constituents and patterns(1st part)

8/13/2019 Constituents and Patterns(1st Part)

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CONSTITUENTS AND

PATTERNS


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Objectives:

Distinguish between the constituents ofgrammatical structure of constituentanalysis,Differentiate among the different kinds,Show the relations of the language items in astructure by employing different forms ofimmediate constituent analysis.


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Whatis Constituency?


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CONSTITUENCY

the idea that syntactic units are

not simply arbitrarily grouped andordered but form identifiableunits.


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Constituents and

Constituency Tests Constituents -natural groupings or parts of

sentence.- refer to any word or group of

words that appears at thebottom of one of the lines of

the hierarchical order ofsyntax structure.- one of the parts of aconstruction.


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Test to reveal the constituents of asentence:

1) Stand Alone Test - if the group of words canstand alone.

Example:Q: What did you find?A1: found a

A2: A puppy


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2) Replacement by Pronoun -if pronouns can substitute

for natural groups.

Example:Q: Where did you find the puppy?A: I found it in the park.


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3) Move as a unit test-

- if a group of words can bemoved.

Example:The child found a puppy.

It was a puppy that the child found. A puppy was found by the child.


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Constituents and Construction

Refer to any word orgroup of words thatappears at the bottomof one of the lines ofthe hierarchical orderof syntax structure.

Is the relationshipbetween constituents.


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the boy jumped

the boy jumped

the

constituent

construction

boy


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Immediate Constituent

Analysis /Parsing Method( Leonard Bloomfield in 1933)

analysis where each word in a sentence waslabeled according to its part of speech.

W. Nelson Francispoints out that the emphasis at that time wason the logical relationship between words.


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W. Nelson Francis said..

English syntax is a many- layeredorganization of relatively few types of basicunits. Every structure may be divided into itsImmediate constituents, almost always two,each of which may turn be divided andsubdivided until the ultimate constituents, (in

grammar, the words) are reached.


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English SyntaxImmediate Ultimate

Constituents Constituents

My friend knows the answer.

My friend knows the answer


the answer


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Question:

How did the analysis proceed? Did it startwith the whole and end up with theconstituent parts of that sentence or did itstart with the parts and show how these partsmight be put together piece-by-piece toproduce the whole?


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Whole-to-Parts/Top-Down(W. Nelson Francis )

My friend knows the answer.




the answer


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Parts-to-whole/Bottom- up(Charles F. Hockett)

2 3 2 2 3 1

My friend know -s the answer -s

answers

the answers

My friend knows the answers

My friend knows the answers

2 3 2 2 3 1My friend knows the answers


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I.C. Analysis Utilizing Diagonal BinaryStrings (Bloomfield, 1933)

The witness can tell who was at fault



can tell who was at fault

was at fault

at fault


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I.C. Analysis Utilizing Horizontal and VerticalLines to Indicate Layers and Immediate

Constituents in Each Layer




can tell who was at fault

was at fault

at fault


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Constituents

ofWords


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Word and its spelling

jumped

jump -ed

2) man

man -s


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Word and its phonemic

realization 1) /j mpt/

/j mp/ /t/

2) /men/

/mn/ /() e/


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Word and its meaning

1) jumped

jump past tense 2) men

man plural


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However, not all words containing affixes areeasy to analyze

unhappiness

unhappi -ness

unhappi

unhappiness

unhappiness

happi -ness

disrespectful

dis- respectfulrespect -ful

re- -spect

disrespectful

disrespect -ful

disrespect

re- -spect


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Problems in analyzing constituents of word groups

A) very pretty girls

very pretty girl s

very pretty

B)very pretty girls

very pretty girls

pretty girls

A)two young girls

two young girls

young girls

B)two young girls

two young girls

young girls

girl -s


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Discontinuous Constituentin word groups


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Discontinuous constituent-

A constituent which is in two parts because ofthe presence of another constituent betweenparts.

you ?

I t

Are ready

can go


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Presentation of discontinuousconstituent in word groups

you ?

you are ready question

you are ready

are ready

Are ready


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Charles Hocketts presentation ofdiscontinuous constituents

A

B

( You) are ( ) ready

Are you ready


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Multiple constituents with and ,but , and or

Jack and Jill

Jack Jilland


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Constituent Analysis and

Constituent Structures

Constituent Structure

- a sentence of couple of large pieces, each ofwhich consists of some smaller pieces each ofwhich in turn consists of some still smallerpieces and so on, until we reach the smallestpieces of all, the words or morphemes andevery one of these pieces is constituent of thesentence.


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Constituent Structure can be presentedin different ways:

1) P-S Trees- show the constituent of aparticular sentence with all theintermediate constituents.

2) P-S Rules- are more general representationof possible sentences.Example : S NP + VP

NP D + N Vi + (PP)VP Vt + (NP)

be + Adj


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P-S TreeThe boy chased the dog

The boy chased

the dog


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P-S Rules


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The End

constituents and patterns(1st part)

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