consumer innovation in finland - incidence, diffusion and policy implications - kuusisto, de jong,...

8/13/2019 Consumer Innovation in Finland - Incidence, Diffusion and Policy Implications - Kuusisto, de Jong, von Hippel, Gault

1/116

Glbsumnr @bblvft`lb

`b A`bkfbd

CFX@ E^^W@WTL

CNXLNB Y.C. DN CLBO

AXND OF^KT

GJX@WT@BF XFFWGJ

NX@G QLB J@YYNK

YXLGNND@BOW LA TJN ^B@QNXW@TP LA QFFWF

XNYLXTW 6:0

@bg`dnbgn, D`aaus`lb fbd Ylk`gy @mpk`gft`lbs


2/116


3/116

Glbsumnr @bblvft`lb `b A`bkfbd

@bg`dnbgn, dàaus`lb fbd plk`gy `mpk`gft`lbs

Wnptnmhnr 8967

Cfr` Euus`stl

^b`vnrs`ty la QffsfQffsf, A`bkfbd

Cnrlnb Y.C. dn ClboXWM Nrfsmus ^b`vnrs`ty

Xlttnrdfm, tjn Bntjnrkfbds

Arnd Ofukt^B^ Mnr`t

Mffstr`gjt, tjn Bntjnrkfbds

Gjr`st`bf XffsgjT^ Mub`gj Wgjllk la MfbfonmnbtMbgjnb, Onrmfby

Nr`g vlb J`ppnkM@T Wklfb Wgjllk la Mfbfonmnbt

Gfmhr`don, MF, ^WF

Tj`s rnplrt `bglrplrftns fkk a`bd`bos la tjn @bA` (Dnvnklpmnbt la Wtft`st`gfk @bd`-

gftlrs la ^snr @bblvft`lb `b A`bkfbd) prlcngt, wj`gj f`mnd tl mnfsurn `bblvft`lbdnvnklpmnbt fbd dàaus`lb hy `bd`v`dufk glbsumnrs `b A`bkfbd, fbd tl `dnbtày

plk`gy `mpk`gft`lbs. Tjn prlcngt wfs aubdnd hy tjn M`b`stry la Nmpklymnbt fbdtjn Nglblmy fbd Tnens Tjn A`bb`sj Aubd`bo Fonbgy alr Tngjblkloy fbd @b-blvft`lb. Tjn a`bd`bos fbd rnglmmnbdft`lbs `b tj`s rnplrt frn lb hnjfka la tjnfutjlrs fbd dl blt bngnssfr`ky rnprnsnbt tjlsn la tjn M`b`stry lr Tnens.


4/116


5/116

Q

NZNG^T@QN W^MMFXP

Tjn @bA`-prlcngt ft jfbd `s glvnr`bo `mplrtfbt bnw orlubd hy fbfkyz`bo `bblvf-

t`lb hnjfv`lr fmlbo `bd`v`dufk glbsumnrs. Tjn lhcngt`vns la tjn prlcngt wnrn tl3

6. Mnfsurn tjn`btnbs`tyfbd dàaus`lbla glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs `b A`bkfbd8. Dnvnklp `bd`gftlrstjft nbfhkn mlb`tlr`bo la glbsumnr `bblvft`lb7. @balrm plk`gy mfenrs fbd hus`bnssnslb tjn `mpk`gft`lbs la glbsumnr `b-

blvft`lb

Tjn a`rst survny dftf glkkngt`lb gygkn(89698966) fbd fbfkys`s wfs f`mnd tl `m-

prlvn tjn glbsumnr `bblvft`lb mnfsurnmnbt tllk. Tjn snglbd gygkn(89668967)

glbs`sts la tjrnn survnys tjft lhtf`bnd rnsplbsns arlm 7,61? A`bb`sj g`t`znbs. Tjntjrnn sfmpkns frn3 f) f rnprnsnbtft`vn sfmpkn la 007 A`bb`sj glbsumnrs fond 6: tl

1>, h) 6,9>> A`bb`sj glbsumnrs wjl wnrn kènky tl hn `bblvft`vn, fbd g) 6,660

mnd`gfk sngtlr rnsplbdnbts (pft`nbts fbd gfrno`vnrs, bursns fbd dlgtlrs).

Tjn rnsukts sjlw tjft glbsumnr `bblvft`lb `s f sòbà`gfbt pjnblmnblb `b A`b-

kfbd. @b tjn plpukft`lb la 6: tl 1> ynfrs A`bbs, >.4 pnrgnbtjfs nbofond `b `bbl-

vft`lb alr pnrslbfk bnnd dur`bo `b tjn pfst tjrnn ynfrs t`mn. Mlrn prng`snky, tjnsn

g`t`znbs jfvn grnftnd ft knfst lbn bnw `tnm alr pnrslbfk usn tl a`x fb nvnrydfy

prlhknm. Alkklw`bo tjn glbsumnr `bblvft`lb dna`b`t`lb, `bblvft`lbs tjft wnrn clhrnkftnd, fkrnfdy fvf`kfhkn lb tjn mfrent, lr dnvnklpnd alr glmmnrg`fk rnfslbs,

wnrn nxgkudnd arlm tjn dftf. Hfsnd lb tjn fbfkys`s wn gfb nst`mftn tjft tjnrn frn

6?8,149 glbsumnr `bblvftlrs fmlbo tjn 7,60?,97? A`bb`sj g`t`znbs fond 6: tl

1>. Nfrk`nr rnsukts arlm tjn ^b`tnd E`bodlm, Bntjnrkfbds, tjn ^.W.F., fbd Cfpfb

prlv`dn fb `btnrbft`lbfk hnbgjmfre. @b tj`s glmpfr`slb, A`bb`sj glbsumnrs frn fs

fgt`vn `bblvftlrs fs glbsumnrs `b tjn ltjnr glubtr`ns. Tjn`r `bblvft`lbs glvnr f

hrlfd rfbon arlm slatwfrn tl tllks, nqu`pmnbt, jlusnjlkd a`xturns fbd mfby ltj-

nr e`bds.

@b tjn mnd`gfk sngtlr sfmpkn 46 pnrgnbt lut la 6,660 rnsplbdnbts rnplrtnd f spn-gà`g prlhknm. Mlrn tjfb : pnrgnbt (lut la tjn fbfkyznd 769 gfsns) fksl `dnbtà`nd

ft knfst lbn spngà`g slkut`lb tl tjn nbglubtnrnd prlhknm w`tj`b tjn kfst 7 ynfrs

t`mn. Xnplrtnd prlhknms fbd slkut`lbs glvnr tjn jnfktj gfrn prlgnss arlm mfe`bo

fppl`btmnbt tl rnanrrfk, d`fobls`s, tjnrfpy, fbd arlm mnd`gfk `bst`tutn rnkftnd

`ssuns tl jlmn gfrn. Jlwnvnr, lbky 6.? pnrgnbt la tjn `dnbtà`nd `bblvft`vn slku-

t`lbs wnrn rnfk`znd, mf`bky dun tl glmpknx dng`s`lb-mfe`bo prlgnssns fbd kfge la

rnslurgns. Tj`s jòjkòjts f suhstfbt`fk sjfrn la klst jnfktjgfrn `bblvft`lb lpplr-

tub`t`ns, pfrt`gukfrky `b tjn pft`nbt `bblvft`lb dlmf`b.


6/116

Q@

Dàaus`lb la glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs `s f gr`t`gfk afgtlr hngfusn kfge la `t `mpk`ns f

klss `b tnrms la onbnrfk wnkafrn. @b tjn gfsn la glbsumnr `bblvft`lb tjnrn frn

tjrnn dàaus`lb gjfbbnks, pnnr-tl-pnnr, bnw vnbturn grnft`lb fbd fdlpt`lb hy nx-

`st`bo prldugnrs. _jnb glmpfr`bo tjn glbsumnr `bblvft`lb dàaus`lb rftn w`tjltjnr glubtr`ns, A`bkfbd `s dl`bo rnkft`vnky wnkk. @b tnrms la pnnr dàaus`lb fbd

prldugnr fdlpt`lb, tjn A`bb`sj dàaus`lb rftn la 6:.: pnrgnbt `s s`m`kfr tl tjn

^b`tnd E`bodlm (6?.6%), fbd gknfrky jòjnr tjfb `b tjn ^.W.F. (1.6%) fbd `b

Cfpfb (>.9%). Bnvnrtjnknss, frlubd :9 pnrgnbt la fkk glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs dl blt

hnglmn fvf`kfhkn alr tjn w`dnr slg`nty, `bd`gft`bo f pltnbt`fk wnkafrn klss. Tjn

`mpk`gft`lbs alr `bblvft`lb plk`gy fbd lpt`lbs alr pltnbt`fk `btnrvnbt`lbs frn d`s-

gussnd `b tjn a`bfk pfrts la tjn rnplrt.


7/116

Q@@

Glbtnbts

NZNG^T@QN W^MMFXP ................................................................................... Q6 @BTXLD^GT@LB ............................................................................................ 68 TJNLXNT@GFK HFGEOXL^BD ............................................................... 697 AXNV^NBGP LA GLBW^MNX @BBLQFT@LB ........................................ 61

7.6 Glbsumnr `bblvft`lb `bg`dnbgn rftn ................................................... 617.8 Dnmlorfpjy ........................................................................................ 897.7 Mlt`vns fbd `bblvft`lb prlgnss .......................................................... 86

4 D@AA^W@LB LA GLBW^MNX @BBLQFT@LB ........................................... 814.6 Arnqunbgy la dàaus`lb ......................................................................... 8?4.8 Ynrgn`vnd vfkun la `bblvft`lbs ............................................................ 804.7 _`kk`bobnss tl sjfrn ............................................................................. 794.4 Dàaus`lb naalrt fbd `btnbt`lbs ............................................................. 774.> Dàaus`lb af`kurn ................................................................................... 7>

> GFWN WT^DP3 GLBW^MNX @BBLQFT@LB @B JNFKTJGFXN ............ 7:>.6 @bg`dnbgn la `bblvft`vn prlhknm slkv`bo hy pft`nbts, bursns fbd

dlgtlrs .................................................................................................. 70>.8 Algfk pl`bts .......................................................................................... 46>.7 _jl frn tjn glbsumnr `bblvftlrs< ...................................................... 48>.4 @bblvft`lb prlgnss ............................................................................... 47

>.> @mpknmnbtft`lb .................................................................................... 41>.1 Wummfry .............................................................................................. 4?

1 BN_ W^XQNP MNTJLDW FBD @BD@GFTLXW ....................................... 401.6 Glbsumnr sfmpkns ............................................................................... 401.8 A`rm sfmpkns ........................................................................................ >7

? YLK@GP @MYK@GFT@LBW ............................................................................ >:?.6 Xnglmmnbdnd plk`gy mnfsurns .......................................................... 18

: GLBGK^D@BO XNMFXEW ......................................................................... ?1XNANXNBGNW ..................................................................................................... ?:FYYNBD@GNW ...................................................................................................... :4

F3 Y`klt stud`ns .......................................................................................... :4H3 Mf`b study ........................................................................................... 0>G3 Wurvny sgr`pt ...................................................................................... 698


8/116

Q@@@

Aòurns

Aòurn 6. Glbsumnr bblvft`lb fs f suh-gftnolry la usnr `bblvft`lb f glbgnptufk j`nrfrgjy ....................................................................... 6

Aòurn 8. Glbsumnr bblvft`lb fbd `ts pltnbt`fk dàaus`lb rlutns .................... 8Aòurn 7. ^snr-gnbtnrnd mldnk la `bblvft`lb. ................................................. 64Aòurn 4. Eny fbtngndnbts la glbsumnr `bblvft`lb dàaus`lb. ........................ 8?Aòurn >. Lvnrv`nw la prlhknms dnsgr`hnd hy prlhknm algus. ....................... 46Aòurn 1. Yltnbt`fk frnfs alr plk`gy `btnrvnbt`lbs prlmlt`bo eblwkndon

trfbsanr fr`s`bo arlm glbsumnr bblvft`lb. ..................................... 19Aòurn ?. Wnqunbgn la jòj-tjrnsjlkd qunst`lbs tl `dnbtày glbsumnr

`bblvft`lb `b slatwfrn (nxfmpkn). ................................................... :1

TfhknsTfhkn 6. Arnqunbgy la usnr `bblvft`lb `b hrlfd sfmpkns la glbsumnrs. . 6?Tfhkn 8. Yltnbt`fk hrlfdnr vfkun la usnr `bblvft`lb hy glbsumnrs b

A`bkfbd. ....................................................................................... 6:Tfhkn 7. Lhcngts la glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs b A`bkfbd, fbd nxfmpkns la

plss`hkn onbnrfk `btnrnst. ............................................................ 60Tfhkn 4. Arnqunbgy la glbsumnr `bblvft`lb alr snkngtnd dnmlorfpj`g

orlups, fgrlss glubtr`ns. ............................................................ 89Tfhkn >. Arnqunbgy la glbsumnr `bblvft`lb b A`bkfbd fgrlss

dnmlorfpj`g orlups. .................................................................. 86

Tfhkn 1. Mlt`vns la A`bb`sj glbsumnrs tl `bblvftn. ................................ 88Tfhkn ?. Wjfrn la glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs dnvnklpnd b glkkfhlrft`lb w`tj

ltjnr pnlpkn. ............................................................................... 87Tfhkn :. Nxpnbd`turns lb mlst rngnbt glbsumnr bblvft`lbs. ................. 84Tfhkn 0. Wjfrn la glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs prltngtnd w`tj `btnkkngtufk

prlpnrty ròjts. ........................................................................... 8>Tfhkn 69. Dàaus`lb la glbsumnr bblvft`lbs `b A`bkfbd. .......................... 8:Tfhkn 66. Wjfrn la glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs fdlptnd hy ltjnr usnrs lr a`rms

fgrlss glubtr`ns. ......................................................................... 8:Tfhkn 68. Ynrslbfk vfkun la glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs. ................................... 80Tfhkn 67. Ynrgn`vnd onbnrfk vfkun la glbsumnr bblvft`lbs. .................... 79Tfhkn 64. _`kk`bobnss tl sjfrn glbsumnr bblvft`lbs. .............................. 76Tfhkn 6>. Mlt`vns tl sjfrn glbsumnr bblvft`lbs alr arnn. ....................... 78Tfhkn 61. Yrnanrrnd typns la glmpnbsft`lb hy `bblvftlrs w`kk`bo tl sjfrn

alr glmpnbsft`lb. ....................................................................... 77Tfhkn 6?. Naalrt hy `bblvftlrs tl dàausn glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs. .............. 74Tfhkn 6:. Fgt`v`t`ns nmpklynd hy glbsumnr bblvftlrs tl `balrm ltjnr

pnlpkn. ........................................................................................ 7>Tfhkn 60. @btnbt`lbs tl dàausn glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs. ............................... 7>Tfhkn 89. Dàaus`lb la glbsumnr bblvft`lbs `b vfr`lus gkustnrs la

pnrgn`vnd onbnrfk vfkun. ............................................................. 71


9/116

@Z

Tfhkn 86. Arnqunbgy la prlhknm `dnbtà`gft`lb fbd prlhknm slkv`bo hyusnrs b tjn mnd`gfk sngtlr. ........................................................ 70

Tfhkn 88. Nxfmpkns la prlhknms fbd slkut`lbs `b tjn jnfktjgfrn sngtlr(qultns). ..................................................................................... 49

Tfhkn 87. Glbsumnr bblvft`lb hy `btnbs`ty la bnnd. ............................... 47Tfhkn 84. Mlt`vns tl `bblvftn la usnrs `b tjn A`bb`sj mnd`gfk sngtlr. ...... 44Tfhkn 8>. Glbtr`hut`lbs hy ltjnrs. ............................................................. 44Tfhkn 81. Xnslurgns usnd alr `bblvft`lb. .................................................. 4>Tfhkn 8?. Arnqunbgy la `mpknmnbtft`lb la slkut`lbs. ............................... 41Tfhkn 8:. Qfkun la tjn slkut`lb tl tjn `bblvftlr, fbd tl ltjnrs. ................ 4?Tfhkn 80. @bd`gftlrs alr tjn `bg`dnbgn fbd bfturn la usnr `bblvft`lb hy

glbsumnrs. ................................................................................. >8Tfhkn 79. Dàaus`lb la usnr `bblvft`lb `b laa`g`fk stft`st`gs. ...................... >1Tfhkn 76. Glbsumnr bblvft`lb prlmlt`lb f plk`gy gkfssà`gft`lb. ....... 18Tfhkn 78. Xnglmmnbdnd plk`g`ns alr glbsumnr bblvft`lb. ..................... 17

Tfhkn 77. Gjfrfgtnr`st`gs la p`klt survnys. ................................................. :1Tfhkn 74. Nxfmpkns la vfk`dftnd `bblvft`lbs fbd afksn pls`t`vns. ............ :0Tfhkn 7>. Wjfrn la glbsumnr bblvftlrs fbd vfk`dft`lb `bblvft`lbs b

vfr`lus p`klt survnys. ................................................................. 09Tfhkn 71. Wjfrn la glbsumnr bblvftlrs wjnb aubgt`lbfk blvnkty

gr`tnr`lb `s òblrnd. .................................................................... 06Tfhkn 7?. Qfk`d`ty la vfr`lus prlgndurns tl `dnbtày glbsumnr

`bblvftlrs. .................................................................................. 08Tfhkn 7:. Dnmlorfpj`gs la rnsplbdnbts b hrlfd glbsumnr survny fbd

A`bb`sj plpukft`lb. .................................................................... 01Tfhkn 70. Dnmlorfpj`gs la rnsplbdnbts b tjn survny la kènky

`bblvftlrs. .................................................................................. 0:


10/116


11/116

6 @BTXLD^GT@LB

@bblvft`lb hy glbsumnrs rnprnsnbts f sòbà`gfbt hut fkmlst ubeblwb nknmnbt la

`bblvft`lb fgt`v`t`ns tjft nx`st fgrlss tjn slg`nty. _j`kn ollds fbd snrv`gns rnkft-

nd `bblvft`lb hy glbsumnrs jfs nx`stnd `b vfr`lus alrms alr vnry klbo t`mn, bnw

tngjblklo`ns sugj fs tjn @btnrbnt jfvn o`vnb f sòbà`gfbt hllst tl glbsumnr `bbl-

vft`lb fbd `bgrnfsnd `ts dàaus`lb pltnbt`fk. Glbsumnr `bblvft`lb `s jòjky d`s-

tr`hutnd fbd dnmlgrft`g fgt`v`ty, gklsnky k`bend tl lur nvnrydfy k`vns. @bgrnfs`bo

`bblvft`lb fgt`v`ty hy glbsumnrs `s gjfbo`bo tjn trfd`t`lbfk v`nw wjnrn lbky anw

onbùs `bd`v`dufks fbd a`rms `bblvftn.

Dun tl tjn kfge la rnsnfrgj lb tjn frnf, tjn sglpn fbd bfturn la glbsumnr `bblvf-

t`lb jfs rnmf`bnd fkmlst ubeblwb tnrr`tlry. Jlwnvnr, rnsnfrgjnrs fbd plk`gy

mfenrs n.o. `b tjn ^W, Ê, Bntjnrkfbds, Cfpfb, fbd Dnbmfre (snn vlb J`ppnk, dnClbo & Aklwnrs 8969) jfvn stfrtnd tl sjlw `bgrnfs`bo `btnrnst `b tjn sglpn, `btnb-

s`ty fbd dàaus`lb la glbsumnr `bblvft`lb. @b 8969, tjn M`b`stry la Nmpklymnbt

fbd tjn Nglblmy la A`bkfbd kfubgjnd f spngà`g plk`gy prlorfmmn tl fbfkyzn fbd

st`mukftn dnmfbd fbd usnr-dr`vnb `bblvft`lb (M`b`stry la Nmpklymnbt fbd tjn

Nglblmy 8969). Tjn rnsnfrgj ft jfbd glbtr`hutns tl tj`s A`bb`sj plk`gy `b`t`ft`vn

hy nxpklr`bo tjn sglpn, `btnbs`ty fbd dàaus`lb la usnr `bblvft`lb fmlbo A`bb`sj

glbsumnrs.

Glbsumnr `bblvft`lb fs f pjnblmnblb

Wtfrt`bo arlm tjn fgtlrs, tjn algus la tj`s rnsnfrgj `s lb glbsumnr `bblvft`lb hy

`bd`v`dufk nbd-usnrs fbd usnr glmmub`t`ns.

Aòurn 6. Glbsumnr `bblvft`lb fs f suh-gftnolry la usnr `bblvft`lb f glb-

gnptufk j`nrfrgjy.

!"#$ &''()*+('

,''()*+(' -. /"#$ 9$6"8('"/6#$ &''()*+('


12/116

8 Yrlgnnd`bos la tjn ^b`vnrs`ty la Qffsf. Xnplrts

@b tnrms la mlt`vft`lb tl `bblvftn, glbsumnr `bblvftlrs (kèn `bblvft`bo usnr

a`rms) frn `bblvft`bo alr tjnmsnkvns, dr`vnb hy tjn`r lwb bnnds, rftjnr tjfb hy

tjn f`m tl snkk blvnk `tnms lb tjn mfrents6. Glbsnqunbtky, glbsumnr `bblvftlrs

frn latnb mlt`vftnd tl `bblvftn hy nvnrydfy prlhknms tjny afgn, lr f bnnd tl `m-prlvn nx`st`bo prldugts, snrv`gns lr prlgnssns. @mplrtfbtky, wjnb usnrs gfb `bbl-

vftn alr tjnmsnkvns, tjny gfb dnvnklp nxfgtky wjft tjny wfbt. Mfby prldugts,

(ollds fbd snrv`gns) fbd prlgnssns frn fgtufkky dnvnklpnd lr ft knfst rna`bnd, hy

usnrs, `b tjn glbtnxt la `mpknmnbtft`lb fbd usn. Glmmnrg`fk prldugts frn la-

tnb/mlstky dnvnklpnd tl fgj`nvn glrplrftn lhcngt`vns. @b tjn gfsn wjnrn `bd`v`du-

fk usnrs afgn prlhknms tjft tjn mfclr`ty la glbsumnrs dl blt, tjny mfy dnvnklp

tjn`r lwb mldà`gft`lbs tl nx`st`bo prldugts, lr nbt`rnky bnw prldugts, tl slkvn

tjn`r `ssuns.

Wlmn la tjn slkut`lbs dnvnklpnd hy glbsumnrs glukd hnbna`t f suhstfbt`fk bumhnrla ltjnr usnrs fbd tjn`r w`dn fvf`kfh`k`ty glukd nbjfbgn slg`fk wnkafrn. @b tjn gfsn

la arnn rnvnfk`bo, glbsumnr `bblvftlrs w`kk sjfrn tjn`r `dnfs `b jlpn la jfv`bo tjn

hnbna`ts sjfrnd w`tj`b w`dnr glmmub`ty. Glmmnrg`fk`zft`lb `s fbltjnr rlutn alr

dàaus`lb la glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs. @t gfb hn gfrr`nd lut hy usnr nbtrnprnbnurs lr

hy tjn nstfhk`sjnd prldugnr a`rms. A`bfkky, glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs mfy fksl dàausn

`balrmfkky arlm pnnr tl pnnr. Tjn p`vltfk qunst`lb `s, jlw kfron sjfrn la pltnb-

t`fkky usnauk glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs dl fgtufkky dàausn fbd hnbna`t tjn w`dnr slg`n-

ty*/.*1'-

?':)(8::

0" 3.%5'98.

?':)(8::;" $%(:'&8.

)((%=/6%(

)(*8(:)*+


13/116

Yrlgnnd`bos la tjn ^b`vnrs`ty la Qffsf. Xnplrts 7

Aòurn 8 `kkustrftns tjn eny nknmnbts la glbsumnr `bblvft`lb d`sguss`lb `b tj`s

pfpnr. Tjn a`rst tlp`g (6) glbgnrbs glbsumnr `bblvft`lb `btnbs`ty `b A`bkfbd. Ltj-

nr tjrnn snomnbts la tjn aòurn `kkustrftn tjn pltnbt`fk dàaus`lb lpt`lbs alr glb-

sumnr `bblvft`lb arlm tjn `bd`v`dufk glbsumnr `bblvft`lb gfb sprnfd tl w`dnrglmmub`ty `b tjrnn dàanrnbt wfys, tl prldugnr hus`bnss, glmmub`ty la prfgt`gn

lr fs f bnw hus`bnss stfrt-up tjft glmmnrg`fk`zns glbsumnr `bblvft`lb. W`m`kfrky,

arlm tjn glmmub`ty la prfgt`gn `bblvft`lb mfy sprnfd tl prldugnr a`rms lr `t

mfy hn glmmnrg`fk`znd hy f bnw stfrt-up hus`bnss. A`bfkky, prldugnr a`rm mfy

sp`b laa glbsumnr `bblvft`lb glmmnrg`fk`zft`lb alr f bnw stfrt-up a`rm.

Tfront fud`nbgns fbd vfkun la tjn rnsnfrgj

Tj`s rnplrt dnk`vnrs vfkun alr snvnrfk dàanrnbt stfenjlkdnr orlups `bgkud`bo plk`-gy mfenrs, hus`bnssns, glbsumnrs fbd tjn rnsnfrgj glmmub`ty.Ylk`gy mfenrsfrn

ubdnr `bgrnfs`bo prnssurn tl dnk`vnr `bblvft`lb plk`gy tjft mfx`m`zns `mpfgts lb

nglblm`g orlwtj fbd sustf`bfhkn dnvnklpmnbt. _j`kn glbsumnr `bblvft`lb

stfbds lut fs f mfclr `bblvft`lb fgt`v`ty, sl afr `t jfs fttrfgtnd vnry k`m`tnd fttnb-

t`lb arlm plk`gy mfenrs. @bA`-prlcngt tfens lb fb `mplrtfbt tfse `b mnfsur`bo

glbsumnr `bblvft`lb fbd hr`bo`bo `t gklsnr tl tjn glrn la tjn `bblvft`lb plk`gy

dnhftn.

@b lrdnr tl hn m`tòftnd hy `bblvft`lb plk`gy, fby hfrr`nrs/j`bdrfbgns tl `bblvf-

t`lb fgt`v`ty (`bgkud`bo `bblvft`lb hy glbsumnrs) sjlukd hn `dnbtà`nd, mnfsurndfbd spngà`nd (Ndqu`st 8967). Tj`s `s fgj`nvnd hy mnfsur`bo tjn sglpn, `btnbs`ty

fbd dàaus`lb la glbsumnr `bblvft`lb `b A`bkfbd. @b tj`s glbtnxt, eny plk`gy rnkn-

vfbt prlhknms `bgkudn plss`hkn klw `bblvft`lb `btnbs`t`ns (hfsnd lb `btnrbft`lbfk

glmpfr`slb), lr k`m`tnd dàaus`lb la glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs (k`m`t`bo tjn `mpfgt lb

w`dnr slg`nty). Wugj prlhknms jfvn f bnoft`vn `bakunbgn lb `bblvft`lb systnm fs

wnkk fs tjn w`dnr A`bb`sj slg`nty.

Alr hus`bnssns tjft hu`kd tjn`r suggnss fbd glmpnt`t`vnbnss lb `bblvft`lb, nmp`r-

`gfk rnsnfrgj lb glbsumnr `bblvft`lb prlv`dns vfkufhkn `balrmft`lb. Tjn `m-plrtfbgn la lpnb `bblvft`lb fbd usnr `bblvft`lb fgt`v`t`ns `s fggnbtuftnd fs tjn

algus la `bblvft`lb mfbfonmnbt `b glmpfb`ns `s rfd`gfkky sjàt`bo arlm tjn mfb-

fonmnbt la `btnrbfk X&D tlwfrds naangt`vn lrgjnstrft`lb la lpnb `bblvft`lb fbd

rnknvfbt pfrts la tjn nglsystnms. Tj`s bnw rnfk`ty sòbà`ns f mfclr mfbfonmnbt

gjfkknbon fbd jfs f prlalubd `mpfgt lb tjn glmpnt`t`vnbnss fbd orlwtj la A`bb-

`sj hus`bnssns.


14/116


G`t`znbs fbd slg`nt`nsfrn gjfkknbond hy d`m`b`sj`bo hudonts tjft rnstr`gt tjn rlkn

la tjn puhk`g sngtlr fs slg`ntfk prlhknms slkvnr. Jnrn fof`b usnr `bblvft`lb gfb

pkfy f p`vltfk rlkn. Tjn rnsukts la tj`s study gfb glbtr`hutn tl tjn onbnrfk fwfrn-

bnss la usnr `bblvft`lb fbd `ts prlhknm slkv`bo pltnbt`fk fmlbo g`t`znbs fbd tjnpuhk`g sngtlr. Tjn eny rnfk`zft`lb `s tjft `bblvft`lb `s w`tj`b tjn rnfgj la mfby,

blt fb nxgkus`vn fgt`v`ty alr tjn snkngtnd prlanss`lbfks wlre`bo w`tj`b X&D kf-

hlrftlr`ns. @bstnfd, nvnb tjlsn wjl frn blt `b `bblvft`vn clhs lr hus`bnssns mfy

st`kk tfen gjfron fbd prlfgt`vnky `mprlvn tjn`r nvnrydfy k`vns fbd glbtr`hutn tl

w`dnr slg`nty. Tj`s jfppnbs wjnb g`t`znbs fbd puhk`g sngtlr fgtlrs frn `bblvft`bo

alr tjnmsnkvns lr wjnb tjny fdlpt `bblvft`lbs tjft slmn la tjn`r pnnrs frn w`kk`bo

tl sjfrn.

Tjn `bblvft`lb rnsnfrgj glmmub`tyhnbna`ts arlm tjn @bA`-prlcngt tjrluoj bnw

nmp`r`gfk eblwkndon fs wnkk fs tjrluoj tjn glst naa`g`nbt tllks fbd mntjlds dn-vnklpnd `b tjn prlcngt alr mnfsur`bo fbd mlb`tlr`bo glbsumnr `bblvft`lb. Tjnsn

bnw tllks fbd mntjlds gfb fdvfbgn tjn prldugt`lb la usnr `bblvft`lb stft`st`gs,

blt lbky `b A`bkfbd hut fksl `b ltjnr glubtr`ns tjft jfvn `btnrnst `b tjn tlp`g.

Tjn nmnro`bo rlkn la usnr `bblvftlr

@b tjn mf`bk`bn tj`be`bo, `bblvft`lb fgt`v`t`ns frn snnb tl hn tjn dlmf`b la glm-

mnrg`fk hus`bnssns fbd rnsnfrgj lrofb`zft`lbs tjft dnsòb, dnvnklp fbd glmmnr-

g`fk`zn bnw tngjblklo`ns alr usnrs wjl frn mf`bky snnb fs pfss`vn fdlptnrs. Tj`sprldugnr-gnbtnrnd v`nw, `bsp`rnd hy tjn p`lbnnr`bo wlre la Wgjumpntnr (6074),

jfs gjfrfgtnr`znd `bblvft`lb mldnks onbnrft`lb fatnr onbnrft`lb. Tjn prldugnr

gnbtrnd v`nw jfs pnrs`stnd arlm tjn a`rst 60>9s k`bnfr `bblvft`lb mldnk fkk tjn

wfy tl rngnbt Wystnm @btnorft`lb fbd Bntwlre`bo mldnks (Xltjwnkk 60045

Ndqu`st & Jlmmnb 60005 Ndqu`st 8966). Lvnr tjn ynfrs, tjnsn mldnks jfvn jfd

f trnmnbdlus `mpfgt lb mfbfonmnbt fbd `bblvft`lb plk`g`ns wj`gj glbt`bun tl

tfront prldugnrs. Typ`gfkky, plk`gy `btnrvnbt`lbs frn hfsnd lb tjrnn mf`b typns la

`bstrumnbts5 rnoukft`lbs, nglblm`g trfbsanrs fbd slat `bstrumnbts (Hlrrs &Ndqu`st 8967). Wpngà`g `bstrumnbts `bgkudn `btnkkngtufk prlpnrty ròjts, X&D&@suhs`d`ns, tfx grnd`ts, puhk`g-pr`vftn pfrtbnrsj`ps, suhs`d`ns alr prldugnrs la

eblwkndon fbd vlkubtfry stfbdfrd`zft`lb (Ts`plur`, Xn`d & M`ndz`bse` 899:).

Jlwnvnr, fb `bgrnfs`boky `mplrtfbt `bblvft`lb mldnk rnvlkvns frlubd usnrs,

glbsumnrs lr a`rms, wjl `b tjn a`rst `bstfbgn `bblvftn tl sft`say tjn`r lwb bnnds,

rftjnr tjfb tl snkk f prldugt lb tjn mfrent (vlb J`ppnk 899>). Fgglrd`bo tl tjn

usnr-gnbtnrnd mldnk, mfby `bblvft`lbs frn a`rst hn`bo dnvnklpnd hy glmmub`t`ns

la usnrs wjl d`v`dn up tjn tfses fbd glsts la `bblvft`lb dnvnklpmnbt, fbd tjnb

latnb arnnky rnvnfk tjn`r rnsukts. @b tnrms la mlt`vft`lb tl `bblvftn, suggnssauk


15/116

Yrlgnnd`bos la tjn ^b`vnrs`ty la Qffsf. Xnplrts >

`bblvftlrs lhtf`b d`rngt usn hnbna`ts arlm tjn`r naalrts. Mlrnlvnr, nbclymnbt,

knfrb`bo, rnputft`lb, lr fb `bgrnfsnd dnmfbd alr glmpknmnbtfry ollds fbd snr-

v`gns prlv`dn aurtjnr mlt`vft`lb alr tjn usnr `bblvftlrs.

Hfkdw`b fbd vlb J`ppnk (8966) froun tjft usnr `bblvft`lb `s `bgrnfs`boky gjfk-knbo`bo fbd nvnb d`spkfg`bo prldugnr `bblvft`lb `b mfby pfrts la mldnrb nglb-

lm`ns. Wugj f sjàt `s dr`vnb hy stnfd`ky `mprlv`bo dnsòb tllks (`bgkud`bo `bbl-

vft`lb tllke`ts) fbd rngnbt fdvfbgns `b @GT. Tjnsn frn grnft`bo hnttnr glkkfhlrf-

t`lb lpplrtub`t`ns w`tj ltjnr usnrs lvnr tjn @btnrbnt. Jnbgn, fb `bgrnfs`bo bumhnr

la g`t`znbs frn gfpfhkn la slkv`bo tjn`r lwb prlhknms.

Tjn `bgrnfs`bo `mplrtfbgn la usnr `bblvft`lb jfs `mpk`gft`lbs alr hltj `bblvft`lb

mfbfonmnbt fbd `bblvft`lb plk`gymfe`bo. @b tjn wlrkd la prldugnr `bblvft`lb,

plk`gy `btnrvnbt`lbs frn typ`gfkky custà`nd hy systnm`g af`kurns lr mfrent af`kurns.Hltj la tjnsn typns la af`kurns gfb hn fround tl nx`st `b tjn gfsn la usnr `bblvf-

t`lb. Wystnm`g af`kurn `bgkudns wnfe k`bes hntwnnb `bblvft`lb systnm fgtlrs

(mfby la tjn fgtlrs jfrdky rnglob`zn usnr `bblvftlrs), m`ss`bo lr `bfpprlpr`ftn

`bst`tut`lbs (n.o. @YX systnm fbd rnoukft`lb arlm tjn usnr `bblvftlrs pnrspng-

t`vn), fbd m`ss`bo lrofb`zft`lbs (n.o. glbsumnr `bblvftlr klhhy) (Ndqu`st 8996).

Fgglrd`bo tl tjn LNGD (600:3 698), systnm`g af`kurn glbs`sts la m`smftgjns

hntwnnb tjn glmplbnbts la `bblvft`lb systnm. Fppfrnbtky, tjn dnsgr`hnd m`s-

mftgjns jfmpnr tjn lpt`mfk pnralrmfbgn la tjn `bblvft`lb systnm, knfd`bo tl

wnkafrn klssns tjft gfkk alr plk`gy `btnrvnbt`lb.

Mfrent af`kurns `bgkudn kfge la fpprlpr`ft`lb, ubgnrtf`bty fbd `bd`v`s`h`k`ty la

`bvnstmnbts. Tjnsn d`sglurfon prldugnrs arlm nbofo`bo `b `bblvft`lb (Frrlw

6018). _jnb `bblvft`lbs frn dnvnklpnd alr pnrslbfk bnnd, mfby la tjn mfrent

af`kurn froumnbts bl klbonr fppky. Jlwnvnr, tjnrn `s f slg`fk wnkafrn klss à tjn

dàaus`lb la usnr `bblvft`lbs `s `bsuaa`g`nbt (Jnbenk & vlb J`ppnk 899>) custày-

`bo plk`gy `btnrvnbt`lb. @b tjn gfsn la glmmnrg`fk hus`bnssns, tjn klgus la `bblvf-

t`lb dnvnklpmnbt `s mlv`bo arlm str`gtky `btnrbfk X&D tlwfrds mlrn lpnb `bbl-

vft`lb fgt`v`t`ns. Jnrn, hus`bnssns bnnd tl hnglmn fwfrn fbd knfrb bnw `bblvf-

t`lb prfgt`gns `b lrdnr tl hnbna`t arlm usnr `bblvft`lb `bputs fbd tjn slkut`lbs tjftslmn usnrs jfvn dnvnklpnd alr tjnmsnkvns (vlb J`ppnk 60:1).

A`bkfbd jfs of`bnd f rnputft`lb fs lbn la tjn knfd`bo glubtr`ns `b tjn a`nkd la `b-

blvft`lb plk`gy. @t wfs fmlbo tjn a`rst glubtr`ns tl rnglob`zn usnrs fs f pltnbt`fk

fbd fktnrbft`vn slurgn la `bblvft`lb (ALXF 8990). Mlrnlvnr, A`bkfbd jfs

kfubgjnd f systnmft`g plk`gy prlorfmmn alr prlmlt`bo vfr`lus alrms la dnmfbd

fbd usnr-dr`vnb `bblvft`lb. A`bkfbd `s p`lbnnr`bo w`tj bnw plk`gy `bstrumnbts

prlmlt`bo usnr `bblvft`lb, `bgkud`bo d`rngt `bblvft`lb supplrt alr `bd`v`dufk

glbsumnrs fbd glmmub`t`ns, `bblvft`lb fdlpt`lb fbd tjn `btnrfgt`lb hntwnnb


16/116


usnrs fbd glmmnrg`fk hus`bnssns fbd puhk`g rnsnfrgj lrofb`zft`lbs, fbd `b`t`f-

t`vns w`tj tjn lhcngt`vn tjft `bgumhnbt prldugnrs mfy hnttnr fgglubt alr tj`s fk-

tnrbft`vn slurgn la `bblvft`lb (TNM 89695 TNM 89665 Xnsnfrgj fbd @bblvft`lb

Glubg`k 8969). Fs pfrt la tj`s kfronr plk`gy naalrt, tjn A`bb`sj M`b`stry la Nm-pklymnbt fbd tjn Nglblmy fbd Tnens jfvn aubdnd `bblvft`lb rnsnfrgj lb tj`s

a`nkd.

Lhcngt`vns la tjn @bA`-prlcngt

Tj`s rnsnfrgj algusns lb tjn mnfsurnmnbt la glbsumnr `bblvft`lb (rftjnr tjfb hy

`bblvft`bo hus`bnssns), dnvnklpmnbt la `bblvft`lb `bd`gftlrs, dàaus`lb la glb-

sumnr `bblvft`lb, usnr `bblvft`lb `b tjn mnd`gfk a`nkd fbd `dnbtà`gft`lb la plk`gy

`mpk`gft`lbs. Nfrky stud`ns la usnr `bblvft`lb dnmlbstrftnd `ts sòbà`gfbgn `bmfby spngà`g glbsumnr fbd `bdustr`fk frnfs (vlb J`ppnk 899>), wj`kn `b kftnr

ynfrs, rnsnfrgjnrs jfvn dnmlbstrftnd tjn `mplrtfbgn la usnr `bblvft`lb la hrlfd-

nr sfmpkns la a`rms, a`bd`bo tjft a`rms rnoukfrky dnvnklp `bblvft`lbs alr `btnrbfk

usn lr tl sft`say spngà`g prlgnss-rnkftnd bnnds (n.o., dn Clbo & vlb J`ppnk 89905

Aklwnrs nt fk. 8969).

Tjn @bA`-prlcngt `s glvnr`bo bnw orlubd hy algus`bo lb `bblvft`lb hy `bd`v`dufk

glbsumnrs. Tjus afr, tjn onbnrfk fssumpt`lb jfs hnnb tjft tjny dl blt nbofon `b

`t. Tj`s nxpkf`bs tjn fhsnbgn la glbsumnr `bblvft`lb `bd`gftlrs arlm tjn laa`g`fk

survnys.

Tjn lhcngt`vns la tjn prlcngt wnrn tjrnnalkd3

F. Tl mnfsurn tjn `btnbs`ty fbd dàaus`lbla usnr `bblvft`lbs hy glbsumnrs `bA`bkfbd, `bgkud`bo tjn fmlubt, glst fbd sòbà`gfbgn la `bblvft`lb fgt`v`t`nsfbd glbd`t`lbs ubdnr wj`gj glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs sprnfd fgrlss tjn slg`nty.

H. Tl dnvnklp `bd`gftlrs tjft nbfhkn klbonr-tnrm mlb`tlr`bo la `bblvft`lb hyglbsumnrs.

G. Tl `balrm plk`gy mfenrs fbd hus`bnssns lb tjn glbsnqunbgns la `bblvft`lbhy g`t`znbs alr `bblvft`lb fbd rnkftnd plk`gy-mfe`bo fbd strftnoy dnvnklp-mnbt.

Tjn glbsumnr survnys glbdugtnd w`tj`b tjn prlcngt, hu`kds lb rngnbt wlre dlbn

`b tjn ^b`tnd E`bodlm (vlb J`ppnk nt fk. 8968), tjn Bntjnrkfbds (dn Clbo 8966f),

fs wnkk fs Cfpfb fbd tjn ^W (Lofwf & Ylbotfknbnrt 8966). Hnylbd mnfsur`bo tjn

arnqunbgy la `bblvft`lb hy A`bb`sj glbsumnrs, `t wfs nxpklrnd tl wjft nxtnbt,

fbd wjnb, `bblvft`lbs dàausn. Tj`s `s gr`t`gfk arlm tjn slg`fk wnkafrn pnrspngt`vn.

@b tjn fhsnbgn la dàaus`lb, usnrs w`tj s`m`kfr bnnds bnnd tl `bvnst `b s`m`kfr `b-

blvft`lbs lr nvnb wlrsn, tjny mfy blt ft fkk suggnnd `b lhtf`b`bo f s`m`kfr slku-


17/116

Yrlgnnd`bos la tjn ^b`vnrs`ty la Qffsf. Xnplrts ?

t`lb. W`bgn f rnk`fhkn mnfsur`bo mntjld alr usnr `bblvft`lb hy glbsumnrs `s st`kk

m`ss`bo, p`klt stud`ns wnrn glbdugtnd w`tj tjn f`m tl `mprlvn tjn mnfsurnmnbt

la glbsumnr bblvft`lb.

Mnd`gfk sngtlr survny rnprnsnbts f spngà`g gfsn algus `b tjn study. Tnknpjlbnsurvny tfrontnd pft`nbts, gfrno`vnrs (bursns) fbd dlgtlrs nxpklr`bo jlw `bd`v`dufk

pft`nbts fbd prlanss`lbfks `bblvftn fbd wjft typns la dàaus`lb mngjfb`sms nx`st

`b tj`s glbtnxt. @b fdd`t`lb tl tjn spngà`gs la jnfktjgfrn rnkftnd `bblvft`lb, tjn

rnsukts gfb hn fbfkyznd fof`bst tjn hrlfdnr glbsumnr `bblvft`lb sfmpkn. Fksl,

puhk`g sngtlr `bblvft`lb `s `mplrtfbt `b A`bkfbd, fbd tjn gfsn study `s jnkpauk tl

a`bd lut à fbd jlw usnr `bblvft`lb pr`bg`pkns gfb hn jnkpauk tl st`mukftn `bblvf-

t`lb `b tjn jnfktjgfrn sngtlr. A`bfkky, tjn pfpnr prnsnbts `dnfs lb jlw plk`gy mfe-

nrs gfb dnvnklp mlrn naangt`vn `btnrvnbt`lbs tl st`mukftn tjn dnvnklpmnbt fbd

dàaus`lb la `bblvft`lbs hy glbsumnrs.

Xnsnfrgj mntjldlkloy

Tjn rnsnfrgj `bgkudnd twl gygkns la dftf glkkngt`lb fbd rnplrt`bo. Tjn a`rst gygkn

(Dngnmhnr 8969Blvnmhnr 8966) wfs f`mnd tl `mprlvn tjn mnfsurnmnbt la

glbsumnr `bblvft`lb. @t hu`kds lb prnv`lus glbsumnr survnys (Ê, Bntjnrkfbds,

Cfpfb, ^WF) `b lrdnr tl aurtjnr dnvnklp `bd`gftlrs, fbd fktnrbft`vn sgr`pts tl `dnb-

tày `bblvftlrs `b hrlfd glbsumnr sfmpkns. @b tjn bnxt pjfsn, tjnsn sgr`pts wnrn

tnstnd `b f rfbon la tnknpjlbn fbd @btnrbnt survnys fmlbost A`bb`sj g`t`znbs w`tjfb ndugft`lb alr f tngjb`gfk prlanss`lb. Dnvnklpnd sgrnnb`bo prlgndurn `s ut`k`znd

`b tjn snglbd gygkn fbd `t gfb hn fppk`nd `b tjn auturn rnsnfrgj tjft `s trfg`bo `b-

blvft`bo glbsumnrs. Tjn prlgndurn wlres hnst w`tj tnknpjlbn survnys, hut mfy

fksl hn fppk`nd `b fb nkngtrlb`g alrmft.

Tjn snglbd gygkn (Dngnmhnr 8966Mfrgj 8967) wfs tjn mf`b pjfsn la tjn prl-

cngt wjnrn tjrnn nkngtrlb`g survnys la A`bb`sj g`t`znbs wnrn glbdugtnd3

Wurvny #6 wfs glmpkntnd hy f rnprnsnbtft`vn sfmpkn la 007 A`bb`sj glb-sumnrs fond 6: tl 1>. @t fppk`nd tjn dnvnklpnd sgrnnb`bo prlgndurn tl

`dnbtày rnsplbdnbts jfd rnfk`znd ft knfst lbn usnr `bblvft`lb w`tj`b tjn

pfst tjrnn ynfrs. @bblvft`lbs wj`gj wnrn blt dnvnklpnd dur`bo tjn rn-

splbdnbts kn`surn t`mn, wnrn nxgkudnd. Fksl jlmnhu`kt vnrs`lbs la nx`st-

`bo prldugts, fbd `bblvft`lbs pr`mfr`ky mlt`vftnd hy glmmnrg`fk glbs`d-

nrft`lbs wnrn nxgkudnd. A`bfkky, lpnb-nbdnd dnsgr`pt`lbs la wjft rnsplbd-

nbts d`d, wnrn glkkngtnd fs f wfy tl nbsurn tjft lbky vfk`dftnd `bblvft`lb

gfsns wnrn fbfkyznd. Wurvny #6 wfs usnd tl rnplrt lb tjn `bg`dnbgn (`b-


18/116

: Yrlgnnd`bos la tjn ^b`vnrs`ty la Qffsf. Xnplrts

tnbs`ty) la usnr `bblvft`lb hy A`bb`sj glbsumnrs, fbd tjn dnmlorfpj`g

prla`kn la `bblvftlrs.

Wurvny #8 wfs tfront`bo 6,9>> A`bb`sj glbsumnrs wjl wnrn kènky tl hn`bblvft`vn. Arlm pfst rnsnfrgj `t jfs hnnb knfrbnd tjft glbsumnr `bblvf-tlrs frn mlrn kènky tl hn jòjky-ndugftnd, w`tj f tngjb`gfk hfgeorlubd,

fbd mfkn. Lpnb `bv`tft`lbs wnrn snbt tl tjn mnmhnrs la f rfbon la rnkn-

vfbt prlanss`lbfk ub`lbs (nbo`bnnrs, frgj`tngts, jòjky ndugftnd, mfbuafg-

tur`bo/hkun glkkfr wlrenrs) tl tfen pfrt `b tjn nkngtrlb`g survny. Tjn sur-

vny sgr`pt wfs bnfrky `dnbt`gfk w`tj tjn a`rst survny. @b hltj survnys, tjn

fbfkys`s algusnd lb spngà`g `bblvft`lb gfsns tjft rnsplbdnbts jfd `dnbt`-

a`nd fbd dnsgr`hnd. Glmh`b`bo tjn hltj survnys, glmpkntn rnsplbsns wnrn

lhtf`bnd alr 6?1 vfk`dftnd `bblvft`lbs. Xnsplbdnbts mlt`vns tl `bblvftn,

`bblvft`lb glkkfhlrft`lb, `bvnstmnbts fbd prltngt`lb la tjn`r `bblvft`lbs

w`tj `btnkkngtufk prlpnrty ròjts wnrn mnfsurnd. Mlrnlvnr, pfttnrbs la dà-aus`lb wnrn nxpklrnd hy fse`bo alr tjn pnrgn`vnd onbnrfk vfkun la tjn `b-

blvft`lb, rnsplbdnbts w`kk`bobnss tl sjfrn, fgtufk naalrts dlbn tl `balrm

ltjnrs fhlut tjn `bblvft`lb, fbd kfst hut blt knfst, à tjn `bblvft`lb jfd

dàausnd tl ltjnrs. Tjrnn mldns la `bblvft`lb dàaus`lb wnrn d`st`b-

ou`sjnd, `bgkud`bo bnw vnbturn grnft`lb, fdlpt`lb hy glmmnrg`fk prldug-

nrs, fbd pnnr-tl-pnnr sjfr`bo w`tj ltjnr glbsumnrs.

Wurvny #7 wfs alr f gfsn study `b tjn mnd`gfk sngtlr `b wj`gj wn tfrontndpft`nbts, gfrno`vnrs (bursns) fbd dlgtlrs. Dftf wnrn lhtf`bnd arlm >?6 pf-

t`nbts fbd rnkft`vns, 84: bursns, 866 dlgtlrs, fbd :0 ltjnr mnd`gfk prlans-s`lbfks. @t wfs nxpklrnd à tjlsn `b prlanss`lbfk rlkns dnvnklp dàanrnbt `b-

blvft`lbs w`tj dàanrnbt dàaus`lb mngjfb`sms tl snn à tjn a`bd`bos frn

rlhust `b f glbtnxt hnylbd `bd`v`dufk glbsumnrs. Fksl, puhk`g sngtlr `b-

blvft`lb `s `mplrtfbt `b A`bkfbd, fbd tjn gfsn study `s jnkpauk tl a`bd lut

à fbd jlw usnr `bblvft`lb pr`bg`pkns gfb hn jnkpauk tl st`mukftn `bblvf-

t`lb `b tjn puhk`g sngtlr.

Tjn strugturn la tjn rnplrt

Tjn rnplrt stfrts w`tj `btrldugt`lb fbd f hr`na nxpls`t`lb la usnr `bblvft`lb tjnl-

ry. Gjfptnr 8 nkfhlrftns lb tjn usnr-gnbtnrnd `bblvft`lb mldnk, fbd d`sgussns eny

dàanrnbgns w`tj tjn trfd`t`lbfk, prldugnr-gnbtnrnd mldnk la `bblvft`lb. Gjfptnr 7

prnsnbts tjn nmp`r`gfk a`bd`bos lb tjn `bg`dnbgn / `btnbs`ty) la usnr `bblvft`lb

fmlbo A`bb`sj glbsumnrs.

Tjn nmp`r`gfk a`bd`bos `b aukk gfb hn alubd `b Gjfptnrs 7 tl >. Gjfptnr 7 o`vns

dntf`ks lb tjn sjfrn la `bblvftlrs `b tjn plpukft`lb la 6:1> ynfrs lkd, tjn`r dn-


19/116


mlorfpj`gs anfturns, tjn`r `bblvft`lb prlgnss gjfrfgtnr`st`gs, fbd f hnbgjmfre

w`tj ltjnr glubtr`ns. Gjfptnr 4 tjnb prlgnnds w`tj tjn dàaus`lb la glbsumnr `b-

blvft`lbs, `bgkud`bo tjn nxtnbt tl wj`gj `bblvft`lbs frn fdlptnd hy ltjnr pnlpkn

lr hus`bnssns. Tjn rnplrt prnsnbts tjn onbnrfk pnrgn`vnd usnaukbnss la tjn `bblvf-t`lbs tjft glbsumnrs jfvn dnvnklpnd, tjn`r w`kk`bobnss fbd mlt`vns tl sjfrn `bbl-

vft`lbs, fbd tjn`r fgtufk naalrts tl `balrm ltjnrs fhlut tjn`r `bblvft`lbs. Tjrnn

mldns la dàaus`lb3 bnw vnbturn grnft`lb, fdlpt`lb hy glmmnrg`fk prldugnrs, fbd

pnnr-tl-pnnr sjfr`bo frn prnsnbtnd. Gjfptnr > o`vns tjn dntf`ks la lur gfsn study la

pft`nbts, bursns fbd dlgtlrs `b tjn mnd`gfk sngtlr. Tjn fbfkys`s glvnrs tjn`r `bbl-

vft`lb `btnbs`ty, gjfrfgtnr`st`gs la `bblvft`lbs fbd tjn nxtnbt `b wj`gj nfgj la

tjn`r `bblvft`lbs dàausn.

Gjfptnr 1 prlv`dns f stfbdfrd`znd survny prlgndurn alr glbsumnr `bblvft`lb

mnfsurnmnbt. Fktjluoj blt tjn gnbtrfk algus lb tjn prlcngt, tjn rnplrt fksl p`gesup tjn `ssun la mnfsur`bo usnr `bblvft`lb `b sfmpkns la a`rms, `bgkud`bo rnglm-

mnbdft`lbs lb jlw tl mldày tjn glmmub`ty `bblvft`lb survny (Ofukt 8967) sl

tjft usnr `bblvft`lb hy a`rms mfy hn hnttnr gfpturnd `b laa`g`fk stft`st`gs.

Gjfptnr ? algusns lb pltnbt`fk plk`gy `btnrvnbt`lbs `b tnrms la onbnrfk dnsòb

pr`bg`pkns fbd f rfbon la mlrn spngà`g rnglmmnbdft`lbs. A`bfkky, Gjfptnr : prl-

v`dns f hr`na lutklle tl tjn auturn. Tjn fppnbd`gns `bgkudn a`bd`bos arlm tjn p`klt

stud`ns (Fppnbd`x F), dntf`ks lb tjn mf`b survnys (Fppnbd`x H), fbd f rnglm-

mnbdnd survny prlgndurn alr tjn auturn mnfsurnmnbt la glbsumnr `bblvft`lb

(Fppnbd`x G).


20/116


8 TJNLXNT@GFK HFGEOXL BD

Tj`s gjfptnr o`vns f hr`na `btrldugt`lb tl usnr `bblvft`lb tjnlry. @t jòjkòjts tjn

eny dàanrnbgns hntwnnb usnr `bblvft`lb fbd prldugnr `bblvft`lb, `bgkud`bo fb

lvnrv`nw la tjn usnr-gnbtnrnd mldnk tjft `s mfrend hy rnkft`vn lpnbbnss fbd d`s-

tr`hut`lb la `bblvft`vn hnjfv`lr fgrlss mfby `bd`v`dufks. Mlrn dntf`knd rnv`nws

la tjn stftn-la-tjn-frt `b usnr `bblvft`lb tjnlry gfb hn alubd `b vlb J`ppnk (899>5

8966).

Yrldugnr `bblvft`lb

Tldfy, tjn dlm`bfbt v`nw la jlw `bblvft`lb wlres rnvlkvns frlubd prldugnrs,

jnrn dna`bnd fs fbylbn wjl wlukd hnbna`t arlm fb `bblvft`vn naalrt lbky à ltjnrsfdlpt tjn`r `bblvft`lb. @b j`s nfrky wlre, Wgjumpntnr (6074) suoonstnd tjft tjn

nglblm`gfkky mlst `mplrtfbt fbd d`srupt`vn `bblvft`lbs frn `b`t`ftnd hy nbtrnprn-

bnurs, fbd fgglrd`boky `btrldugnd hy smfkk fbd stfrt-up nbtnrpr`sns. @b kftnr wlre

Wgjumpntnr frouns tjft `bblvft`lb mf`bky tfens pkfgn `b tjn X&D kfhlrftlr`ns la

kfron a`rms hnbna`t`bo arlm f kfge la glmpnt`t`lb (Wgjumpntnr 6048). @b hltj gfs-

ns, jlwnvnr, `bblvft`lbs lrò`bftn arlm prldugnrs fbd frn suppk`nd tl `btnrmnd`-

ftn usnrs fbd/lr glbsumnrs v`f prldugts tjft frn `btrldugnd tl f mfrent alr sfkn.

Fatnr Wgjumpntnr, f mukt`tudn la fktnrbft`vn mldnks la `bblvft`lb jfvn hnnb `b-

trldugnd. Tjus, tjn k`bnfr mldnk la `bblvft`lb rnvlkvns frlubd aubdfmnbtfkeblwkndon prldugt`lb fbd `ts vfklr`zft`lb, plstukft`bo tjft `bblvft`lb stfrts w`tj

hfs`g rnsnfrgj, w`tj glmmnrg`fkky prlm`s`bo rnsnfrgj lutput mlv`bo tl fppk`nd

rnsnfrgj, dnvnklpmnbt fbd prldugt`lb, wj`kn mfrent fdlpt`lb nvnbtufkky alkklws

(Husj 604>). Tjn dnmfbd-pukk vnrs`lb la tj`s mldnk frouns tjft `bblvft`lb `s

dr`vnb hy tjn pnrgn`vnd dnmfbd la pltnbt`fk usnrs, fbd prldugnrs snne tl dnvnklp

prldugts tl rnsplbd tl gustlmnr prlhknms lr suoonst`lbs, wj`kn tjn d`rngt `baku-

nbgn la hfs`g rnsnfrgj `s mugj knss sòbà`gfbt (Xltjwnkk 6008). Tjn gjf`b-k`be

mldnk la `bblvft`lb (fbd `ts prndngnsslrs) strnssns tjft rnkft`lbsj`ps hntwnnb

sg`nbgn, dnvnklpmnbt, prldugt`lb fbd dàaus`lb frn glmpknx fbd `btnrrnkftnd (n.o.Yr`gn 601>5 Ek`bn 60:>). Tjn dl`bo, us`bo fbd `btnrfgt`bo (D^@) mldnk nmpjf-

s`zns tjft, hnylbd systnmft`g lr `btnrrnkftnd eblwkndon prldugt`lb, `bblvft`lb `b

nbtnrpr`sns `s mlrn latnb glbgnrbnd w`tj `balrmfk prlgnssns la knfrb`bo fbd nxpn-

r`nbgn-hfsnd eblw-jlw (Cnbsnb nt fk. 899?). _jft tjnsn mldnks jfvn `b glmmlb

`s tjft prldugnrs frn rnofrdnd fs eny fgtlrs `b `bblvft`lb. Typ`gfk prldugnr `bbl-

vftlrs `bgkudn glmmnrg`fk nbtnrpr`sns fbd `bd`v`dufk `bvnbtlrs (wjl fkk pr`mfr`ky

hnbna`t arlm snkk`bo tjn`r `bblvft`lbs) fbd puhk`g rnsnfrgj lrofb`zft`lbs fbd ub`-

vnrs`t`ns (bnnd`bo ltjnrs tl fdlpt tjn`r `bblvft`vn lutput). Yrldugnr-gnbtnrnd `b-


21/116


blvft`lb `s fksl st`kk vnry mugj prnsnbt `b tldfys laa`g`fk stft`st`gs fbd `bblvft`lb

plk`g`ns.

^snr `bblvft`lb

Fb fktnrbft`vn k`bn la rnsnfrgj wj`gj nmnrond `b tjn pfst tjrnn dngfdns, sjlws

tjft `bblvft`lb gfb fksl hn dlbn hy a`rms fbd `bd`v`dufk glbsumnrs wjl, ft knfst

`b`t`fkky, w`sj tl usn wjft tjny grnftn rftjnr tjfb snkk `t (vlb J`ppnk 60?15 899>).

^snr `bblvft`lb dàanrs arlm trfd`t`lbfk, prldugnr-gnbtnrnd `bblvft`lb `b tjrnn

rnspngts3 (6) jlw tl `bblvftlr hnbna`ts arlm `bblvft`lb, (8) typn la `bvlkvnd

eblwkndon fbd rnsukt`bo bblvft`lbs, (7) dàaus`lb mngjfb`sms.

Fd (6) Hnbna`t arlm `bblvft`lb

Tjn mf`b d`st`bgt`lb hntwnnb usnr fbd prldugnr-gnbtnrnd `bblvft`lb `s rlltnd `b

jlw `bblvftlrs hnbna`t arlm tjn`r `bblvft`lb naalrt. ^snr `bblvftlrs gfb hn n`tjnr

a`rms lr `bd`v`dufk glbsumnrs tjft nxpngt tl hnbna`t arlm us`bo fb `bblvft`vn

prldugt. @b glbtrfst, prldugnr `bblvftlrs nxpngt tl hnbna`t arlm snkk`bo fb `bblvf-

t`vn prldugt. A`rms lr `bd`v`dufks gfb hn n`tjnr f prldugnr lr usnr `bblvftlr, dn-

pnbd`bo lb tjn spngà`g s`tuft`lb. Alr nxfmpkn, Wlby `s f prldugnr la nkngtrlb`g

nqu`pmnbt, hut `t `s fksl f usnr la mfgj`bn tllks. _`tj rnspngt tl tjn `bblvft`lbs

tjft `t dnvnklps alr `ts nkngtrlb`g prldugts, `t `s f prldugnr `bblvftlr, hut à wnwlukd `bvnstòftn `bblvft`lbs `b `ts mfgj`bnry lr prldugt`lb prlgnssns, tjn glm-

pfby glukd qufkày fs f usnr `bblvftlr. ^snrs frn ub`qun `b tjft tjny fklbn hnbna`t

d`rngtky arlm `bblvft`lbs. Fkk ltjnrs (jnrn kumpnd ubdnr tjn tnrm prldugnrs)

must snkk `bblvft`lb-rnkftnd prldugts tl usnrs, `bd`rngtky lr d`rngtky, `b lrdnr tl

prla`t arlm `bblvft`lbs. Tjus, `b lrdnr tl prla`t, prldugnr `bvnbtlrs must snkk lr

k`gnbsn eblwkndon rnkftnd tl `bblvft`lbs, fbd prldugnr mfbuafgturnrs must snkk

prldugts lr snrv`gns `bglrplrft`bo `bblvft`lbs.

Tjn wfy jlw prldugnrs fbd usnrs hnbna`t arlm `bblvft`lb `s tjn mf`b fbd nxgku-

s`vn dàanrnbgn hntwnnb hltj mldnks. @b k`bn w`tj tj`s d`st`bgt`lb, usnr-`bblvftlrsfrn tròonrnd hy dàanrnbt mlt`vns tjfb prldugnrs. Tjny tnbd tl `bblvftn à tjny

wfbt slmntj`bo tjft `s blt fvf`kfhkn lb tjn mfrent, fbd frn fhkn fbd w`kk`bo tl

`bvnst `b `ts dnvnklpmnbt. Bngnss`ty `s wjft pr`mfr`ky dr`vns tjnm. @b prfgt`gn,

mfby usnrs dl blt a`bd prng`snky wjft tjny bnnd lb nx`st`bo mfrents. Mntf-

fbfkysns la mfrent-snomnbtft`lb stud`ns suoonst tjft usnr bnnds alr prldugts frn

jòjky jntnrlonbnlus `b mfby a`nkds (Arfben & Xn`s`bonr 8997). @b glbtrfd`gt`lb,

prldugnrs tnbd tl alkklw prldugt dnvnklpmnbt strftno`ns tl mnnt tjn bnnds la jl-

mlonblus mfrent snomnbts. Tjny frn mlt`vftnd hy pnrgn`vnd lpplrtub`t`ns tl


22/116


snrvn suaa`g`nbtky kfron bumhnrs la gustlmnrs (usnrs) tl custày tjn`r `bblvft`lb

`bvnstmnbts. Tj`s strftnoy la anw s`zns a`t fkk knfvns mfby usnrs d`ssft`sa`nd w`tj

glmmnrg`fk prldugts lb laanr. Fs f glbsnqunbgn, slmn la tjnm w`kk mldày tjn`r

prldugts lr jfvn f jòj w`kk`bobnss tl spnbd t`mn fbd mlbny tl dnvnklp f pnr-slbfk vnrs`lb la f prldugt tjft nxfgtky sft`sa`ns tjn`r bnnds (vlb J`ppnk 899>).

Fd (8) Typn la eblwkndon fbd `bblvft`lbs

^snrs fbd prldugnrs tnbd tl eblw dàanrnbt tj`bos fbd fgglrd`boky nmpkly dàanr-

nbt eblwkndon `b tjn `bblvft`lb prlgnss. ^snrs jfvn tjn fdvfbtfon la eblw`bo

prng`snky wjft tjny wfbt3 tjny plssnss supnr`lr `balrmft`lb rnofrd`bo tjn`r lwb

bnnds. Yrldugnrs rnky lb mfrent rnsnfrgj fbd gllpnrft`lb w`tj usnrs tl ont `balr-

mft`lb lb ubsft`sa`nd usnr bnnds. @b prfgt`gn tj`s tfse `s la tjn vnry dàa`gukt. Ns-t`mftns la af`knd prldugt `bblvft`lbs rfbon arlm ?> tl 09 pnrgnbt (Gllpnr 8997).

^snr `bblvftlrs plssnss st`gey `balrmft`lb fhlut tjn`r bnnds5 `balrmft`lb tjft `s

glstky tl trfbsanr arlm lbn `bd`v`dufk tl fbltjnr hngfusn la dàanrnbgns `b hfge-

orlubd eblwkndon, nxpnr`nbgn, fbd glbtnxt la usn `balrmft`lb (vlb J`ppnk

6004). Trfbsanrr`bo tj`s `balrmft`lb tl prldugnrs `s nxpnbs`vn fbd tnbds tl mfen

usnr `bblvft`lb mlrn naa`g`nbt tjfb fttnmpt`bo tl tnfgj prldugnrs lb usnr bnnds.

F study la `bblvft`lbs `b mlubtf`b hè`bo nqu`pmnbt, alr nxfmpkn, alubd tjft

usnr `bblvft`lbs latnb dnpnbdnd lb `balrmft`lb tjft tjn `bvnbtlrs jfd lhtf`bnd

tjrluoj tjn`r lwb gygk`bo nxpnr`nbgn, rnakngt`bo tjn`r lwb ub`qun g`rgumstfbgnsfbd `btnrnsts, sugj fs f dns`rn tl hèn `b nxtrnmn wnftjnr glbd`t`lbs lr tl pnralrm

fgrlhft`g stubts (vlb J`ppnk 899>). Yrldugnrs, lb tjn ltjnr jfbd, plssnss hnttnr

gfpfh`k`t`ns tl dnsòb fbd mfrent `bblvft`lbs, `.n. tjny nmpkly spng`fk`znd nbo`-

bnnrs, jfvn prlanss`lbfk slatwfrn fbd mfgj`bns, fbd fb `barfstrugturn tl dnvnklp

fbd mfrent `bblvft`lbs alr kfronr bumhnrs la usnrs. @b sum, prldugnrs frn fd-

vfbgnd `b tnrms la slkut`lb `balrmft`lb, wj`kn usnrs frn fdvfbgnd `b tnrms la

bnnd `balrmft`lb.

^snrs fbd prldugnrs plssnss dàanrnbt klgfk eblwkndon, wj`gj jfs fb `mpfgt lbtjn typns la `bblvft`lbs tjft tjny dnvnklp. Dun tl `balrmft`lb st`ge`bnss, prldug-

nr `bblvftlrs tnbd tl rnky lb `balrmft`lb tjny fkrnfdy jfvn `b stlge (vlb J`ppnk

6004). ^snrs frn mlrn kènky tl glmn up w`tj aubgt`lbfkky blvnk `bblvft`lbs, rn-

qu`r`bo f ornft dnfk la usnr-bnnd `balrmft`lb fbd usn-glbtnxt `balrmft`lb alr

tjn`r dnvnklpmnbt. @b glbtrfst, prldugnrs tnbd tl prldugn `bgrnmnbtfk `bblvft`lbs

tjft frn `mprlvnmnbts lb wnkk-eblwb bnnds fbd tjft rnqu`rn f r`gj ubdnrstfbd`bo

la slkut`lb `balrmft`lb alr tjn`r dnvnklpmnbt, `bgkud`bo dnsòb, rnk`fh`k`ty fbd

tngjb`gfk qufk`ty. Tjn`r `bblvft`lbs frn mlrn kènky tl hn d`mnbs`lb-la-mnr`t `m-

prlvnmnbts, fbd blt sl mugj aubgt`lbfkky blvnk `bblvft`lbs. @b tj`s glbtnxt,


23/116


Xòos fbd vlb J`ppnk (6004) stud`nd tjn typns la `bblvft`lbs mfdn hy usnrs fbd

prldugnrs tjft `mprlvnd tjn aubgt`lb`bo la twl mfclr typns la sg`nbtà`g `bstru-

mnbts. Tjny alubd tjft usnrs frn sòbà`gfbtky mlrn kènky tjfb prldugnrs tl dn-

vnklp `bblvft`lbs tjft nbfhknd tjn `bstrumnbts tl dl qufk`tft`vnky bnw tj`bos alrtjn a`rst t`mn. @b glbtrfst, prldugnrs dnvnklpnd `bblvft`lbs tjft nbfhknd usnrs tl

dl tjn sfmn tj`bos tjny jfd hnnb dl`bo, hut tl dl tjnm mlrn glbvnb`nbtky lr rnk`-

fhky.

Fd (7) Dàaus`lb mngjfb`sms

F tj`rd `mplrtfbt d`st`bgt`lb `s jlw prldugnr fbd usnr `bblvft`lbs onbnrfkky dà-

ausn tl ltjnr nglblm`g fgtlrs. Fs `bd`gftnd, prldugnrs nxpngt tl hnbna`t arlm tjn`r

`bblvft`lbs hy snkk`bo tjnm tl usnrs, lr fktnrbft`vnky, hy snkk`bo lr k`gnbs`bo tjn`r`bblvft`vn eblwkndon tl ltjnr prldugnrs wjl mfy aurtjnr glmmnrg`fk`zn `t. Fksl,

tjn`r eblwkndon w`kk sp`kk lvnr tl ltjnr `bblvft`bo fgtlrs fs f glbsnqunbgn la

kfhlr mlh`k`ty, s`tn v`s`ts la nxtnrbfk fgtlrs, fbd ltjnr rnfslbs (Or`k`gjns 6008). @b

sum, wj`kn mfby prldugnr `bblvft`lbs af`k (n.o., dun tl m`spnrgn`vnd glbsumnr

bnnds), prlv`dnd tjft trun vfkun `s grnftnd tjny w`kk dàausn hy sfkns, k`gnbsnsfbd

sp`kklvnrs.

^snr `bblvft`lbs frn pr`mfr`ky dnvnklpnd alr pnrslbfk usn, sl hrlfd dàaus`lb `s

blt fb lhcngt`vn fs sugj. @b prfgt`gn, mfby la tjnsn `bblvft`lbs w`kk hn fppk`gfhkn

tl lbky tjn usnr, wj`kn bl lr lbky anw ltjnrs nxpnr`nbgn s`m`kfr prlhknms sl tjftklw dàaus`lb rftns frn kènky. Lggfs`lbfkky, jlwnvnr, usnrs grnftn a`xns alr prlh-

knms tjft mfby fbd/lr f orlw`bo bumhnr la ltjnr usnrs afgn. @b afgt, mlst la tjn

mfclr `bblvft`lbs `b f rfbon la a`nkds wnrn a`rst p`kltnd hy usnrs, fbd kftnr glm-

mnrg`fk`znd fs fb `mprlvnd vnrs`lb (vlb J`ppnk 899>). Alr usnrs, jlwnvnr, sfkns,

k`gnbsns fbd sp`kklvnrs frn knss rnknvfbt dàaus`lb mngjfb`sms, frn tjny frn blt

(pr`mfr`ky) `btnrnstnd `b glmmnrg`fk hnbna`t. @b gfsn tjn`r `bblvft`lbs rnprnsnbt

hrlfd usn vfkun, tjn typ`gfk `bblvft`lb pfttnrb suoonstnd hy prnv`lus rnsnfrgj `s

tjft usnrs `bblvftn ft tjn knfd`bo ndon la nmnro`bo bnnds alr bnw prldugts fbd

snrv`gns, wjnrn mfrents hy dna`b`t`lb frn hltj smfkk fbd ubgnrtf`b. Qlb J`ppnk,Lofwf fbd dn Clbo (8966) summfr`znd tjn pftjwfy arlm fb `b`t`fk usnr `bblvf-

t`lb tl glmmnrg`fk`zft`lb hy prldugnrs fs alkklws (Aòurn 7).

^snr `bblvft`lb hno`bs wjnb lbn lr mlrn usnrs la slmn olld rnglob`z`bo f bnw

snt la bnnds fbd/lr dnsòb plss`h`k`t`ns fbd hno`b tl dnsòb fbd hu`kd fbd usn `b-

blvft`lbs `btnbdnd tl hnttnr snrvn tjn`r lwb bnnds. @a tjn `bblvft`lb `s la `btnrnst

tl fdd`t`lbfk usnrs, lbn lr mlrn glmmub`t`ns la usnr-`bblvftlrs sllb glfknsgn

fbd hno`b tl nxgjfbon `balrmft`lb fhlut tjn`r vfr`lus dnsòbs, tjn`r nxpnr`nbgns

w`tj tjnm, fbd prlm`s`bo fvnbuns alr `mprlvnmnbt. ^snrs latnb fgj`nvn dàau-


24/116


s`lb hy cust rnvnfk`bo wjft tjny jfvn dnvnklpnd (Jfrjlaa, Jnbenk & vlb J`ppnk

8997). Tj`s `s latnb tjn hnst lr tjn lbky prfgt`gfk lpt`lb fvf`kfhkn tl usnrs, fs j`d-

`bo `bblvft`lbs w`tj trfdn sngrnts `s ubkènky tl hn naangt`vn alr klbo fbd usnr `b-

blvftlrs frn blt (pr`mfr`ky) mlt`vftnd hy d`rngt nglblm`g hnbna`ts fbywfy. Tjus,f a`rst dàaus`lb mngjfb`sm `bgkudns tjn pnnr-tl-pnnr sjfr`bo la `bblvft`lbs.

Wlurgn3 vlb J`ppnk, Lofwf & dn Clbo (8966).

Aòurn 7. ^snr-gnbtnrnd mldnk la `bblvft`lb.

Bnxt, alr slmn t`mn fatnr usnr `bblvft`lb hno`bs, tjn a`rst usnr-purgjfsnrsfppnfr

tjnsn frn usnrs wjl wfbt tl huy tjn ollds tjft nmhldy tjn knfd usnr `bblvf-

t`lbs rftjnr tjfb hu`kd`bo tjnm alr tjnmsnkvns. Wlmn la tjn usnr `bblvftlrs mfydng`dn tl stfrt tjn`r lwb hus`bnssns tl sft`say ltjnr usnrs s`m`kfr bnnds. Tjn a`rst

prldugnrs tl nbtnr tjn mfrent frn kènky tl hn usnr-alubdnd a`rms, `.n. usnr-

`bblvftlrs wjl drfw lb tjn sfmn aknx`hkn, jòj-vfr`fhkn-glst, klw-gfp`tfk prldug-

t`lb tngjblklo`ns tjny usn tl hu`kd tjn`r lwb prltltypns (Wjfj & Tr`psfs 899?).

Tjn snglbd dàaus`lb mngjfb`sm `s bnw vnbturn grnft`lb.

Lbgn `balrmft`lb fhlut prldugt dnsòbs hnglmns gldà`nd, fbd fs mfrent vlk-

umns orlw, `bgumhnbt prldugnrs - hltj nx`st`bo usnr-alubdnd a`rms, nstfhk`sjnd

prldugnrs arlm ltjnr a`nkds, fbd stfrt-up prldugnrs wjl jfvn `dnbtà`nd tjn lpplr-

tub`ty - gfb custày `bvnst`bo `b jòjnr-vlkumn prldugt`lb prlgnssns `bvlkv`bo

jòjnr gfp`tfk `bvnstmnbts. @b tj`s pjfsn, tjn tj`rd dàaus`lb mngjfb`sm mfy fp-

pnfr, wj`gj `s fdlpt`lb hy glmmnrg`fk prldugnrs. Tjn mlrn tjn mfrent mfturns,

tjn mlrn usnr-purgjfsnrs w`kk jfvn f gjl`gn hntwnnb klwnr-glst stfbdfrd`znd

ollds fbd jòjnr-glst, mlrn fdvfbgnd mldnks tjft usnr-`bblvftlrs glbt`bun tl

dnvnklp. ^snr `bblvftlrs w`kk hn prnsnbt tjrluojlut tjn nmnro`bo `bdustrys kàn

gygkn, hngfusn (nstfhk`sjnd) prldugnrs tnbd tl snrvn jlmlonblus tfront mfrents,

sl tjft ft knfst slmn usnrs w`kk blt prng`snky ont wjft tjny wfbt. Tjrluojlut tjn

kàn gygkn jlwnvnr, tjn rlkn la prldugnrs vnrsus usnrs fs f slurgn la `bblvft`lb

bumhnr la usnrspnrgn`v`bo bnnd

t`mn

usnrs`bblvftn

s`boky lr `b

glmmub`t`ns

usnr-alubdnda`rms

`bgumhnbt

prldugnrs

tfront mfrent


25/116

Yrlgnnd`bos la tjn ^b`vnrs`ty la Qffsf. Xnplrts 6>

w`kk sk`ojtky gjfbon usnr `bblvftlrs w`kk hn mlst dlm`bfbt `b tjn bfsgnbt fbd

nfrky stfons la `bdustry nmnronbgn.

Tjn usnr-gnbtnrnd mldnk prlv`dns fb fktnrbft`vn pnrspngt`vn tl `bblvft`lb prl-

gnss. Gknfrky, mfby `bblvft`lbs dnvnklpnd tldfy frn blt dnvnklpnd `b f rnsnfrgj-dnvnklpmnbt-prldugt`lb-d`aaus`lb mldnk. @bA`-prlcngt algusns lb tj`s frnf hy

fbfkyz`bo `bblvft`lb fgt`v`ty fmlbo `bd`v`dufk nbd usnrs, lr glbsumnrs, tl put `t

fbltjnr wfy.


26/116


7 AXNV^NBGP LA GLBW^MNX @BBLQFT@LB

Tj`s gjfptnr prnsnbts tjn a`bd`bos arlm tjn gurrnbt fbd prnv`lus survnys la glb-

sumnr `bblvft`lb. Wngt`lb 7.6 rnplrts tjn sjfrn la glbsumnr `bblvftlrs `b tjn

plpukft`lb la A`bb`sj g`t`znbs fond 6: tl 1>. @t fksl fddrnssns tjn qunst`lb, wjft

e`bd la `bblvft`lbs frn dnvnklpnd, laanrs nxfmpkns, fbd d`sgussns tl wjft nxtnbt

tjnsn `bblvft`lbs frn pltnbt`fkky onbnrfkky usnauk. Bnxt, dnmlorfpj`g gjfrfgtnr`s-

t`gs la glbsumnr `bblvftlrs frn prnsnbtnd (Wngt`lb 7.8), alkklwnd hy fb lvnrv`nw

la pnlpkns mlt`vns tl `bblvftn fbd jlw tjny dnvnklp tjn`r `bblvft`lbs (7.7).

Tj`s `bgkudns glkkfhlrft`lb, `bvnstmnbts fbd tjn prltngt`lb la `bblvft`lbs.

_jnbnvnr plss`hkn, hnbgjmfre bumhnrs w`tj ltjnr glubtr`ns frn prnsnbtnd.

7.6 Glbsumnr `bblvft`lb `bg`dnbgn rftn

@b tjn plpukft`lb la A`bb`sj glbsumnrs la 6: tl 1> ynfrs, wn alubd tjft >.4 pnr-

gnbtjfs nbofond `b `bblvft`lb alr pnrslbfk bnnd `b tjn pfst tjrnn ynfrs. Mlrn

prng`snky, tjnsn g`t`znbs jfvn grnftnd ft knfst lbn bnw `tnm alr pnrslbfk usn tl a`x

fb nvnrydfy prlhknm. Tjn nst`mftn nxgkudns `bblvft`lbs wj`gj glbsumnrs dnvnk-

lp fs pfrt la tjn`r clh lbky kn`surn t`mn `bblvft`lbs frn `bgkudnd. Mlrnlvnr, tjn

nst`mftn nxgkudns jlmnhu`kt vnrs`lbs la prldugts wj`gj frn fkrnfdy fvf`kfhkn lb

tjn mfrent, sl fkk `bblvft`lbs `bgkudn slmn e`bd la blvnkty. A`bfkky, `b k`bn w`tj

usnr `bblvft`lb tjnlry lur nst`mftn nxgkudns anw `bblvft`lbs wj`gj glbsumnrspr`mfr`ky dnvnklpnd alr glmmnrg`fk rnfslbs. Tjnsn wlukd a`t `b tjn prldugnr-

gnbtnrnd mldnk, fbd w`kk supplsndky hn `bgkudnd `b tjn laa`g`fk stft`st`gs fkrnfdy

(n.o., `bvnbtlr survnys, G@W survny, pftnbt stft`st`gs, ntg.).

@b A`bkfbd, o`vnb f plpukft`lb la 7,60?,97? g`t`znbs fond 6: tl 1> (slurgn3 Wtft`s-

t`gs A`bkfbd), tjn bumhnr la glbsumnr `bblvftlrs w`tj`b tj`s plpukft`lb `s nst`-

mftnd tl hn 6?8,149 `bd`v`dufks. Froufhky, tj`s `s f suhstfbt`fk bumhnr, o`vnb

tjft `bblvft`lb hy `bd`v`dufk glbsumnrs `s blt-ft-fkk rnglrdnd `b laa`g`fk survnys,

fbd tjft tjn nst`mftn dlns blt `bgkudn nkdnrky g`t`znbs fbd vnry ylubo lbns. ^bt`k

rngnbtky sugj glbsumnr `bblvft`lb glukd hn glbs`dnrnd dfre mfttnr, ubmnfsurndfbd `mplss`hkn tl `bgkudn `b nglblm`g lr plk`gymfe`bo fbfkysns.

Hnbgjmfre

Tjn nv`dnbgn sl afr suoonsts tjft fhlut 4 tl 1 pnrgnbt la fkk glbsumnrs grnftnd ft

knfst lbn usnr `bblvft`lb `b tjn pfst tjrnn ynfrs (Tfhkn 6). Tjn sjfrn la A`bb`sj

glbsumnrs `s fksl w`tj`b tj`s rfbon, fbd blt sòbà`gfbtky dàanrnbt arlm tjn nst`-

mftnd `bg`dnbgn rftn `b ltjnr glubtr`ns.


27/116


28/116

6: Yrlgnnd`bos la tjn ^b`vnrs`ty la Qffsf. Xnplrts

Yltnbt`fk hrlfdnr vfkun la glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs

@b tjn gfsn la tjn A`bkfbd survny, tjn rnsnfrgj wfs fksl f`mnd ft ubdnrstfbd`bo

tjn pltnbt`fk onbnrfk vfkun la pnrslbfk a`xns dnvnklpnd hy glbsumnrs. Fhsnbt

onbnrfk usn vfkun, lr f kfge la dàaus`lb wlukd bfturfkky k`m`t tjn slg`fk wnkafrn`mpfgts la glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs. @b tj`s kòjt, rnsplbdnbts wnrn fsend jlw mfby

ltjnrstjny tjluojt glukd fksl a`bd tjn`r dnvnklpmnbts tl hn la pltnbt`fk usn. @b

Tfhkn 8, wn snn tjn prlplrt`lbs la tjn >.4 pnrgnbt tltfk la glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs

hrlenb lut `btl gftnolr`ns hfsnd uplb tjn knvnk la `btnrnst tjn dnvnklpnrs tjnm-

snkvns fssòbnd.

Tfhkn 8. Yltnbt`fk hrlfdnr vfkun la usnr `bblvft`lb hy glbsumnrs b A`b-

kfbd.

@bblvft`lb pnrgn`vnd tl hn vfkufhkn tl Ynrgnbtfon

(hfs`gfkky) bl ltjnrs 8.6%slmn ltjnrs 8.4%mfby ltjnrs 9.0%Tltfk arnqunbgy la glbsumnr `bblvft`lb >.4%

Bltns3 Nst`mftns hfsnd lb survny dftf la 007 A`bb`sj g`t`znbs fond 6: tl 1>.

Fs wn fbt`g`pftnd, pfrt la tjn rnplrtnd `bblvft`lbs frn glbs`dnrnd usnauk tl lbky

tjn `bblvft`bo glbsumnr j`m/jnrsnka, wj`kn ltjnrs jfvn pltnbt`fk usn vfkun tl

mfby ltjnr glbsumnrs.

Tjn mf`b typns la `bblvft`lbs glbsumnrs rnplrt `b A`bkfbd

A`bb`sj g`t`znbs rnplrt f hrlfd rfbon la `bblvft`lbs, rfbo`bo arlm slatwfrn tl

tfen sgrnnbsjlts s`muktfbnlusky arlm snvnrfk gfmnrfs tl f hfgepfge w`tj v`byk

pkftns lb tjn s`dns tjft lpnbs up f bnw wfy. Tfhkn 7 laanrs nxfmpkns.


29/116


Tfhkn 7. Lhcngts la glbsumnr bblvft`lbs b A`bkfbd, fbd nxfmpkns la

plss`hkn onbnrfk `btnrnst.

Lhcngt Arnq. Nxfmpkns

tllks &nqu`pmnbt

89% F tllk tjft jnkps tl gjfbon tyrns w`tj knss hfge pf`b. Tjnrn frn bl s`m`kfrprldugt lb tjn mfrent. Tj`s lbn `s alr pnrslbfk usn.Bnw mntjld alr sprfy`bo plkyurntjfbn alfm. @ bnndnd tl sprfy plkyurn-tjfbn `b f smfkk spfgn tjft wfs jfrd tl rnfgj.

jlusnjlkda`xturns &aurb`sj`bo

89% F alkdfwfy hftjtuh. @ fm jfv`bo f smfkk hftjrllm fbd wfbtnd tl fvl`d hòfbd nxpnbs`vn rnblvft`lb wlre.@ grnftnd f sblw hfrr`nr frlubd tjn vnbt`kft`lb p`pn. @t `s f qu`tn olld slku-t`lb wj`gj wfs blt glmmnrg`fkky fvf`kfhkn.

splrts,jlhhy &nbtnrtf`b-mnbt

6?% F hfo tl mfen tjn trfbsplrt la f mus`gfk bstrumnbt nfs`nr. @ fddnd nxtrfjfbdkns tl mfen `t nfs`nr tl trfbsplrt tjn hfgepfge mldnk la tjn `bstrumnbt.

Bnw dnv`gn alr hnn ennp`bo, jnkps kàt`bo tjn glmpfrtmnbts la tjn hnnj`vn.Tj`s `s usufkky jnfvy kàt`bo wj`gj bnnds tl hn dlbn hy twl pnrslbs, hut bltfbymlrn.

alld fbdgkltjns

68% F bnw wfy tl afstnb f huttlb, fs @ wfs fbblynd hy tjn naalrt t mfens tlsnw lbn. @ wfbtnd f kòjt fbd glbvnb`nbt wfy tl dl `t.F jfmhuronr mlkd tjft @ glukd blt a`bd `b tjn sjlps. @ wfbtnd nxtrf kfronjfmhuronr hubs hut tjn tllks wnrn blt fvf`kfhkn.

trfbsplrt &vnj`gkn

66% F stnnr`bo fbd `dkn wjnnk slkut`lb alr f twl-wjnnk rngumhnbt h`gygkn. @tmfens `t nfs`nr tl stnnr fbd mlrn stfhkn `b sklw spnnd.@ jfvn mfdn my lwb stubt hèn allt rnsts. Tjny frn mugj strlbonr, kòjtnrfbd sfanr tjfb fvf`kfhkn glmmnrg`fk prldugts

jnkp, gfrn &mnd`gfk

?% Tllks tl jnkp my hrltjnr wjl `s d`sfhknd fbd wjl gfb lbky usn lbn frm.Jn gfb blw pnnk, d`gn fbd sk`gn fbd wlre w`tj fbytj`bo arlm hrnfd tl aru`tw`tj lbn jfbd.@ mfdn f tllk tjft jnkps my mltjnr tl gklsn tjn z`ppnr lb jnr sjlns. Wjn `slkd fbd a`bds `t jfrd tl hnbd.

glmputnrslatwfrn

1% F slatwfrn tjft s fhkn tl tfen sgrnnbsjlts s`muktfbnlusky arlm snvnrfkgfmnrfs. @ kèn tl snn wjft jfppnbs `b my strnnt.F slatwfrn fppk`gft`lb tjft fkklws gjl`gn la lpt`mfk klgft`lb la k`v`bo. @jfd tl mlvn fbd wfbtnd tl a`bd lut wjnrn @ sjlukd hnst ol o`vnb my wlrefbd jlhh`ns. Tjn slatwfrn fkklwnd mn tl snn jlw klbo `t tfens tl ont tldàanrnbt pkfgns w`tj`b tjn gfp`tfk rno`lb.

gj`kdrnb &ndugft`lb

4% F snft hnkt glbtrlk tjft ou`dns tjn hnkt tl glmn dlwb lvnr tjn glkkfr-hlbn/sjlukdnr fbd blt alr nxfmpkn lvnr tjn tjrlft. My gj`kd dlns blt ontarustrftnd fbymlrn wjnb tjn snfthnkt `s `b j`s afgn. Jn bl klbonr wnfrs

pfrtky, n.o. lbky lb tjn j`p, sl `t `s sfanr.F gfrd ofmn tl knfrb tl trfbsplsn. Gfrds jfvn qunst`lbs fbd tfses tjft gfb

hn slkvnd hy pkfy`bo lr hy tnkk`bo tjn fbswnr.ltjnr 7% F gyk`bdnr wlvnb la fg`d-prlla stnnk bnt tl bnutrfk`zn wnkk wftnr. Tjn gyk-

`bdnr `s a`kknd w`tj dlklm`tn k`mn orf`bs fbd klwnrnd dlwb tl tjn wnkk.Tjn pJ-vfkun la tjn wnkk wftnr r`sns fbd tjnrnalrn tjn kàn la tjn p`p`bo fbd

pkumh`bo a`xturns w`kk nxpfbd. Nx`st`bo prldugts d`d blt mftgj w`tj mys`tuft`lb.F hfgepfge tjft jfs s`dns mfdn la v`byk pkftns. Tjn m`ddkn pfrt fbd gkls`boakfp frn mfdn la ofrmnbt. _jft `s bnw `s jlw tjn hfo lpnbs up.

tltfk 699%Bltns3 Ynrgnbtfons hfsnd lb 6?1 vfk`dftnd glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs.

Mlst glmmlb `bblvft`lb lhcngts frn rnkftnd tl jlusnjlkd a`xturns fbd aurb`sj`bo,

tllks fbd nqu`pmnbt, fbd splrts, jlhhy fbd nbtnrtf`bmnbt. Jlwnvnr, typ`gfk glb-


30/116


sumnr `bblvft`lbs gfb fksl hn rnkftnd tl prlv`d`bo jnkp, gfrn lr mnd`gfk fgt`v`t`ns,

lr gj`kdrnb fbd ndugft`lb-rnkftnd mfttnrs.

Tjn tfhkn fksl gkfrà`ns tjft slmn `bblvft`lbs frn lbky alr pnrslbfk usn fbd prlh-

fhky blt su`tfhkn alr hrlfd fud`nbgns (n.o., f alkdfwfy hftjtuh), hut `b k`bn w`tjusnr `bblvft`lb tjnlry tjny gfb hn glbs`dnrnd `bblvft`lbs (arlm tjn pnrspngt`vn

la tjn `bblvft`bo glbsumnr). @b glbtrfd`gt`lb, ltjnr nxfmpkns suoonst ornft onb-

nrfk usn vfkun (n.o., bnw mntjld alr sprfy`bo plkyurntjfbn alfm).

7.8 Dnmlorfpjy

F glmmlb a`bd`bo `b prnv`lus survnys wfs tjft tjn arnqunbgy la `bblvft`lb hy

glbsumnrs `s jòjnr alr mfkns, alr tjlsn w`tj jòj ndugft`lbfk fttf`bmnbt, fbd alrtjlsn w`tj f tngjb`gfk trf`b`bo lr clh (vlb J`ppnk, Lofwf & dn Clbo 8966). @b

A`bkfbd wn alubd s`m`kfr pfttnrbs `b glbsumnr `bblvft`lb3 snn Tfhkn 4.

Tfhkn 4. Arnqunbgy la glbsumnr `bblvft`lb alr snkngtnd dnmlorfpj`g

orlups, fgrlss glubtr`ns.

@bg`dnbgn rftn Ê

(b=66?7)

^WF

(b=6008)

Cfpfb

(b=8999)

A`bkfbd

(b=007)

Onbnrfk 1.6% >.8% 7.?% >.4%Jòjky ndugftnd (mfstnr la hfgjnklr

dnornn)

:.?% :.0% 7.?% ?.?%

Tngjb`gfk clh lr hus`bnss 68.9% :.9% 4.8% :.:%Mfkn :.1% >.0% 4.0% 1.7%

Lhv`lusky, ndugft`lb fbd trf`b`bo rnakngt pnrslbfk gfpfh`k`t`ns alr `bblvft`lb3

jòjky ndugftnd frn mlrn kènky gfpfhkn la dnvnklp`bo a`xns alr tjn`r pnrslbfk

prlhknms. Alr tjn sfmn rnfslb, `t `s kènky tjft tngjb`gfk trf`b`bo mfttnrs alr pnl-

pkns fh`k`ty tl dnvnklp slkut`lbs alr tjn prlhknms tjft tjny afgn. Wugj pnlpkn

prlhfhky jfvn hnttnr fggnss tl slkut`lb `balrmft`lb sl tjft tjny gfb jnkp tjnm-

snkvns.

Onbdnr `s ubkènky tl hn f d`rngt nxpkfbft`lb alr tjn nmp`r`gfk dàanrnbgns tjft

wnrn lhsnrvnd. Tjn fssumpt`lb `s tjft hn`bo mfkn mfy hn f prlxy alr ltjnr afg-

tlrs wj`gj nbjfbgn pnlpkns `bgk`bft`lb tl `bblvftn alr nxfmpkn, glbtrlk hnk`nas

lr bnnd alr fgj`nvnmnbt. Tjn ubdnrky`bo pfttnrbs mfy hn `b k`bn w`tj nfrk`nr rn-

snfrgj a`bd`bos tjft mfkns frn mlrn kènky tl hnglmn `bvnbtlrs fbd nbtrnprnbnurs.

Pnt fbltjnr rnfslb mfy hn, jlwnvnr, tjft lur survny mntjlds gfb st`kk hn `m-

prlvnd. (Gurrnbt survny laanrs guns mf`bky rnkftnd tl pjys`gfk prldugts, wj`kn


31/116


snrv`gns frn òblrnd. Wnrv`gns frn snpfrftnky fddrnssnd `b tjn jnfktjgfrn survny `b

Gjfptnr >).

Ltjnr dnmlorfpj`g dàanrnbgns

F mlrn dntf`knd hrnfedlwb la tjn `bg`dnbgn rftn fgrlss fvf`kfhkn dnmlorfpj`g

vfr`fhkns `s prnsnbtnd `b Tfhkn >. Kèn `b tjn ^b`tnd E`bodlm, `t snnms tjft tjn

arnqunbgy la glbsumnr `bblvft`lb r`sns skòjtky w`tj fon.

Tfhkn >. Arnqunbgy la glbsumnr bblvft`lb `b A`bkfbd fgrlss dnmlorfpj-

`g orlups.

Qfr`fhkn Orlup Arnqunbgy

Onbnrfk Fkk g`t`znbs fond 6: tl 1> >.4%Fon 6:84 ynfrs 7.1%8>74 ynfrs 4.4%7>44 ynfrs 1.>%4>>4 ynfrs >.9%>>14 ynfrs ?.7%

Ndugft`lb Yr`mfry lr ubeblwb 7.>%Wnglbdfry 4.:%Jòjnr (hfgjnklr lr mfstnr dnornn) ?.?%

Onbdnr Mfkn 1.7%Anmfkn 4.4%

Nmpklymnbt Nmpklynd/snka-nmpklynd/nbtrnprnbnur >.:%Wtudnbt/rnt`rnd/d`sfhknd/jlusnennpnr/ubnmpklynd 7.?%

Tngjb`gfkclh lr hus`-bnss

Bl 4.1%

Pns :.:%Bltns3 Nst`mftns hfsnd lb survny dftf la 007 A`bb`sj g`t`znbs fond 6: tl 1>.

Fbltjnr a`bd`bo `s tjft tjlsn wjl frn nmpklynd, `bgkud`bo nbtrnprnbnurs fbd snka-

nmpklynd `bd`v`dufks, frn mlrn kènky tl jfvn grnftnd fb `bblvft`lb alr pnrslbfk

usn `b tjn pfst tjrnn ynfrs. Tjnsn dàanrnbgns frn jlwnvnr tll smfkk tl hn sòbà`-

gfbt.

7.7 Mlt`vns fbd `bblvft`lb prlgnss

Tj`s sngt`lb aurtjnr dnsgr`hns wjy fbd jlw `bd`v`dufk A`bb`sj glbsumnrs dnvnklp

tjn`r `bblvft`lbs. Drfw`bo lb lur dftfhfsn la 6?1 vfk`dftnd `bblvft`lb gfsns, tjn

alkklw`bo d`sguss`lb algusns lb glbsumnrs mlt`vns tl `bblvftn, fbd `bblvft`lb

prlgnss rnkftnd vfr`fhkns `bgkud`bo glkkfhlrft`lb, `bvnstmnbts fbd tjn prltngt`lb

la bblvft`lbs.


32/116


Mlt`vns

Hy dna`b`t`lb, tjn pr`mfry mlt`vn tl nbofon `b usnr `bblvft`lb `s pnrslbfk bnnd.

Hnylbd pnrslbfk bnnd, jlwnvnr, glbsumnrs mfy `bblvftn alr ltjnr rnfslbs.

_j`kn slkv`bo tjn prlhknm tjft tjny afgn, lpplrtub`ty tl glmmnrg`fk`zn tjn`r `b-blvft`lb mfy fkrnfdy qu`geky glmn tl tjn`r m`bd blt fs f pr`mfry dr`vnr, hut

rftjnr fs fb fdd`t`lbfk spur (Wjfj & Tr`psfs 899?). Mlrnlvnr, slmn glbsumnrs

w`kk stfrt `bblvft`bo pfrtky hngfusn tjny wfbt tl knfrb lr dnvnklp tjn`r se`kks, lr tl

jnkp ltjnr pnlpkn wjl frn afg`bo s`m`kfr prlhknms (usufkky strlbo t`ns kèn rnkf-

t`vns fbd ar`nbds), lr cust hngfusn tjny nbcly tjn prlgnss la t`benr`bo fbd grnft`lb

la bnw tj`bos (Kfejfb` & _lka 899>5 Xffsgj & vlb J`ppnk 8967).

@b lur survnys la A`bb`sj glbsumnrs wn fsend rnsplbdnbts tl `bd`gftn tjn `m-

plrtfbgn la tjnsn `bblvft`lb mlt`vns, rnkftnd tl tjn`r mlst rngnbt `bblvft`lb, hyd`str`hut`bo 699 pl`bts (Tfhkn 1).

Tfhkn 1. Mlt`vns la A`bb`sj glbsumnrs tl `bblvftn.

Mlt`vn @mplrtfbgn

Ynrslbfk bnnd >6Nbclymnbt 89Jnkp`bo ltjnr pnlpkn 67Knfrb`bo/dnvnklp se`kks 68Wnkk/mfen mlbny 7

699

Bltns3 Bumhnrs hfsnd lb 6?1 vfk`dftnd glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs.

O`vnb tjft wn algusnd lb `bblvft`lbs wj`gj pnlpkn dnvnklp alr tjnmsnkvns, `t

wfs bl surpr`sn tjft pnrslbfk bnnd wfs mlst `mplrtfbt. Aub, jnkp`bo fbd knfrb`bo

wnrn fksl sòbà`gfbt mlt`vftlrs. Qnry anw rnsplbdnbts rnplrtnd fb `btnrnst `b

glmmnrg`fk`z`bo tjn`r `bblvft`lb ft tjn t`mn tjny dnvnklpnd `t.

Glkkfhlrft`lb

Tl dnvnklp fb `bblvft`lb, glbsumnrs mfy wnkk bnnd tl glkkfhlrftn w`tj ltjnrpnlpkn. Tj`s usufkky glbgnrbs pnlpkn `b tjn`r pnrslbfk nbv`rlbmnbt (rnkft`vns,

ar`nbds), hut tjny mfy fksl fse alr jnkp `b tjn`r hus`bnss bntwlre, lr gfkk uplb

mnmhnrs la f gkuh lr glmmub`ty tjny hnklbo tl. @b A`bkfbd, tjn survny `bd`gftns

tjft `bblvft`lb glkkfhlrft`lb `s mlrn glmmlb tjfb `b ltjnr glubtr`ns (Tfhkn ?).

Lvnr lbn lut la alur vfk`dftnd `bblvft`lb gfsns wnrn dnvnklpnd w`tj ltjnrs,

wj`kn `b ltjnr glubtr`ns tj`s arnqunbgy wfs frlubd 69 pnrgnbt.


33/116


Tfhkn ?. Wjfrn la glbsumnr bblvft`lbs dnvnklpnd b glkkfhlrft`lb w`tj

ltjnr pnlpkn.

Wlurgn Glubtry Pnfr Wfmpkn Arnqunbgy

vlb J`ppnk nt fk. (8968) ^b`tnd E`bodlm 8990 694 glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs 69.7%Lofwf & Ylbotfbfknrt (8966) ^WF 8969 664 glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs 66.9%Lofwf & Ylbotfbfknrt (8966) Cfpfb 8966 :7 glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs :.9%Euus`stl nt fk. (8967h) A`bkfbd 8967 6?1 glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs 8:.7%

@b tjn alkklw-up qunst`lb rnsplbdnbts wnrn fsend fhlut tjn `bblvft`bo prlgnss,

jlw mfby ltjnr pnlpkn jfd mfdn f glbtr`hut`lb, fbd wjft e`bd la pnlpkn wnrn

`bvlkvnd< Lb fvnrfon nvnry glbsumnr `bblvft`lb `s gjfrfgtnr`znd hy tjn `b-

vlkvnmnbt la 9.1 ltjnr pnrslbs. Mlrn spngà`gfkky, `b gfsn tjn `bblvft`lb wfs f

glkkfhlrft`vn naalrt, tjn fvnrfon bumhnr la glbtr`hutlrs (hnylbd tjn rnsplbdnbt

j`m/jnrsnka) wfs 8.9. Lvnrfkk, tj`s bumhnr la glkkfhlrftlrs rfbond arlm 6 tl 1.

La fkk glkkfhlrftlrs, ?: pnrgnbt wnrn pnrslbfk ar`nbds fbd/lr rnkft`vns la tjn rn-

splbdnbt. @b 61 pnrgnbt la tjn gfsns, jnkp wfs rngn`vnd arlm hus`bnss glbtfgts lr

glmmnrg`fk prldugnrs bltn tjft tj`s `bvlkvns lbky `bblvft`lbs wj`gj glbsumnrs

dnvnklp `b tjn`r kn`surn t`mn, sjlw`bo tjft prldugnr `bblvftlrs gfb lggfs`lbfkky

wnkk dl afvlrs wj`gj naangt`vnky supplrt tjn dnvnklpmnbt la usnr `bblvft`lbs.

A`bfkky, fbltjnr 61% la tjn nxtnrbfk glbtr`hutlrs wnrn mnmhnrs la f gkuh lr wnh

glmmub`ty tjft tjn rnsplbdnbt hnklbond tl. @b tj`s gfsn, tjn gkuh/glmmub`ty `s

usufkky glbgnrbnd w`tj dnvnklp`bo s`m`kfr `bblvft`lbs fs `ts mf`b purplsn (::%).

Naangt`vnky, tjnsn frn lpnb glkkfhlrft`vn alrms la `bblvft`lb, kèn lpnb-slurgnslatwfrn prlcngts, lr lpnb dnsòb `b`t`ft`vns. Nxfmpkns `bgkudn f Mlh`kn knfrb`bo

slkut`lb alr snka-fdm`b`stnrnd study`bo la pkfbts, dnvnklpnd hy tjn mnmhnr la fb

lbk`bn alrum wjnrn sugj `bblvft`lbs wnrn nxgjfbond. Mugj knss rnsplbdnbts

rngn`vn glbtr`hut`lbs arlm f gkuh tjft `s blt glbgnrbnd w`tj tjn `bblvft`lb (68%

la tjn rnknvfbt gfsns).

@b summfry, tjn a`bd`bos suoonst tjft `b A`bkfbd glkkfhlrft`lb `s mlrn glmmlb

alr glbsumnr `bblvftlrs. Fksl, tjn lpnb glkkfhlrft`vn mldn la `bblvft`lb `s rnkf-

t`vnky `mplrtfbt, glmpfrnd tl tjn mlrn gkfss`g gfsn la s`bokntlb usnr `bblvftlrs

(Hfkdw`b & vlb J`ppnk 8966). Ft tj`s stfon wn gfb lbky spngukftn wjy. Alr `b-stfbgn, tjn A`bb`sj gukturn mfy hn knss `bd`v`dufk`st`g glmpfrnd tl tjn ltjnr glub-

tr`ns. Fktnrbft`vnky, A`bb`sj rnsplbdnbts mfy hn mlrn `bgk`bnd tl o`vn grnd`t la

tjn `bblvft`lb tl ltjnr pnlpkn. Fktnrbft`vnky, tjn A`bb`sj plpukft`lb `s rnkft`vnky

wnkk-ndugftnd fbd mfy hn mlrn `bgk`bnd tl mlh`k`zn ltjnrs.


34/116


@bvnstmnbts

A`bb`sj glbsumnr `bblvftlrs dnd`gftn glbs`dnrfhkn fmlubts la (kn`surn) t`mn fbd

mlbny `b lrdnr tl `bblvftn. Lb fvnrfon, tjny spnbt 86 pnrslb-jlurs tl dnvnklp

tjn`r mlst rngnbt `bblvft`lb, fbd 89? Nurls lut-la-plgent glsts. Tjn d`str`hut`lbla tjnsn t`mn fbd mlbny nxpnbd`turns `s w`dnky d`spnrsnd, f rnsukt tjft wfs fksl

alubd `b ltjnr glubtr`ns. Alr nxfmpkn, :9% la fkk glbsumnrs `bblvftlrs spnbd 89

jlurs lr knss, wj`kn 89% `bvnstnd mlrn t`mn tjfb fvnrfon. Alr lut-la-plgent

glsts, 40% rnplrtnd bl nxpnbsns ft fkk, wj`kn lbky 1% spnbt mlrn tjfb fvnrfon.

Wnn Tfhkn :.

Tfhkn :. Nxpnbd`turns lb mlst rngnbt glbsumnr bblvft`lbs.

Mnfb M`b`mum 6st

qufr-

t`kn

Mnd`fb 7rd

qufr-t`kn

Mfx`-

mum

T`mn spnbt lb mlst rngnbt`bblvft`lb (`b pnrslb-jlurs)

86 9.6 6 7 64 499

Mlbny spnbt lb mlst rngnbt`bblvft`lb (`b Nurls)

89? 9 9 > >9 89,999

Bltns3 Hfsnd lb 6?1 vfk`dftnd glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs.

Glmpfr`bo `bvnstmnbt bumhnrs fgrlss glubtr`ns `s dàa`gukt, fs lur nst`mftns frn

jòjky snbs`t`vn tl lutk`nrs fbd tjn snkngt`lb la pfrt`gukfr (mlst rngnbt) gfsns uplb

wj`gj rnsplbdnbts rnplrt. Bnvnrtjnknss, `b lur prnv`lus study `b tjn ^b`tnd

E`bodlm, s`m`kfr pfttnrbs wnrn lhsnrvnd (fvnrfon t`mn spnbd`bo lb mlst rngnbt`bblvft`lb wfs 7:.4 jlurs, fvnrfon lut-la-plgent glsts 696 Ê Ylubds). Glb-

sumnrs typ`gfkky spnbt f anw jlurs tl f glupkn la dfys `bblvft`bo, fbd `bvnstnd

slmn dlznbs tl jubdrnds (hut blt tjlusfbds) la Nurls tl a`x tjn`r pnrslbfk prlh-

knms.

Yrltngt`lb la glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs rnkftnd eblwkndon

Yrldugnr-`bblvftlrs wlukd onbnrfkky prltngt tjn`r `bblvft`lb-rnkftnd eblwkndon

w`tj `btnkkngtufk prlpnrty ròjts (@YXs) tl nxgkudn ltjnrs fbd/lr tl afg`k`tftn k`-gnbs`bo strftno`ns. @b glbtrfst, usnr `bblvftlrs frn blt tròonrnd hy d`rngt nglblm-

`g hnbna`ts, fbd fgglrd`boky knss `bgk`bnd tl nxgkudn ltjnrs arlm fdlpt`bo tjn`r

eblwkndon. @b tj`s gfsn, Lpnb `bblvft`lb `s dna`bnd fs `bblvft`lb w`tjlut

gkf`m`bo @YXs. @b prnv`lus glbsumnr survnys, `t jfs hnnb rnpnftndky alubd tjft

glbsumnrs dl blt wlrry fhlut @YXs, fbd `bdnnd, tj`s wfs glba`rmnd alr `bd`v`du-

fk glbsumnrs `b A`bkfbd. Wnn Tfhkn 0.


35/116

Yrlgnnd`bos la tjn ^b`vnrs`ty la Qffsf. Xnplrts 8>

Tfhkn 0. Wjfrn la glbsumnr bblvft`lbs prltngtnd w`tj `btnkkngtufk prlpnr-

ty ròjts.

Wlurgn Glubtry Pnfr Wfmpkn Arnqunbgy

vlb J`ppnk nt fk. (8968) ^b`tnd E`bodlm 8990 694 glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs 6.0%Lofwf & Ylbotfbfknrt (8966) ^WF 8969 664 glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs :.:%Lofwf & Ylbotfbfknrt (8966) Cfpfb 8966 :7 glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs 9.9%Euus`stl nt fk. (8967h) A`bkfbd 8968 6?1 glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs 4.?%

Lbky 4.?% la tjn rnplrtnd `bblvft`lbs wnrn slmnjlw prltngtnd w`tj @YXs. _jnb

fsend jlw nxfgtky glbsumnrs jfd prltngtnd tjn`r `bblvft`lb, pftnbts fbd glba`-

dnbt`fk`ty fornnmnbts wnrn afvlr`tn (nfgj fppk`nd `b >?% la tjn gfsns `b wj`gj

@YXs wnrn usnd ft fkk). Glbsumnrs lggfs`lbfkky fksl usnd trfdn mfres (80%),

glpyròjts (64%) fbd tngjb`gfk prltngt`lbs kèn nbgrypt`lbs (64%).

Tjn a`bd`bo `b Tfhkn 0 `s `b k`bn w`tj prnv`lus survnys `b wj`gj tjn sjfrn la prl-

tngtnd `bblvft`lbs `s `b tjn 9 tl 69 pnrgnbt rfbon. Alr glmpfr`slb, `b sfmpkns la

a`rms, us`bo @YXs tl fpprlpr`ftn fby hrlfdnr hnbna`ts arlm usnr `bblvft`lb rfbons

arlm 69 tl >9 pnrgnbt, dnpnbd`bo lb tjn spngà`g typn la hus`bnss `bvlkvnd (dn

Clbo & vlb J`ppnk 8967). Glbsumnr `bblvftlrs frn jlwnvnr knss `bgk`bnd tl prl-

tngt tjn`r `bblvft`lbs w`tj @YXs.


36/116


4 D@AA^W@LB LA GLBW^MNX @BBLQFT@LB

Dàaus`lb la `bblvft`lbs `s f gr`t`gfk afgtlr arlm f slg`ntfk pl`bt la v`nw. Glbgnp-

tufkky, dàaus`lb `s tjn prlgnss hy wj`gj fb `bblvft`lb `s glmmub`gftnd tjrluoj

gnrtf`b gjfbbnks lvnr t`mn fmlbo tjn mnmhnrs la f slg`fk systnm (Xlonrs 8997).

Yrlv`dnd tjft glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs frn onbnrfkky vfkufhkn (hnylbd pnrslbfk usn

vfkun wj`gj pr`mfr`ky tròonrnd tjn glbsumnr tl `bblvftn), kfge la dàaus`lb `m-

pk`ns fb lhv`lus klss `b tnrms la onbnrfk wnkafrn. @mfo`bn slmn la tjn wnkk-

eblwb `bblvft`lbs wj`gj usnrs dnvnklpnd `b`t`fkky alr tjnmsnkvns, `bgkud`bo glb-

trlkknd akòjt (_ròjt hrltjnrs), tjn wlrkd w`dn wnh (T`m Hnrbnrs-Knn) fbd tjn

stntjlsglpn (Xlhnrt Kfnbbng). Tjn wlrkd wlukd hn dàanrnbt, à tjnsn `bblvft`lbs

jfd blt dàausnd. @b tjn fhsnbgn la dàaus`lb, nvnry usnr w`tj s`m`kfr bnnds must

mfen f s`m`kfr `bblvft`lb naalrt5 f pllr usn la rnslurgns. Mlrnlvnr, lbky f arfg-t`lb la usnrs afg`bo f pfrt`gukfr bnnd w`kk hn fhkn tl dnvnklp tjn`r lwb slkut`lb

rngfkk arlm Gjfptnr 7 tjft usnr `bblvftlrs jfvn spngà`g dnmlorfpj`gs suoonst`bo

tjft tngjb`gfk fbd prltltyp`bo se`kks frn `mplrtfbt. Fgglrd`boky, klw dàaus`lb

glukd hn f rnfslb alr plk`gy mfenrs tl `btnrvnbn `b lrdnr tl nbsurn tjft glbsumnr

`bblvft`lbs sprnfd naangt`vnky.

Tj`s gjfptnr prnsnbts tjn survny rnsukts la tjn dàaus`lb la glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs

`b A`bkfbd. Tl stfrt w`tj, tjrnn mldns la dàaus`lb frn d`st`bou`sjnd3 tl pnnrs, v`f

bnw vnbturns, lr tl glmmnrg`fk prldugnrs fdlpt`bo tjn `bblvft`lb (Wngt`lb 4.6).

Lhv`lusky, hnalrn dàaus`lb mfy jfppnb, `bblvft`bo glbsumnrs sjlukd pnrgn`vn

tjft tjn`r `bblvft`lbs frn onbnrfkky vfkufhkn (lr ft knfst tj`s `s nxpngtnd tl `baku-

nbgn dàaus`lb). Tjny sjlukd fksl hn w`kk`bo tl rnvnfk, tfen slmn naalrt tl dàausn,

fbd dnvnklp `btnbt`lbs tl dàausn. Aòurn 4 sjlws tjn `btnrmnd`fry vfr`fhkns wn

w`kk d`sguss `b tjn Wngt`lbs 4.8 tl 4.4. Wngt`lb 4.> glmpkntns tjn gjfptnr w`tj fb

fbfkys`s la dàaus`lb af`kurn.


37/116

Yrlgnnd`bos la tjn ^b`vnrs`ty la Qffsf. Xnplrts 8?

Aòurn 4. Eny fbtngndnbts la glbsumnr `bblvft`lb dàaus`lb.

4.6 Arnqunbgy la dàaus`lb

@b A`bkfbd, 60 pnrgnbt la tjn vfk`dftnd `bblvft`lb gfsns d`d sprnfd tl ltjnr ngl-

blm`g fgtlrs, wjnrnfs :6 pnrgnbt d`d blt dàausn ft fkk. Fs d`sgussnd `b Gjfptnr 8,

tjrnn mngjfb`sms alr tjn dàaus`lb la glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs `bgkudn3

Tl pnnrs3 ^snrs mfy rnvnfk tjn`r `bblvft`lbs tl ltjnrs alr `bspngt`lb, glp-y`bo fbd fdlpt`lb w`tjlut gjfron, sl tjft `bblvft`lbs dàausn pnnr-tl-pnnr.

Bnw vnbturn grnft`lb3 @bblvft`bo glbsumnrs mfy stfrt f bnw hus`bnss tl`btrldugn f glmmnrg`fk vnrs`lb la tjn`r `bblvft`lb tl tjn mfrent.

Yrldugnr fdlpt`lb3 Glmmnrg`fk prldugnrs mfy fdlpt usnrs `bblvft`lbstl aurtjnr `mprlvn fbd snkk tjnm fs glmmnrg`fk prldugts.

Arlm f plk`gy mfenrs pl`bt la v`nw, tjn a`rst mldn la dàaus`lb `s fb `btnrnst`bo

lbn. _jnb `bblvft`lbs sprnfd tl pnnrs, tjn mfrent mngjfb`sm `s hfs`gfkky s`dn-

k`bnd. Bnvnrtjnknss, f pnnr dàaus`lb prlgnss `s gjfrfgtnr`st`g nspng`fkky `b tjn gfsn

la nmnro`bo `bdustr`ns, jfv`bo suhstfbt`fk `mpk`gft`lbs alr nglblm`g orlwtj fbd

nmpklymnbt grnft`lb.

@b A`bkfbd, pnnr-tl-pnnr sjfr`bo jfppnbs `b fkmlst 61 pnrgnbt la glbsumnr `bbl-

vft`lbs, typ`gfkky w`tj rnkft`vns fbd ar`nbds la tjn `bblvftlr. @b fdd`t`lb, sjfr`bo

mfy fksl tfen pkfgn hntwnnb mnmhnrs la gkuh lr glmmub`ty `b wj`gj tjn `bblvf-

tlr hnklbos (Tfhkn 69).


38/116

8: Yrlgnnd`bos la tjn ^b`vnrs`ty la Qffsf. Xnplrts

Tfhkn 69. Dàaus`lb la glbsumnr bblvft`lbs `b A`bkfbd.

Typn la dàaus`lb Ynrgnbtfon

La fby e`bd 60.9%Glmmnrg`fkky 1.9%

- Bnw vnbturn grnft`lb 6.:%- Fdlpt`lb hy glmmnrg`fk prldugnrs >.>%

Tl pnnrs 6>.?%Bltns3 Ynrgnbtfons hfsnd lb 6?1 vfk`dftnd glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs. Fs dàanrnbt typns la dàaus`lbmfy fppky s`muktfbnlusky, pnrgnbtfons dl blt fdd up tl tjn lvnrfkk bumhnrs.

Qnbturn grnft`lb hy usnr `bblvftlr fbd prldugnr fdlpt`lb hltj rnprnsnbt glm-

mnrg`fk mldns la dàaus`lb. Tjnsn typns la dàaus`lb frn rnkft`vnky rfrn, hut tjny

dl nbfhkn dàaus`lb tl hrlfdnr slg`nty fs glmmnrg`fk`zft`lb mfens tjn `bblvf-

t`lb w`dnky fvf`kfhkn lb mfrents. @b tltfk, s`x pnrgnbt la tjn `bvnstòftnd `bblvf-

t`lbs dàausnd glmmnrg`fkky. ^sufkky glmmnrg`fk prldugnrs fdlptnd tjn `bblvf-t`lb, wj`kn bnw vnbturn grnft`lb `s rfrn, rnprnsnbt`bo lbky 6.: pnrgnbt la tjn dàau-

s`lb gfsns.

Glmpfrnd tl tjn dàaus`lb rftns `b ltjnr glubtr`ns, A`bkfbd `s dl`bo rnkft`vnky

wnkk. Tfhkn 66 sjlws tjft wjnb lbky pnnr dàaus`lb fbd prldugnr fdlpt`lb frn

tfenb `btl fgglubt, tjn A`bb`sj dàaus`lb rftn `s s`m`kfr tl tjn ^b`tnd E`bodlm,

fbd gknfrky jòjnr tjfb `b tjn ^W fbd Cfpfb.

Tfhkn 66. Wjfrn la glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs fdlptnd hy ltjnr usnrs lr a`rms

fgrlss glubtr`ns.Wlurgn Glubtry Pnfr Wfmpkn Arnqunbgy

vlb J`ppnk nt fk. (8968) ^b`tnd E`bodlm 8990 694 glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs 6?.6%Lofwf & Ylbotfbfknrt (8966) ^WF 8969 664 glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs 1.6%Lofwf & Ylbotfbfknrt (8966) Cfpfb 8966 :7 glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs >.9%Euus`stl nt fk. (8967h) A`bkfbd 8968 6?1 glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs 6:.:%

Bltns3 Ynrgnbtfons `bd`gftn wjft arfgt`lb la `bblvft`lbs jfs hnnb dàausnd tl pnnrs lr glmmnrg`fkprldugnrs. Bnw vnbturn grnft`lb fs f dàaus`lb mngjfb`sm `s blt `bgkudnd fs hnbgjmfre dftf alrltjnr glubtr`ns frn blt fvf`kfhkn.

Fkk `b fkk, tjn rnsukts `bd`gftn tjft slmn glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs jfvn prlvnb tl hn

mnfb`boauk tl ltjnr usnrs, fbd slmn frn nvnb dnvnklpnd aurtjnr `btl glmmnrg`fk

prldugts. Fs f rukn-la-tjumh, fhlut lbn lut la s`x `bblvft`lbs `s fdlptnd hy

pnnrs, wj`kn lbn lut la snvnbtnnb sprnfds v`f glmmnrg`fk pftjwfys. Bnvnrtjn-

knss, fhlut :9 pnrgnbt la fkk glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs dl BLT hnglmn fvf`kfhkn alr

tjn w`dnr slg`nty, `bd`gft`bo f pltnbt`fk wnkafrn klss. Tj`s `ssun w`kk hn nxpklrnd

`b tjn bnxt sngt`lb la tj`s gjfptnr.


39/116


4.8 Ynrgn`vnd vfkun la `bblvft`lbs

Ynrslbfk vfkun

F a`rst glbd`t`lb alr dàaus`lb tl jfppnb `s tjft tjn `bblvft`lb sjlukd fgtufkky dlwjft `t wfs supplsnd tl dl, `.n. slkvn tjn `bblvftlrs pnrslbfk bnnd. @a tjn `bbl-

vft`bo glbsumnr jfs dnvnklpnd slmntj`bo dlns blt slkvn tjn prlhknm, s/jn `s

prlhfhky knss kènky tl glmmub`gftn fbd d`str`hutn `t tl ltjnrs. Tfhkn 68, jlwnv-

nr, rnvnfks tjft `b tjn A`bb`sj sfmpkn la 6?1 vfk`dftnd `bblvft`lbs, mlst `bblvf-

tlrs `bd`gftnd tjft tjn`r grnft`lbs jfd slmn pnrslbfk vfkun. Lbky tjrnn lut la jub-

drnd `bblvftlrs `bd`gftnd tjft tjn `bblvft`lb d`d blt slkvn tjn`r pnrslbfk bnnd,

wj`kn tnb pnrgnbt dnb`nd `t hn`bo vfkufhkn tl tjnm.

Tfhkn 68. Ynrslbfk vfkun la glbsumnr bblvft`lbs.Tjn `bblvft`lb wlrend alr mn, `t

slkvnd my pnrslbfk bnnd

Tjn `bblvft`lb wfs vfkufhkn tl mn

hfrnky lr blt 7% 69%slmnwjft 68% 74%jòjky 47% 7?%

pnrangtky 46% 89%699% 699%

Bltns3 Ynrgnbtfons hfsnd lb 6?1 vfk`dftnd glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs.

Qfkun tl ltjnrs

F snglbd glbd`t`lb `s tjft dàaus`lb `s lbky dns`rfhkn tl tjn nxtnbt tjft tjn `bblvf-

t`lb `s pnrgn`vnd fs hn`bo vfkufhkn tl ltjnrs. @a f kfron arfgt`lb la dnvnklpnd `b-

blvft`lbs frn su`tfhkn lbky alr tjn `bblvftlr, `t `s blt kènky tjft hrlfd dàaus`lb

gfb hn lhsnrvnd. @b afgt, à glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs gfbblt hn glbs`dnrnd fs onbnr-

fkky usnauk, a`bd`bo f klw arfgt`lb la dàausnd `bblvft`lbs wlukd hn dns`rfhkn arlm

f slg`fk wnkafrn pnrspngt`vn.

Alur `bd`gftlrs tl fssnss tjn pnrgn`vnd onbnrfk vfkun la rnplrtnd glbsumnr `bbl-

vft`lbs `bgkudnd frn sjlwb `b tjn tlp rlw la Tfhkn 67. Drfw`bo lb tjnsn `bd`gf-tlrs, lur dftfsnt la 6?1 `bblvft`lbs gfb hn gkustnrnd `btl tjrnn orlups3 glbsumnr

`bblvft`lbs wj`gj frn pnrgn`vnd tl hn vfkufhkn tl bl-lbn hut tjn `bblvftlr, tl

slmn ltjnrs, fbd tl mfby ltjnrs (6?%)7.

7 Drfw`bo lb twl-stnp gkustnr fbfkys`s w`tj ubstfbdfrd`znd gkustnr vfr`fhkns fbd _frds mntjldhfsnd lb squfrnd Nugk`d`fb d`stfbgns.


40/116


Tfhkn 67. Ynrgn`vnd onbnrfk vfkun la glbsumnr bblvft`lbs.

Onbnrfk vfkun Tj`s `bblvft`lb

...jnkps

ltjnr pnl-

pkn tl sfvn

mlbny

(yns)

...nbfhkns

pnlpkn tl

dl bnw

tj`bos (yns)

...wlukd hn

vfkufhkn tl

ltjnrs (mfby

lr bnfrky fkk)

...gfb hnglmn f vfkuf-

hkn glmmnrg`fk prldugt

(tl f rnfslbfhkn/ suh-

stfbt`fk mfrent)

Gkustnr @3 tl blbn (70%) 9% 9% 9% 7%Gkustnr @@3 tl slmn (44%) 11% 1:% 48% 9%Gkustnr @@@3 tl mfby(6?%)

?9% 1?% ?4% 08%

Bltns3 Ynrgnbtfons `b gnkks hfsnd lb 10, ?? fbd 79 vfk`dftnd glbsumnr `bblvft`lbs alr gkustnr @, @@fbd @@@, rnspngt`vnky.

Tj`rty-b`bn pnrgnbt la tjn rnplrtnd `bblvft`lbs frn lbky usnauk tl tjn glbsumnr

j`m/jnrsnka. Tjn rnmf`b`bo 16 pnrgnbt jfs pltnbt`fkky slmn lr ornft onbnrfk usn

vfkun. Alrty-alur pnrgnbt `s gkf`mnd tl jnkp ltjnr pnlpkn sfvn mlbny, dl bnw

tj`bos, lr cust hn vfkufhkn, `bd`gftnd onbnrfk vfkun tl slmn ltjnr pnlpkn. Wnvnb-

tnnb pnrgnbt `s fksl pnrgn`vnd tl hn jòjky nkò`hkn alr glmmnrg`fk`zft`lb, `bd`gft-

`bo onbnrfk vfkun tl mfby ltjnrs.

Tl put `t dàanrnbtky, tjn bumhnrs la Tfhkn 67 `mpky tjft tjn lvnrfkk sjfrn la A`bb-

`sj glbsumnrs nbofo`bo `b `bblvft`lb (>.4%) hrnfes dlwb `btl 8.6% (glbsumnrs

dnvnklp`bo `bblvft`lbs wj`gj frn kènky tl hn vfkufhkn lbky tl tjnmsnkvns), 8.4%

(vfkufhkn tl slmn ltjnrs) fbd 9.0% (tl mfby ltjnrs) fs wn rnplrtnd fkrnfdy `b

Gjfptnr 7. Arlm tjn `bblvftlrs pl`bt la v`nw, dnvnklpnd pnrslbfk a`xns fbd slku-t`lbs mfy hn usnauk tl slmn lr nvnb mfby ltjnrs, hut blt bngnssfr`ky sl.

4.7 _`kk`bobnss tl sjfrn

Fbltjnr gr`tnr`lb alr dàaus`lb tl jfppnb `s tjft `bblvft`bo glbsumnrs must hn

w`kk`bo tl rnvnfk tjn`r `bblvft`lb-rnkftnd eblwkndon `b lrdnr tl `bgrnfsn tjn ldds

la dàaus`lb. @bblvftlrs w`kk`bobnss tl sjfrn tjn`r slkut`lbs wnrn `bvnstòftnd `b

tjn gfsns la arnn sjfr`bo fbd sjfr`bo fof`bst glmpnbsft`lb.

_`kk`bobnss tl sjfrn alr arnn

@t jfs hnnb wnkk-dlgumnbtnd tjft usnr `bblvftlrs latnb vlkubtfr`ky rnvnfk tl ltj-

nrs wjft tjny jfvn dnvnklpnd tl nxfm`bn, `m`tftn, lr mldày w`tjlut fby glm-

pnbsft`lb tl tjn `bblvftlr. Arnn rnvnfk`bo `mpk`ns tjft usnr `bblvftlrs vlkubtfr`ky

o`vn up tjn`r pltnbt`fk `btnkkngtufk prlpnrty ròjts fbd sjfrn tjn dntf`ks la tjn`r

`bblvft`lb w`tj fbylbn `btnrnstnd, sl tjft tjn `balrmft`lb hnglmns f puhk`g olld

8/13/2019 Consumer Innovation in Finland - Incidence, Diffusion and Policy Implications - K

consumer innovation in finland - incidence, diffusion and policy implications - kuusisto, de jong,...

Documents