever knocking you down. But... I have other appointments.” – Dr. Julius Hibbert
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Hibernation
In FW turtles – used to survive hibernation in frozen over hypoxic ponds
In Sea Turtles???
Torpid hibernating sea turtles – may survive 1-3 months (presumably without eating or breathing)
Know that cold can effect some animals“cold stunned” coma
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Diving Pau
Huge gaps in knowledge (sounds familiar?)
Possibly with newly developed sensors…
In order to reduce deaths in fishing gear…
Maybe Sargassum has an effect???