considerations to launch a nuclear power program daw s mosbah arab atomic energy agency tunis
TRANSCRIPT
Motivations
Overall Growth in Demand for Energy Linkage between energy and development
Energy Security / Self-Reliance
Energy Diversity
Economics Low operational costs relative to other forms of power
Emissions / Global Warming
Electricity Production CostsElectricity Production Costs cents per kWhr)
85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03
0
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Oil 8.09
Gas 7.51
Coal 2.21
Nuclear 1.72
OverviewA decision to build NPP requires: good planning,
preparedness, investment in human and financial resources
The difference between NPPs and other PP is possessing and dealing with nuclear materials
The decision must based on strong commitment that the nuclear energy used exclusively in peaceful applications and with high standards of safety and security
This commitments require building sustainable national infrastructure
Overview Infrastructures include:
a) “hard”; material facilities, site, grid, radioactive waste equipments
b) “soft”; legislative, regulatory and administrative frameworks, human and financial resources development
c) activities and arrangements needed to implement the project
All partners in the project interested that the national infrastructure needed should be available
developing a nuclear program requires commitment of many subjects and activities related with infrastructure sustainability during the operation, decommissioning and disposal of radioactive waste for about 100 year
Infrastructure WS 5-7 November 2007 7
Sound nuclear infrastructure Is a key to successful construction/operation of NP
19 issues to be tackled
Infrastructure Issues for Nuclear Power Program
ʘ National Positionʘ Nuclear Safetyʘ Managementʘ Funding & Financingʘ Legislative Frameworkʘ Safeguardsʘ Regulatory Frameworkʘ Radiation Protectionʘ Electrical Gridʘ Human Resources Development
Infrastructure Issues for Nuclear Power Program
ʘStakeholder Involvement ʘSite & Supporting Facilities ʘEnvironmental Protection ʘEmergency Planning ʘSecurity & Physical Protection ʘNuclear Fuel Cycle ʘRadioactive Waste
ʘIndustrial Involvement ʘProcurement
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From “policy decision to consider NP” to “start of operation of first NPP” : will be at least 7-16 years
Declaration of interest in nuclear as an option ENERGY PLANNINGPhase 1: 1-3 years Development of knowledge of commitment/obligation & Assessment (national capacity, role of government..) Milestone: Formal Intention To Implement Nuclear Power Program
Phase 2: 3-7 years Start implementation of INFRASTRUCTURE BUILDING PLAN… Milestone: Invitation To Bids Issued
Phase 3: 3-6 yearsFirst Project Contract Signed CONSTRUCTION of the FIRST NPP Milestone: Ready for Criticality and Operational Testing
Key steps to follow
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Need step-by-step decision-making to reach
Requires long term commitment of the nation
Technology and market will evolve with time
Jumping into advanced stage without establishing balanced infrastructure : may eventually retard the whole process Potential risk of missing elements:
• Commitment by the Government & prospective Operator• Definition of the role of government and private sector• Human resources development• Public acceptance• Licensing framework etc.
Nuclear power option included within the national energy strategy
First phase: 1-3 yearsConsiderations before a decision to launch a nuclear power programme is taken
MILESTONE 1Ready to make a knowledgeable commitment to a nuclear programme
Second phase: 3-7 yearsPreparatory work for the construction of a NPP after a policy decision has been taken
MILESTONE 2Ready to invite bids for the first NPP
Second phase: 3-6 years NPP implementation
MILESTONE 3Ready to commission and operate NPP
Phases and Milestones
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Preparing for assuming commitments & obligations
Infr
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dev
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. NP
P P
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Commissioning
Operation / decommissioning
Nuclear power option included within the national energy strategy
7 – 15 years
PHASE 2
PHASE 3
PHASE 1
MILESTONE 1Ready to make a knowledgeable commitment to a nuclear programme
MILESTONE 2Ready to invite bidsfor the first NPP
MILESTONE 3Ready to commission and operate the first NPP
Feasibility study Bidding process
Pre project Project decision making Construction
Considerations before a decision to launch a nuclear power programme is taken
Preparatory work for the construction of a NPP after a policy decision has been taken
Activities to implement a first NPP
Maintenance and continuous infrastructure improvement
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
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Main issues to reach milestones
In each Phase
19 major issues to fulfil
for reaching the corresponding milestone
Each issue requires specific actions during each phase
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Infrastructure Issue
Milestone 1 – Ready to Make a Knowledgeable Commitment to a Nuclear Programme
Milestone 2 – Ready to Invite Bids for the First NPP Milestone 3 - Ready to commission and operate the first NPP
1. National Position NEPIO established and staffedSafety, security and non-proliferation needs recognizedAppropriate international legal instruments identifiedComprehensive legal framework identifiedEstablishment of effectively independent regulatory body recognizedNuclear power inserted in nation’s development strategyNeeds of project management identifiedHuman resources needs surveyedFinancial resources evaluatedArrangements for handling and storage of radioactive waste identifiedSupply of national and international components and services assessedTransparent communication and interaction regarding the nuclear programme established
National legislation enactedInternational legal instruments adoptedRegulatory body establishedAn effective SSAC establishedFinancial and operational modalities establishedPolicy for nuclear fuel cycle establishedLegal & financial arrangements for decommissioning establishedSocio-political involvement establishedStakeholder involvement established and maintainedPolicy for national industrial participation establishedHuman resources development programme startedSafeguards programme providedSecurity programme providedRadiation protection and emergency plans establishedInternational standards for environmental protection adoptedCommitments and obligations of owner/ operator organisations established
Implementation national laws and regulations assuredRegulatory body funds and staff assuredTechnical & managerial owner’s competence verified by regulatory body Acceptable level of socio-political involvement maintainedSufficient financing availability assuredHuman and physical resources assuredAppropriate funding plan for waste, long term spent fuel management and decommissioning implemented and assured
2 Nuclear Safety Recognized the need for : Relevance of nuclear safety Long-term commitment for the first NPPCooperation in international partnershipsNeed of intergovernmental instruments on safetySupport through international co-operationIndependent regulatory body
Safety responsibilities by all stakeholders recognizedLegal and governmental framework consistent with Fundamental Safety Principles implementedSafety culture evaluatedRegulatory body able to evaluate the safety submission
Safety culture adopted by the constructor, engineer, operator and regulatory body organisationsRegulatory body prepared to determine whether an adequate appreciation for safety is present and with the authority to act independentlyPrograms to maintain technical skills and management attitude to assure strong safety culture are in place
Summary of Conditions to achieve the milestones
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Outline• Assess implications of launching nuclear programme• Understand the commitment and obligations• Develop nuclear energy strategy
Assessment• National/regional energy plan (& non-electric application)• Assessment of various energy options• Assessment of viability of nuclear option
Understanding the need for development and establishment;• Legal and regulatory framework• Human resources development plan• Financial and operational modality for the ownership/Operation • Industry capability development & localization• Fuel cycle strategies (procurement policy, disposal etc Nuclear power : required long-term commitment and stable policy
First phase : Considerations Before a Decision to Launch a Nuclear Power Program is Taken
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2nd phase : Policy decision for NP project ~ start of construction
Outline• Ensure the necessary level of technical/institutional competence is
achieved Assessment
• Confirm viability of NP by feasibility study Establish framework and capabilities
• Enact legal framework• Establish regulatory body• Decide financial and operational modality for the ownership and
implementation of NPP project (design assessment, establishing user requirement, tendering bid, bid evaluation)
• Evaluate available technology• Tender bid & Bid evaluation etc.
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What does a national position need to show
Positive supportStabilityCommitmentClarityCredibility
OpennessHonestySecurityReputation
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National Position
Commitment of resources Commitment to ensure Legislation in place Commitment to ensure human resources are
developed Commitment to international obligations Commitment for a long time
Coordination of all activities NEPIO
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National Position
Consensus between all parties Public awareness of the need Nuclear benefit to national prosperity Technology benefits apparent Essential to ensure overall coordination Essential to ensure stable and long term
framework Essential to ensure plans are in place for all
eventualities
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Nuclear Energy Programme Implementing Organisation
NEPIO
Established at High Government Level Strong Support across government and
industry Adequately funded and staffed Clear Mandate Defined timescale for achievement (max. 24
months)
Safety Fundamentals
10 Fundamental Safety Principles Responsibility for safety Role of government Leadership and management for safety Justification of facilities and activities Optimization of protection Limitation of risks to individuals Protection of present and future generations Prevention of accidents Emergency preparedness and response Protective action to reduce existing or unregulated radiation
risks
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nuclear legislation To ensure control over nuclear material, facilities and
any other radioactive material
To ensure that nuclear energy and its applications are exclusively used for peaceful uses.
To ensure that nuclear facilities, nuclear materials and any other radioactive material are handled and operated safely and securely through a system of regulatory control.
To ensure that compensation mechanisms are in place in case of nuclear damage
Safeguards
• Establish a State System of Accounting for and Control of nuclear material (SSAC)
• Provide information to the Agency
• Facilitate access by Agency
• Cooperate with the Agency
Regulatory Framework
Authorization (Licensing) Process
Review and Assessment
Inspection
Enforcement
Development of Regulatory Approach, Regulations and Guides
Information and Public Communication
Human Resource Development
Knowledge and skills needed to support a nuclear programme identified by NEPIO
A HR Development Plan How many people do we need in order to
consider having a nuclear power programme?
action plan for education
A list of required skills and competences has to be elaborated,resulting in a « human resources development plan » :
-Training needs, at engineers and technical staff levels- Scheduling training with nuclear project (procurement, building, operating)
- Human resources policy :o how to select future staff of the nuclear program ?o how to fix motivating salaries ?
need to be matched with country education system,
and socio-cultural context, in order to manage successfully the know-how transfer :
Analyse local education systemEvaluate level of local graduations (technicians, engineers, doctors)Prepare adaptation of existing local training courses to nuclear requirements
Examples of skills and competences :• Nuclear Safety, on site auditing, documentation management, • Operations • Engineering support , modification, • I & C, equipment & system testing, computerised system & equipment, • Maintenance functions including valves, vessel & piping, isolation, machining unit,
welding, spare part management, non destructive testing, • Chemistry, environmental control, Radioprotection, industrial safety • Organisation administration, training and qualification, Emergency Preparedness
Skills requirementsRequired competences during the different project phases correspond to
the list of skills allowing finally a safe and efficient operation of the nuclear plant, including reactor running under all circumstances
Operators in charge of the control room will have to deal with thermo-hydraulics, command-control, neutronics, and crisis management
Manpower Requirements at the Peak during NPPP Construction and Commissioning
Manpower classificationActivity
High-gradeProfessionals Professionals Technicians Craftsmen Total
1. Pre-Project activities 1 27 2 30
2. Project Management
NEPIO 8 47 10 65
Main-contractor 8 22 5 35
3. Project engineering 25 185 160 370
4. Procurement 8 12 10 30
5. Quality assurance / Quality control 8 32 60 100
6. Manufacturing of equipment & components 90 210 600 2100 3000
7. Plant construction 10 80 340 2270 2700
8. Plant commissioning 10 40 50 100 200
9. Operation & maintenance 25 25 140 30 220
10. Nuclear fuel cycle (fuel fabrication) 5 35 70 30 140
11. Nuclear Licensing & Regulation 45 5 50
Total 243 720 1447 4530 6940
N -1 N 9N 2N 0 N 11
HR in Project phasesHR in Project phases
N 5
Preparation phase
Tender preparation, tender,negotiation , site preparation
Signature of the contracts, construction Commissioning
Training development
N 6
feasibility study
First connection
to the grid
Industrial phase of the project
Nuclear programme planning and procurement choice. Involved bodies :• Safety authority• Operator, owner and responsible of the nuclear plant• Consortium between local and foreign industries
Legal and Regulatory frameworks
Work under Project team leadership
Phase 1:
Gap analysis of the local education,
identifying additional education needs and know how transfer
Phase 3: Job task analysis & description, required
skillsPhase 2 : Definition of the structure of organization & administration, completion of “skilled surroundings”
Phase 9 : Beginning of engineers training
in safety, radioprotection,
running, maintenancePhase 8 : Training
center Construction
Phase 6 : On site training Phase 7 : Training center design, including a full scope simulator
Phase 5 :Basic training for operating staff,
trainers, managers (local & abroad)
Phase 4 : Hiring
Human Resources planningHuman Resources planning
N -1 N 9N 2N 0 N 11N 5
Preparation phase
Tender preparation, tender,negotiation, site preparation
Signature of the contracts, construction Commissioning
N 6
feasibility study
First connectionto the grid
The AAEA
It is a sub organization of The Arab league. Established in 1989
13 Arab states are members of AAEA Promote peaceful application of atomic
energy through many activities; training, CRPs, meetings and conferences…..
The structure of AAEA is similar to that of IAEA; General Conference, Executive Council
Population 312 Million
League Of Arab States (22 Countries)
Gulf Countries:UAEKSAQatarOmanBahrainKuwaitAfrican
Countries :AlgeriaMoroccoTunisiaLibyaEgyptSudanSomaliaDjiboutiComorosMauritania
Other Arab Countries :Lebanon SyriaJordanPalestineYemenIraq
Only 13 countries are memberes in AAEA
The objectives of AAEA
Coordinate among member states in the field of peaceful applications of atomic energy.
Suggest and sponsor many coordinated research projects between Arab States in different fields of atomic energy applications; such as agriculture, industry, medicine and environment.
Assist in manpower development and scientific information concerning nuclear sciences.
Set up unified Arab regulations for radiation protection, nuclear safety and security and safe handling of radioactive materials.
The objectives of AAEA
Encourage innovation and the patents in the field of peaceful uses of atomic energy and encourage their applications taking in consideration the safety and security needs.
Support Arab Scientists in the field of nuclear science and technology to attend relevant conferences, seminars and symposia related to the peaceful uses of atomic energy.
Organize and sponsor relevant Arab and regional conferences.
Cooperate effectively with relevant regional and international organizations.
Types of activities
These activities include; training courses, co-ordinated research projects, experts meetings, scientific visits, on-job training, workshops, conferences, seminars and expert missions.
Contributing in knowledge and technology transfer in nuclear field by providing the universities and colleges with proper curricula.
Publishing and translate many books in different fields of nuclear sciences
Publishing a quarterly newsletter
Training subjects
Research reactors and their applications Modeling of nuclear accidents and their effects in the
environment and public health Non- destructive testing and their application in the
industry Medical preparedness for radiation accidents and
recycling the radioactive wastes Use of stable and radioactive isotopes in hydrology
and water resources management Radiation protection in nuclear medicine centers and
radiotherapy
Training subjects
Safety and security of radioactive sources Use of radioactive isotopes in the assessment of residual
pesticides and insecticides in plant crops Use of nuclear techniques in creating a productive and
high quality agricultural species Accelerators and their different applications Use of nuclear techniques in elemental analysis Food irradiation and methods of detecting irradiated food Study of radioactive and chemical pollution Radioactive treatments for polymers for industrial and
medical use
The Coordinated Research Project
It is project put by experts in a certain field according to the needs of sustainable development in the Arab countries and to the human resources and technologies available .
The country interested in participating in the CRP assign a national coordinator.
The CRP implemented by available capabilities in the country and it is possible to share the labs and techniques in other country through AAEA
The national coordinators meet annually and discuss their findings, compile the results and put a progress report.
The CRP supported by many activities: training, expert missions scientific visits, …..
CRPs
Study of chemical and isotopic characteristics of rain water Determination of the sources of surface, ground and shallow
water pollution using hydro chemical and isotopic methods Using mutation technology and tissue culture in producing
improved agricultural crops that resist drought and salinity Fruit flies eradication using sterilized insects technology Preparing standard reference material Food safety and developing tools of detecting irradiated food Using sewage water in irrigation
CRPs
Crops irrigation with saline and brackish water and biological resistance of salts in soil
Use of ionic accelerators Study of trace elements in serum and blood and their relation
with cancer diseases Measurement of radon gas levels in homes Arab project for non-destructive testing in industry (long-term
project) Electricity production and desalination using nuclear power Radiation protection, early warning network and emergency
plans
Refrences
TECDOC-1513 “ Basic Infrastructure for a Nuclear Power Project”, June 2006
TECDOC-1522 “Potential for Sharing Nuclear Power Infrastructure between Countries”, October 2006
TECDOC-1555 “Managing the First Nuclear Power Plant Project”, May 2007
Brochure “Consideration to launch a nuclear power programme” , March 2007
NE series guide NG-G-3.1 “Milestones in the Development of a National Infrastructure for Nuclear Power, September 2007