3/21/2012

1

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALSCONTENTS

CONCRETE (CEMENT, SAND, AGGREGATE)

TIMBER

BRICKS & BLOCKS

METAL/STEEL

GYPSUM, GLASS & PLASTIC

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

Concrete (Cement, Sand, Aggregate) TimberBricks & BlocksMetal/SteelGypsum, Glass & PlasticCatBitumen & AsphaltEtc.

CONCRETING WORK

CONCRETING WORK BATCHING PLANT

3/21/2012

2

CONCRETE (CEMENT, SAND, AGGREGATE)

Concrete is the important construction materials.Usage of concrete such as: Foundation Building frame (column, beam) Slab Staircases, etc.

Concrete materials – Cement, Sand (Fine Aggregate) and Aggregate (Coarse Aggregate)

CEMENTS

Cements are substances which bind together the particles of aggregates (usually sand and gravel) to form a mass of high compressive strength (concrete).

The most commonly use cement – Portland Cement (rapid-hardening)

The properties of concrete can also be modifies by the addition of admixtures.

TYPES OF CEMENTS

Portland Cement Low-heat Portland CementWhite and Coloured Portland Cement Sulphate-Resisting CementExtra Rapid-Hardening Portland CementWaterproof and Water-Repellent Portland CementsHydrophobic Portland CementPortland Blastfurnace Cement Supersulphated CementHigh-Alumina CementPozzolanic Cement

PORTLAND CEMENT

Origin from Portland England

Produce by many local factory because wide usage

Usage – concrete mixing, plastering and brickwork

Ordinary Portland Cement raw materials is from clay and limestone

Gypsum (1-3%) is adding together in cement producing for the purpose of longer time of hardening

PORTLAND CEMENT

Early cement hardened– Less than 30 minutes.

Fully hardened - Less than10 hours.

Cement Portland contents: Limestone 64% Silica 23% Alumina 5%

Oxide Steel 3% Magnesia 2% Sulfuric anhydride 2% Soda and potash 1%

3/21/2012

3

CEMENTS STORAGE

Cement is easy to absorb moisture from air.

Therefore, cement should be store in water proof area.

Cement storage area in the warehouse where cement should be place on top of wood with height about 23 cm from slab and 30 cm warehouse wall.

Warehouse door and window should keep close to avoid air ventilation.

AGGREGATES

Aggregates are gravels, crushed stones and sand which are mixed with cement and water to make concrete. (Refer – page 247 – Tan Boon Tong)

Two essential characteristics for aggregates: Durability Cleanliness – freedom from organic impurities.

Aggregates can be classified into 2 types: Fine Aggregate Course Aggregate

Limestone Quarry

10mm graded crushed rock or

aggregate

20mm graded aggregate

FINE AGGREGATE

Consists of:Natural SandCrushed StoneCrushed Gravel Sand

Passes through a 4.76 mm British Standard sieve (the size of aggregate < 5 mm)

3/21/2012

4

COARSE AGGREGATE

This is primarily: Natural Gravel Crushed Gravel Stone

Mainly retained on a 5.00 mm BS 410 test sieve (the size of coarse aggregates between 5mm to 50mm).

Both types of aggregate should comply with the grading requirements of BS 882.

COARSE AGGREGATE

Artificial coarse aggregates such as: Clinker (batu hangus) Slag (bijih) Used for lightweight concrete

The maximum size of coarse aggregate is determined by the class of work.

Reinforced concrete – aggregate must be able to pass readily between the reinforcement and it rarely exceeds 20mm.

COARSE AGGREGATE

Foundation and mass concrete – the size of aggregate can be increased possibly up to 40mm.

The types of aggregate used directly influences the fire protection and thermal insulation qualities of the concrete.

Characteristics of Aggregate (Sifat Batu Baur)(m/s – 245 – TBT)

Strength and Durability Size of particles Shape of particles Surface textures ImpermeabilityNeglect to chemicals

TIMBER (KAYU) (M/S 71 – TBT)

Main Purpose:

Construction material(Column, Floor, Beam, wall, Bridge, Railway, Piles and etc..)

Furniture

Veneer, plywood and alternate timber.

TIMBER (KAYU)

Jenis kayu: Kayu keras yang berat (cengal, balau/selayan batu,

kekatong, merbau, tembusu dan resak – Rajah 3.1 buku Tan Boon Tong)

Kayu keras yang sederhana berat (kapur, kempas, keruing dan tualang – Rajah 3.2)

Kayu keras yang ringan (jelutung, meranti, nyatuh, ramin, sepetir dan kayu getah – Rajah 3.3)

Kayu lembut (damar dan minyak – Rajah 3.4)

3/21/2012

5

TIMBER Jenis Kayu Kayu Keras – Cengal Kayu Lembut – Kayu Getah, Jelutung

Saiz Kayu Papan Tebal

»Tebal 38 mm - 100 mm» Lebar 150 mm ke atas » Panjang 3 m - 6 m

Papan Nipis » Tebal 10 mm - 38 mm» Lebar 76 mm ke atas» Panjang 3 m - 6 m

TIMBER

Kayu Beroti» Tebal 38 mm - 100 mm» Lebar 75 mm - 150 mm» Panjang 3 m - 4 m

Kayu Jerjak» Tebal 20 mm - 38 mm» Lebar 25 mm - 76 mm» Panjang 3 m - 6 m

Kecacatan Kayu Meleding Berpiuh

TIMBER

Papan Lapis Saiz : panjang dan lebar = 2 440 mm x 1220 mm Tebal = dari 3 mm hingga 32 mm

Jenis : Kalis air Tidak kalis air

Kegunaan : Untuk membuat dinding bilik, perabot, pintu, rak dan kotak

Kelebihan : »Mudah dipotong»Kukuh dan tahan

Kelemahan : »Mudah lekang apabila terkena air »Hanya boleh digunakan di dalam rumah

TIMBER

MDF (Medium Density Fibreboard)MDF (Medium Density Fibreboard)

TIMBER

Mounting Board -Ia adalah sejenis kertas keras

Saiz : Ketebalan 2 mm. Dijual dalam saiz 610 mm x 1 220 mm atau 610 mm x 910 mm

CIRI-CIRI DAN KEGUNAAN KAYU*(Refer page 72 – buku Tan Boon Tong)

PENGERINGAN KAYU*(Refer page 74 – bukuTan Boon Tong)

3/21/2012

6

KECACATAN KAYU (page 74 – TBT)

By nature

Lichen/ Moss

Termites

Drying process

During processing

Bahan Tekanan Dan Bahan Lapis (m/s 79 – TBT)

Papan Lapis

Papan Gentian

Papan Lapis Vinil

Papan Gipsum

Brick Wall

Bricks (Batu Bata) (m/s 89 – TBT)

Pengenalan Bata Bata tanah liat

1. Persediaan tanah2. Membentuk bata3. Pengeringan4. Pembakaran

Bata simen Bata silika

CONCRETE BLOCK WALL

3/21/2012

7

Concrete Block(BLOK KONKRIT)-page95 – TBT-

Solid Block Hollow Block Block Sizes

Metal/Steel Construction materials base on steel:

i. Universal Beamsii. Plates (Mild Steel Plates, Mild Steel Checkered

Plates)iii. U-Channelsiv. Plat Barsv. Equal Angle Barsvi. Unequal Angle Barsvii. Carbon-Steel-Pipesviii. Floor Gratingix. Rectangular Hollow Sectionsx. Round Barsxi. Square Barsxii. Square Hollow Sectionsxiii. ETC.

UNIVERSAL BEAM

Beams are the backbone of the construction industry.

Beams come in several measurement (imperial and metric forms)

Application: High Rise Building Bridge Etc.

3/21/2012

8

B – Flange Width (mm)D – Section Depth (mm)T – Flange Thickness (mm)t – Web Thickness (mm)r – Corner Radius (mm)

PLATESThe common industrial names of the different plates

are: Ship plates Boiler plates Mild Steel Plates Checkered Plates, etc.

Application: Flooring Other Structural Applications

U-Channel

Mild Steel Channels are used mainly in heavy industries.

MS Channels are usually applied in the automotive industry as well as heavy machinery industries.

3/21/2012

9

FLAT BARS

Flat bars may be considered the most basic of steel structures.

It’s application range from construction to machinery fabrication.

ANGLE BARS

Angle Bars are one of the most commonly used steel structures in the construction industry.

The basic shape of the Angle Bar lends it many practical uses.

There are basically 2 types of Angle Bars, namely:1. Equal Angle Bars2. Unequal Angle Bars

3/21/2012

10

HOLLOW SECTIONS

Hollow Sections are rigid steel structures which have a high strength to weight ratio.

Popular applications include stairway railings and overhead bridge constructions. Hollow Sections are also used extensively in building structures.

Hollow Sections usually come in 2 standards cross section shapes, namely:1. Square Hollow Sections2. Rectangular Hollow Sections

ROUND BARS

Round Bars fulfill a large number of uses.

The most commonly used of Round Bars in the reinforcement concrete.

3/21/2012

11

FLOOR GRATING

Grating are usually used as extremely durable metal industrial floors.

Common applications are in platform constructions.

PIPES Pipes have played an important role in the

advancement of civilization.

Clay pipes were used over 5,000 years ago in ancient Babylon.

4 classes of pipes: Welded Steel Pipes – Class Light Welded Steel Pipes – Class Medium Welded Steel Pipes – Class Heavy Carbon Steel Pipes

Application: Electrical welded steel pipe, Extremely durable steel pipes

3/21/2012

12

GYPSUM

Gypsum is a very soft mineral composed of Calcium Sulfate dehydrate (CaSO4.2H20)

As materials to produce gypsum board.

Gypsum board is a construction materials to produce internal building materials for ceiling and wall finishes.

GypsumDesert Rose (10 cm long)

Gypsum from New South Wales Australia

GYPSUM

Types of Gypsum Board: Common Gypsum Board (white colour) Fire Resistant Gypsum Board (red colour) Water Proof Gypsum Board (light green colour) Moisture Proof Gypsum Board (light blue colour)

Normal size – 1200mm x 2400mm x 12mm / 1200mm x 3000mm x 12mm

Usage: Ceiling system Partition system Dry lining system

Common Gypsum Board (white colour) Usage – internal ceiling and partition

Fire Resistant Gypsum Board (red colour) Cladding walls and ceiling on metals grids and wooden frames

for shafted wall installations, furring, partition, suspended ceilings, and prefab units with fire protection requirements.

Gypsum board with glass fibre in the gypsum core provides better fire resistance than gypsum board without glass fibre.

GYPSUM

3/21/2012

13

Water Proof Gypsum Board (light green colour) Toilet/sink areas Tubs/Shower (above tile)

Moisture Proof Gypsum Board (light blue colour) Ideal for use in kitchens, bathrooms, laundry rooms and storage

areas where exposure to moisture can occur.

GYPSUM

Gypsum Board Panel

Gypsum Board Ceiling Gypsum Board Wall

Common Gypsum Board Common Gypsum Board

3/21/2012

14

Common Gypsum Board Fire-Resistant Gypsum Board

Water-Resistant Gypsum Board

GLASS/GLAZE

Oldest materials but it has been possible to alter the properties of glass to make it a more versatile materials.

Constituent of glass: Sand Soda Ash Limestone Dolomite Felspar Sodium sulphate Cullet (broken glass) which are mixed, melted and

refined.

Construction materials:DoorsWindowsEtc.

GLASS/GLAZE

3/21/2012

15

PLASTIC

Water Container

Plastic Extrusion

PVC Pipe

Others Construction Materials

Polycarbonate

THANK YOU