STUDY PROJECT

EXECUTION OF CONSTRUCTION WORK

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STEPS INVOLVED IN A CONSTRUCTION WORK

SITE CLEARANCELEVELLINGCENTRE LINE MARKINGEXCAVATIONPCC WORKFOOTINGSSM WORKPLINTH BEAM AND SLAB

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ERECTION OF COLUMNS BBMERECTION OF DOORS AND WINDOWSLINTEL AND CHEJJAROOFINGPARAPETCONCEALINGPLASTERINGFLOORINGFINAL FINISHING

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SITE CLEARANCE

Removal of trees which includes its trunks, branches & roots.Clearing grass & removal of rubbishes.Clearing & grubbing road land.Dismantling of unnecessary existing structures , if any.

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LEVELLINGLeveling is the measurement of geodetic height using an optical leveling instrument and a level staff.Find the elevation of a given point with respect to the given or assumed Datum.Establish a point at a given elevation with respect to the given or assumed Datum.leveling instruments include the spirit level, the dumpy level, the digital level, and the laser level. 5

CENTRE LINE MARKINGThe base line has to be established with the help of offsets taken based on the existing road or building.The centre line is marked based on the base line.This centre line should be transferred to Burjis and be kept up to the completion of foundation work.

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EXCAVATIONExcavation depth depends on SBC of soil.The minimum depth (1.5m).Equipments.Retaining wall.

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PCC WORKPurpose is to provide a strong as well as a level base for footing.Site mixed.Curing.Thickness of PCC 0.15m.Concrete provided is M15.

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FOOTINGThe lowermost portion of the foundation which is in direct contact with subsoil.On the previously laid pcc bed, reinforcement mat is provided.The reinforcement for footing, pedestal and column is raised from the reinforcement mat.

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Concrete provided is M20.Pedestal is provided when the depth of footing is high

and to make the work economical.The depth of footing mainly depends on the safe

bearing capacity of soil and height of the building.Different types of shallow footing -simple footing. -stepped footing. -single footing.

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SIZE STONE MASONRYStones used should be well dressed.Stones should be well watered before use.The stonework should be carried out in proper bond with sufficient number of through stones.Formation of continuous vertical joints should be avoided.

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The stone masonry should comply with the requirements of the specification of work.

The mortar proportion used should be of quality and proportion specified.

Chips, small pieces of broken stones should not be used.It should be carried out as per line and level.After construction, SSM has to be well watered for 1-2

weeks.

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PLINTH BEAM AND PLINTH SLABPlinth beam is provided where there are load bearing wall.Plinth slab is provided where there is no load on that structure. concrete used is M20 grade.Site mix concrete.

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The reinforcement of plinth beam is as same as the roof beam.

Props are provided to the column reinforcement during concreting of the plinth beam to avoid tilting.

When segregation and honeycombing is observed the very next day it should be plastered with cement mortar.

Segregation and bleeding should be avoided.Vibration should be done not more than 5 seconds.Formwork should be removed after 24 hours.

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ERECTION OF COLUMNSThe reinforcement of column is checked as per the drawings.Starter box is provided before the column box is placed in position.Concrete mix used is M20.About 25-40mm clear cover is provided.Compaction to be carried out carefully to eliminate air gaps.Curing to be done for atleast 15 days.

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BURNT BRICK MASONRY

Bricks should be of standard size and should have sharp edges.Preliminary tests are conducted to check the properties. Bricks should be well watered before use.Mortar thickness should be 10-20mm.Continuous vertical joints should be eliminated.

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Minimum construction height of brick masonry should not exceed 1m.

It is carried out as per line and level.Brick bats should be avoided as far as possible.The mortar proportion used should be of quality and

proportion specified.Type of brick bond mainly depends on the thickness of

wall and the purpose for which it is built.

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ERECTION OF DOORS AND WINDOWSDoor frames and window frames can be placed in position during BBM or later after completion of BBM.The door and window frame are fixed in position by cranking it into the wall.

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The width of the door should be .4 to .6 times the height of the door.

The height of the door should be a minimum of (width+1.2m).

The size of the window depends upon the size of room.The doors are located at a distance of about 200mm

from the corner of the room.Materials used for windows and doors are wood, glass,

plywood and metal.The shutters for doors and windows are provided after

internal and external plastering.

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LINTEL AND CHEJJALintel is a horizontal member placed across an opening to support the portion of the structure above it . The ends of the lintel are built into the masonry , so that the loads are transferred to the masonry.Commonly used materials for lintel are wood, stone, brick, steel and reinforced cement concrete.A chejja is a sloping or horizontal structural overhang provided over openings on external walls for protection from the weather. 20

ROOFINGIt is the uppermost part of a building which is constructed in the form of a frame work to give protection to the building.The formwork is placed in position by centering and leveling. The surface of formwork where concrete is laid is painted with oil.Reinforcement for the roof slab and beams are done as per the design and drawings. 21

Cranking of the main rods are done based on the type of slab.Concealing for electricity is done simultaneously when laying reinforcement.Extra rods are provided wherever necessary.Concreting is done and vibrators are used to fill the air voids.Ponding is done on the same day of concreting.Curing done for 28 days.Formwork is removed in 7 days after concreting.

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PARAPETA parapet is a wall-like barrier at the edge of a roof, terrace, balcony, or other structure.Parapets rise above the cornice of a building.They are primarily used to prevent the spread of fires.1/2 brick wall is provided on cantilever projection and in other places 1 brick wall thickness is provided.Coping is provided of grade M15.Dummy columns are filled with M15 grade concrete.Plastering of parapet with a mortar proportion 1:4. 23

CONCEALINGThe wall is cut to the required depth using wall cutter or hammer and chisel.Sanitary and electrical pipes are then placed in position.Plastering of the wall is carried out.

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PLASTERINGOutside plastering is carried out with a mortar proportion 1:6.Chicken mesh is provided at column/beam and burnt brick masonry junction.The wall is sprinkled with water before carrying out work.Screeds are placed for every 1m length to maintain uniform plaster thickness. The thickness of plastering should not exceed 10mm.

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KARNATAKA POLICE ACADEMY AUDITORIUM

Roofing : - glass-wool insulator. - galvanized iron sheets. - acoustics tile cladding.

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Stage: - concrete flooring. - plywood boxes. - glass wool. - wooden planks for smooth surface.Walls: - glass wool as insulator. -wood wool sheets of density 32kg/cube meter.

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Doors: - acoustic sound absorption door.Stairs: -rise and tread goes on decreasing from entrance towards the stage..Trusses: -number of truss provided = 13.

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Lift is provided with 4 big springs at bottom and depth of spring being 1m.Outside walls are finished with glass mosaic tiles.Total height of auditorium is 14m.Total estimated cost = 5.7 crore.

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READY MIX CONCRETERMC is a specialized material in which the cement

aggregates and other ingredients are weigh-batched at a plant in a central mixer or truck mixer, before delivery to the construction site in a condition ready for placing by the builder.

Thus, `fresh' concrete is manufactured in a plant away from the construction site and transported within the requisite journey time.

The RMC supplier provides two services, firstly one of processing the materials for making fresh concrete and secondly, of transporting a product within a short time.

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HISTORY

The first concrete mixed off site and delivered to a construction site was effectively done in Baltimore, United States in 1913 just before the First World War.The first concept of transit mixer was also born in 1926 in the United States.In 1939, the first RMC plant was installed in United Kingdom and in 1933 first specifications on RMC was published in United Kingdom.The first concept of transit mixer was also born in 1926 in the United States.In 1939, the first RMC plant was installed in United Kingdom and in 1933 first specifications on RMC was published in United Kingdom. In India RMC was first initially was used in 1950 during the construction sites of Dams like Bhakra Nangal, Koyna.

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RMC was first fully established in Pune in the year 1991 by private companies which was close later.

RMC was successfully established sometime after 1994 in India.

As per the available record upto 2003, there are around 76RMC plant in 17 cities with a total capacity of around3875 CuM/hr, producing 3.8 million CuM of concrete per year.

TYPES OF BATCHING PLANTS : Centrally Mixed Concrete or Wet batch mixer Truck mixed concrete or Dry batch concrete plant

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BATCHING AND MIXING PLANTS

Storage of Materialsi) Cement :• Cement is generally stored in silos.•The loading of cement is done with the help of pneumatic blower systems.

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ii) Water :• Water is generally stored in tanks located close to the plant. It is accurately measured by a water gauge and microprocessor controlled system.• The modern plants have new electronic MFM 85moisture recorders.iii) Aggregates :•The aggregates are stored above the batching and mixing elements, in one or more silos.•As the aggregates are stored in silos it is relatively easy to protect the aggregates from very low temperature in winter period.•A storage capacity of upto 1500 CuM is possible.

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ADVANTAGES OF RMC:

Superior quality.Reduced the wastages of material.Eliminate the problem of storage of material.Reduce supervision & labor cost.Safe & hygenic condition.Fluctuation of raw material cost & non-availability of

material eliminate.Reduces the problem of inspection , checking & testing.Roads & Foot path Are Not Blocked. Improve the environment.

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d) TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT - TRANSIT MIXER : Normal capacity - 4 to 12 CuM.Hydraulic Drive of Mixer Separate engine or driven by

truck engine Water tank capacity - 192 to 2000 litres.Mixer trucks –• Twin axles for 4 CuM capacity.• Three axles for 6 to 7 CuM capacity.• three/four axles for 8 to 10 CuM capacity.• Semi trailer truck for 10 to 12 CuM.

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PRESENT CONSTRAINTS FACED BY RMC:

High CostDelayed payments and long credit by consumersRMC plants in cities are not permitted to be installed in

residential zones.High cost of the plant and equipment results in high capital

costs.Bad quality of roads and traffic congestion and intermittent

signals often delay the deliveries in metros.Availability of trained and skilled manpower for operations

and maintenance of plant and equipment.Delays in placing, compacting and finishing at consumer‘ send

causes delays in unloading of transit mixer and stiffening of the concrete mix.

Quality of formwork and its adequacy.

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CONCLUSIONS:

Durable consideration.Overall economy.Realization Of The Advantages By Engineers And

Construction Industry .Widely adopted through out the world.

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