AHEC-IITR/2011: Assessment of Cumulative Impact of Hydroelectric Projects in Alaknanda-Bhagirathi Basins i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Alternate Hydro Energy Centre (AHEC), Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee,

Roorkee wishes to place on records its appreciation and gratitude to the following individuals and organisations who have extended help and cooperation in the preparation of this report. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India, New Delhi Shri Rajiv Gauba, Joint Secretary, Shri Lalit Kapoor, Director Shri Lalit Bokolia, Joint Director Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Prof. S.C.Saxena, Director, IIT Roorkee Prof J.D. Sharma, Dean, Sponsored Research and Industrial Consultancy Central Water Commission For providing Hydrological Discharge, Gauge, Sections and Silt Data on the Rivers India Meteorological Department (IMD) For providing Seismological Data Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) For providing Ground Water Data National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) For providing Remote Sensing Data Watershed Management Directorate, Dehradun Mr. D.J.K. Sharma, Additional Director World Bank, New Delhi: For useful discussions, arranging consultations with the international experts and providing reference literature/reports: Specially Mr Micheal Haney, Mr Pyush Dogra, Mr John Quintero Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun For provide data on bio diversity

Prof V.K. Mathur Prof Asha Rajvanshi Dr K. Siva Kumar Dr V.K. Uniyal

State Government Officials

1. Shri U.K. Panwar, Secretary Energy 2. Dr R.B.S. Rawat, Principal Chief Conservation of Forests

AHEC-IITR/2011: Assessment of Cumulative Impact of Hydroelectric Projects in Alaknanda-Bhagirathi Basins ii

3. Dr Ajai Gairola, Member Secretary, Uttarakhand Environment Protection and Pollution Control Board

4. Dr Rajendra Dhobal, Director, Uttarakhand State Council for Science and Technology Individuals For useful discussions

1. Shri Chandi Prasad Bhatt, Gopeshwar 2. Dr Mohan Singh Panwar, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar 3. Shri Acharya Jeetendra, All India Secretary, Ganga Mahasabha, Haridwar

The following Organizations/Agencies/HEP Developers provided copies of Prefeasibility/ Detailed Project Report, EIA Reports, Impacts and agreements pertaining to their respective projects, their cooperation in providing the available data and reports is gratefully acknowledged.

1. Bhilangana Hydro Power Ltd. 2. Chamoli Hydro Power Privet Limited 3. GMR Energy Ltd. 4. Gunsola Hydro Power Generation Pvt. Ltd., 5. GVK Ltd. 6. Harsil Hydro Limited 7. Himurja Pvt. Ltd. 8. Jaiprakash Power Venture Ltd. 9. KM Power Private Ltd., 10. Larsen & Toubro (L&T) Uttaranchal Hydropower Limited 11. Lanco Hydro Power Project 12. Melkhet Power Private Limited 13. National Hydro Power Corporation (NHPC) Ltd. 14. National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) Ltd. 15. PES Engineers Pvt. Ltd. 16. Birahi Ganga Pvt. Ltd. 17. Rishiganga Valley Power Ltd., 18. Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam (SJVN) Ltd. 19. Super Hydro Electric Pvt. Ltd 20. Swasti Power Limited 21. Tehri Hydro Development Corporation (THDC) Ltd. 22. Uttaranchal Jal Vidyut Nigam Ltd. (UJVNL) 23. Gunsola Hydropower Ltd.

AHEC-IITR/2011: Assessment of Cumulative Impact of Hydroelectric Projects in Alaknanda-Bhagirathi Basins iii

TEAM MEMBERS WHO CARRIED OUT THIS STUDY

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE

Dr. Arun Kumar, Head, Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Principal Investigator

Alternate Hydro Energy Centre Dr. M.P.Sharma Shri Sushil Dubey Shri Chandra Bhan Km Shalini Rajvanshi

Civil Engineering Department Dr. R.D.Garg

Earthquake Engineering Department Prof. Ashwani Kumar Dr. J.Das Dr. S.C.Gupta Prof. Amita Sinvhal

Earth Sciences Department Prof. H.Sinvhal Prof. A.K.Awasthi Prof. R.Anabalagan

Hydrology Department Prof. D.K.Srivastava

Water Resources Development and Management Department Prof SK Jain Prof Deepak Khare Prof UC Chaube

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HYDROLOGY, ROORKEE Dr. Dilip Durbude Dr. VK Chaube

HNB GARHWAL UNIVERSITY, SRINAGAR, UTTARAKHAND Prof R.C. Sharma, Deptt. of Environmental Science

INDIVIDUAL EXPERTS Shri Vinay Shankar, Formerly Secretary to Government of India, Prof. B.K.Joshi, Formerly Vice Chancellor, Kumaon University, Dehradun Prof. I.B.Singh, Formerly Professor, Department of Geology, Lucknow University Dr GCS Gaur, Consultant, Dehradun

Supporting Members Shri Rajendra Kumar , Shri Vineet Kumar Gautam, Shri Mainpal Singh, Shri RK Singhal, Shri Sandeep Agarwal, Shri RK Dhiman, Shri Deepak Kumar Kapil, Shri RK Joshi, Shri Satpal and others.

AHEC-IITR/2011: Assessment of Cumulative Impact of Hydroelectric Projects in Alaknanda-Bhagirathi Basins iv

ABBREVIATIONS

AHEC Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, IIT Roorkee BIS Bereau of Indian Standards CEA Cumulative Effect Assessment CGWP Central Ground Water Board CIA Cumulative Impact Assessment CRS Central Recording Station CSR Corporate Social Responsibility DBE Design Base Earthquake De Distance to zone of energy release DPR Detailed Project Report Dz Depth to zone of energy release Ep Epicentral distance FD Focal depth GMPE Ground Motion Prediction Equations GoI Government of India GoU Government of Uttarakhand GSI Geological Survey of India HEP Hydro Electric Project HMD Hydro Median Depth HNBGU Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar, Uttarakhand HRT Head Race Tunnel HRT Head Race Tunnel ICOLD International Commission on Large Dams IITR Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee IMD India Meteorological Department, New Delhi IMD India Meteorological Department, New Delhi KFS Kaurik Fault System LPM Litres per minute M Magnitude MCT Main Central Thrust MBT Main Boundary Thrust MBT Main Boundary Thrust MCE Maximum Considered Earthquake MEQ Micro Earthquake ML Local Magnitude MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forests MOU Memorandum of Understanding MPE Maximum Probable Earthquake MS Surface Wave Magnitude MW Megawatt NAT North Almora Thrust NEERI National Environmental Engineering Research Institute NGA Next Generation Attenuation NGOs Non Governmental Organisations NIH National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee NRCD National River Conservation Directorate

AHEC-IITR/2011: Assessment of Cumulative Impact of Hydroelectric Projects in Alaknanda-Bhagirathi Basins v

NRSA National Remote Sensing Agency, Hyderabad NSD Non Seismogenic depth NTPC National Thermal Power Corporation P Primary phase of seismic wave PGA Peak Ground Acceleration PGA Peak Ground (Horizontal) Acceleration PGA Peak ground acceleration PGV Peak Ground Velocity RIS Reservoir Induced Seismicity RIS Reservoir Induced Seismicity RIS Reservoir Induced Seismicity RJB Horizontal Distance to the Surface Protection of Rupture RoR Run of River RRUP Stant Distance to the Closet Point on ______ plane RS Remote Sensing RW Repute width s Second S Secondary phase of seismic wave SE Superintending Engineer SOI Survey of India THDC Tehri Hydro Development Corporation THDC Tehri Hydro Development Corporation Limited TOR Terms of Reference VEC Valued Ecosystem Components WII Wild Life Institute of India, Dehradun WM Watershed Management

AHEC-IITR/2011: Assessment of Cumulative Impact of Hydroelectric Projects in Alaknanda-Bhagirathi Basins vi

CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE NO. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i

TEAM MEMBERS iii

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS iv

CONTENTS v

LIST OF TABLES x

LIST OF FIGURES xvi

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Assignment 1-1 1.2 The Geographical Area of Study 1-1 1.3 Response Components of the Ecosystem for Cumulative

Impact Assessment 1-2

1.4 Objectives of the Study 1-3 1.5 Other Requirements of the Study 1-3 1.6 Background of The Problem 1-5 1.7 Description of Area 1-6

CHAPTER-2 METHODOLOGY 2.1 Introduction 2-1 2.2 Selection and Categorization of Hydropower projects for the

Study 2-1

2.3 Division of the work in to Study fields/ specialization 2-2

CHAPTER-3 REMOTE SENSING & GIS STUDIES 3.1 Introduction 3-1 3.2 Procurement of Survey of India Toposheets 3-1 3.3 Procurement of Satellite Data 3-2 3.4 Georeferencing and Mosaicing of Satellite Data 3-5 3.5 Preparation of DEM, Slope and Aspect Maps 3-5 3.6 Preparation of Data Layers 3-6 3.7 Urban Sprawl Analysis of Major Cities Lying in the

Catchment Area 3-15

3.8 Assessment of Land use Land Cover Changes in the Vicinity of Selected Hydropower Power Projects

3-17

CHAPTER-4 GEOLOGICAL STUDIES 4.1 Background 4-1 4.2 Geological Studies 4-15

CHAPTER-5 SEISMOLOGICAL ASPECTS 5.1 Introduction 5-1 5.2 Objective 5-2 5.3 Methodology Adopted 5-3 5.4 Seismicity of the Study Area 5-3

AHEC-IITR/2011: Assessment of Cumulative Impact of Hydroelectric Projects in Alaknanda-Bhagirathi Basins vii

TITLE PAGE NO. 5.5 Seismo Tectonic Models Of Himalayas 5-5 5.6 Estimation of Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) for A

Hydropower Project Site 5-7

5.7 Possibility of Reservoir Induced Seismicity Associated with Hydropower Projects in Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Basins

5-20

5.8 Pattern of Local Seismicity in Environs of Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Basins

5-28

5.9 Conclusions 5-30 5.10 Recommendations 5-30 CHAPTER-6 WATER QUALITY, BIODIVERSITY AND RIVER

ECOLOGY

6.1 Introduction 6-1 6.2 Sampling Methodology 6-6 6.3 Results and Discussions 6-10 6.4 Impact of HPs on Trophic Status of River Water 6-28 6.5 Comparison of Water Qualiyt data Collected by Other

Agencies 6-29

6.6 Self Preserveactive Property of Bhagirathi River Water 6-33 6.7 Biodiversity in Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Basins 6-34 6.8 River Ecology and Hydrology Requirement 6-44 6.9 Aquatic Ecosystem Integrity and Natural Flow Paradigm 6-47 6.10 Prescribing Environmental Flow for Integrity of River

Ecosystem 6-49

6.11 Major Components of AHEC, IITR Flexible Environmental Flows Determination Method

6-49

6.12 Major Ecosystem Biotic Response Components and their Minimum Hydrological Requirements

6-50

6.13 Forest and Protected Areas 6-57 6.14 Conclusion 6-59

CHAPTER-7 HYDROLOGICAL STUDIES 7.1 General Appraisal of Hydrology of the Study Area 7-1 7.2 Natural Stream Flow Variability in the Bhagirathi-Alaknanda

Basin 7-14

7.3 Environmental Flow Requirements 7-17 7.4 Operation of Hydropower Projects and Stream flow

Variability 7-64

7.5 Soil Erosion Study 7-85 7.6 Sediment Aspects in Upper Ganga Basin up to Devprayag 7-103 7.7 Studies on Ground Water and Springs 7-108

CHAPTER-8 HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT 8.1 Power Scenario 8-1 8.2 Hydropower policy 8-2 8.3 Hydropower Basics 8-5 8.4 Operational Water use for Hydropower Generation 8-7 8.5 Energy Payback ratio and Life Cycle Assessment 8-8

AHEC-IITR/2011: Assessment of Cumulative Impact of Hydroelectric Projects in Alaknanda-Bhagirathi Basins viii

TITLE PAGE NO. 8.6 GHG emission from Hydropower 8-9 8.7 Barriers for Fish Migration 8-10 8.8 General description of hydropower sites 8-12 8.9 The details of the hydropower projects in the study area 8-18 8.10 Physiographic Characteristics of Bhagirathi and Alaknanda

rivers 8-18

8.11 Status of Hydropower Development 8-20 8.12 Location of Hydropower Projects 8-21 8.13 Technical Details 8-29 8.14 River Length Affected 8-42 8.15 Analysis of Hydropower Projects for Using River 8-44 8.16 Transmission Lines 8-54 8.17 Performance 8-56 8.18 Conclusions 8-61

CHAPTER-9 IMPACT ON PLACES OF CULTURAL & RELIGIOUS IMPORTANCE

9.1 Objective 9-1 9.2 Methodology Adopted 9-2 9.3 Data Used 9-12 9.4 Analysis 9-12 9.5 Conclusion and Recommendations 9-20

CHAPTER-10 HYDROPOWER AND STAKEHOLDERS 10.1 Hydropower Projects – Views Expressed by People In Print

Media 10-2

10.2 Agreements Between the Local Population and the Hydropower Projects Developers

10-4

10.3 Interaction With Stakeholders 10-6 10.4 Socio-economic Environment 10-9 10.5 Impacts of Hydropower Projects During Construction 10-42 10.6 Submergence Area and Affected Villages 10-63

CHAPTER-11 CUMULATIVE IMPACT ANALYSIS - ASSESSMENT OF HPs ON COMPONENTS OF ECOSYSTEM

11.1 Components Studied for Assessment of Impact of Hydropower Projects

11-1

11.2 Cumulative and Localised Impacts 11-1 11.3 Principles of Sustainability 11-3 11.4 Sustainable Development 11-4 11.5 Evaluation of EIA in India 11-5 11.6 Cumulative Impact Assessment 11-5 11.7 CIA for this Study 11-16 11.8 Components Studied for Assessment of Impact of

Hydropower Projects 11-17

11.9 Cumulative and Localised Impacts 11-25 11.10 Interpretation of Tables of Impact Assessment 11-25 1111 The Conclusions about Cumulative Impact on Identified 11-27

AHEC-IITR/2011: Assessment of Cumulative Impact of Hydroelectric Projects in Alaknanda-Bhagirathi Basins ix

TITLE PAGE NO.

Components 11.12 Cumulative Impact Assessment of Commissioned Large (25

MW and above) Projects 11-28

11.13 Impacts of Hydropower projects at the Points of Confluence of Tributaries of Bhagirathi

11-36

11.14 Cumulative Impacts of all Projects on Bhagirathi and of all Projects on Alaknanda

11-36

11.15 Inferences Drawn from the Study of the Impact of Large Commissioned Projects

11-40

CHAPTER-12 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 12.1 Energy Generation Aspects 12-1 12.2 Environment and Biodiversity Aspects 12-3 12.3 View of Stakeholders 12-4 12.4 Assessment of Impacts of HPs on Various Identified

Components 12-5

12.5 Feasibility of harnessing hydropower in the basin 12-6 12.6 Recommendations 12-7 ANNEXURES 1.1 Terms of reference to undertake study for the assessment of

cumulative impact of hydropower projects in Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Basins

1-15

1.2 Table showing operational, under construction and under development hydropower projects in Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Basins

1-20

4.1 Detailed geological description of Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Valley

4-48

4.2 Geo-environmental impacts of hydroelectric projects of Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Basins

4-66

10.1 Agreement 10-65 10.2 Standard operating procedure for release of water from

Barrage at Shivpuram, Located Near Lama Bagarh Village 10-71

AHEC-IITR/2011: Assessment of Cumulative Impact of Hydroelectric Projects in Alaknanda-Bhagirathi Basins x

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE PAGE NO. CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Statistical Data on Uttarakhand as per 2001 Census 1-7 1.2 Climatic Zones in Uttarakhand 1-12

CHAPTER-3 REMOTE SENSING & GIS STUDIES 3.1 LISS-III data used for the present study 3-2 3.2 LISS-IV data used for the present study 3-5 3.3 Comparison of area under various land use land cover classes

surrounding the Bhilangna Hydropower Project for year 2000 and 2010

3-17

3.4a Comparison of area under various land use land cover classes surrounding the Maneri Bhali - I Hydropower Project for year 2000 and 2008.

3-19

3.4b Comparison of area under various land use land cover classes surrounding the Maneri Bhali - II Hydropower Project for year 2000 and 2008.

3-19

3.5 Comparison of area under various land use land cover classes surrounding the Alaknanda Hydropower Project for year 2000 and 2009.

3-20

3.6 Comparison of area under various land use land cover classes surrounding the Tehri Stage - I and Tehri Stage - II Hydropower Projects for year 2000 and 2010.

3-23

3.7 Comparison of area under various land use land cover classes surrounding the Srinagar Hydropower Project for year 2000 and 2009.

3-23

3.8 Comparison of area under various land use land cover classes surrounding the Rajwakti Hydropower Project for year 2000 and 2009.

3-26

3.9 Comparison of area under various land use land cover classes surrounding the Phata-Bhyang Hydropower Project for year 2000 and 2008.

3-29

3.10 Comparison of area under various land use land cover classes surrounding the Deval Hydropower Project for year 2000 and 2009.

3-29

CHAPTER-4 GEOLOGICAL STUDIES 4.1 Stratigraphy of rock succession in Uttarakhand giving various

geological units and their lithological characteristics (modified after Kumar, 2005)

4-19

4.2 Lithostratigraphy of Garhwal Group (After Kumar 2005). 4-21 4.3 Regional Tectonic Succession of Uttarakhand Lesser

Himalaya (Valdiya, 1980) 4-24

4.4 List of major landslides in Uttarakhand (updated after Rautela & Pandey, 2006)

4-28

4.5 Geotract, Landslide Susceptibility Zonesand Basinwise Distribution of HPs

4-32

AHEC-IITR/2011: Assessment of Cumulative Impact of Hydroelectric Projects in Alaknanda-Bhagirathi Basins xi

TABLE TITLE PAGE NO. 4.6 Lithotectonic Sequence in Bhagirathi Valley. 4-58 4.7 Lithotectonic Sequences Along Various Sections In

Bhilangna Valley Sector. 4-61

4.8 Lithotectonic Sequence in Various Sections of Kadernath Area.

4-64

CHAPTER-5 SEISMOLOGICAL ASPECTS 5.1 Hydropower Projects located in Uttarakhand for which

seismic design parameter studies were carried out by the Department of Earthquake Engineering.

5-12

5.2 Maximum accelerations estimated for hydropower projects on the basis of seismotectonics.

5-14

5.3 Conditional Probabilities of RIS for Kotlibhel Hydropower (Stage -1B) Project Site

5-26

5.4 Conditional Probabilities of RIS for Srinagar Hydropower Project Site

5-27

CHAPTER-6 WATER QUALITY, BIODIVERSITY AND RIVER ECOLOGY

6.1 Samples for Baseline Data Collection 6-2 6.2 Sampling Plan for Water Samples from Project Sites 6-3 6.3 List of Sampling Locations of Hydropower Projects 6-3 6.4 Analytical Procedure Adopted for Different Water Quality

Parameters 6-6

6.5 Water Quality Standards Prescribed by CPCB 6-9 6.6 Details of Water Sampling Schedule 6-10 6.7 Water Quality Analysis 6-20 6.8 HP WQ Data 6-21 6.9 Indiana Trophic State Index (ITSI) 6-29 6.10 Clean Water Stretches based on Macro Invertebrates 6-30 6.11 Water Quality of the Tapovan Vishnugad HP on Dhauliganga

River 6-32

6.12 Water Qualiyt of the Lohari Nagpala HP on Bhagirathi River 6-33 6.13 Distribution of fish population in different rivers of

Alaknanda and Bhagirathi basins. 6-36

6.14 Rare, Endangered and Threatened species (RET) of plants, listed in the Red Data Book of Indian Plants recorded in the SEA Area, Bhagirathi and Alaknanda Catchments, Garhwal Himalaya.

6-39

6.15 RET Mammals in Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Basins (including a few Least Concern (LC) species listed in Schedule I/II of IWPA)

6-41

6.16 RET Birds in Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Basins (including a LC species listed in Schedule I of IWPA)

6-43

6.17 Environmental management class (EMC) of Alaknanda and Bhagirathi rivers and their tributaries

6-45

6.18 Epirhithronic stretches of Alaknanda-Bhagirathi basin EMC B (No Fish Zone)

6-46

AHEC-IITR/2011: Assessment of Cumulative Impact of Hydroelectric Projects in Alaknanda-Bhagirathi Basins xii

TABLE TITLE PAGE NO. 6.19 Metarhithronic stretches of Alaknanda-Bhagirathi basin EMC

C (Trout Zone) 6-46

6.20 Hyporhithronic stretches of Alaknanda-Bhagirathi basin EMC D (Mahseer Zone)

6-46

6.21 Freshwater macro invertebrate and fish flow group, ecological flow associations and minimum hydrological requirements (water depth and water velocity)

6-51

6.22 Diversity of macro invertebrates and their minimum hydrological requirements dwelling epirhithronic stretch of Alaknanda-Bhagirathi basin

6-52

6.23 Diversity of macro invertebrates and their minimum hydrological requirements dwelling metarhithronic stretch of Alaknanda-Bhagirathi basin

6-52

6.24 Diversity of macro invertebrates and their minimum hydrological requirements dwelling hyporhithronic stretch of Alaknanda-Bhagirathi basin

6-53

6.25 Diversity of fish and their minimum hydrological requirements dwelling metarhithronic stretch of Alaknanda-Bhagirathi basin (EMC-C)

6-55

6.26 Diversity of fish and their minimum hydrological requirements dwelling hyporhithronic stretch of Alaknanda-Bhagirathi basin (EMC-D)

6-56

CHAPTER-7 HYDROLOGICAL STUDIES 7.1 Availability of discharge data obtained from CWC 7-10 7.2 Availability of rainfall data obtained from IMD 7-12 7.3 Flow release by tenent method 7-21 7.4 Environmental Management Classes (EMC) 7-23 7.5 Recommended Environmental flow as per Tennant Method 7-29 7.6 Location of Hydropower sites where EFR were assessed 7-30 7.7 Location of religious sites where EFR were estimated 7-33 7.8 Details of gauging site on Alaknanda-Bhagirathi river basins

(CWC) 7-37

7.9 Details (salient features) of locations of River Cross Sections sites in Alaknanda-Bhagirathi Basins up to Devprayag

7-38

7.10 HEP sites for EFR assessment with corresponding gauging stations, river stretch and EMC (biotic)

7-39

7.11 Mean Monthly Flow (MMF) for various sites in Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Basins

7-40

7.12 Hydrological requirement of biotic life identified at different river stretches of various HP sites

7-41

7.13 Environmental Flow Assessment based on Look-Up Tables 7-42 7.14 Environmental Flow Assessment based on EMC-FDC

Approach 7-42

7.15 Environmental flow assessment based on EMC HMD approach

7-46

7.16 Summary of results obtained for EFR using various EFA methodologies

7-47

AHEC-IITR/2011: Assessment of Cumulative Impact of Hydroelectric Projects in Alaknanda-Bhagirathi Basins xiii

TABLE TITLE PAGE NO. 7.17 Summary of results obtained for EFR using various EFA

methodologies (as Percentage of MAF) 7-48

7.18 Ten daily variation of Environmental Flows for Bhagirathi River

7-57

7.19 Ten daily variations of Environmental Flows for Selected Sites on Alaknanda River

7-59

7.20 Religious Flow Requirement (RFR) and Average monthly flows (cumec) for places of religious importance.

7-61

7.21 Key features of selected hydropower projects in the study area 7-67 7.22 Monthly running hours of the 4 units of Vishnuprayag Project

for January 2008 to Dec. 2010 and total electricity generation. 7-68

7.23 Monthly running hours of the 3 units of Maneri-Bhali I Project for April 2008 to October 2010 and total electricity generation.

7-69

7.24 Monthly running hours of the 4 units of Maneri-Bhali I Project for March to December 2008 and May to Nov. 2010 and total electricity generation

7-71

7.25 Tapovan Vishnugad hydro electric project - capacity and energy benefits in 90% dependable year as per the DPR

7-73

7.26 10-daily working table for Tapovan Vishnugad project using 90% dependable inflows and suggested EFR.

7-26

7.27 Working Table of Maneri Bhali II Project as per the DPR 7-75 7.28 Working Table of Maneri Bhali II with computed EFR 7-28 7.29 Loharinag Pala: 10-daily working table. 7-79 7.30 Loharinag Pala Project: statistical properties of river flows. 7-81 7.31 10-daily working table for the Devsari Project for 90%

dependable year. 7-82

7.32 Devsari Project: statistical properties of river flows for 90% dependable year.

7-84

7.33 List of input database 7-87 7.34 Areal statistics of slope class of Alaknanda and Bhagirathi

Basins 7-88

7.35 Soil erodibility factor for different types of soils of Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Basins.

7-90

7.36 Crop cover management factor (C) for different types of land use of Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Basins

7-93

7.37 Soil erosion classes 7-95 7.38 Status of soil erosion potential in the year 2000 7-95 7.39 Status of soil erosion potential in the year 2009 7-97 7.40 Status of soil erosion rates in various projects in study area 7-101 7.41 Depth to water level and fluctuations in hand pumps of

Chamoli district 7-111

7.42 Depth to water level and fluctuations in hand pumps of Uttarkashi district

7-112

7.43 Pre and post Monsoon Discharges of Springs for Chamoli district (in LPM)

7-115

7.44 Discharge of Springs inventoried in Chamoli District (CGWB)

7-117

AHEC-IITR/2011: Assessment of Cumulative Impact of Hydroelectric Projects in Alaknanda-Bhagirathi Basins xiv

TABLE TITLE PAGE NO. 7.45 Block wise discharges (in lpm) of springs for pre and post

monsoon for Uttarkashi district 7-118

7.46 Discharge of Springs inventoried in Uttarkashi district (CGWB)

7-121

7.47 Data of springs for pre and post Monsoon season for Rudraprayag

7-122

7.48 Discharge of Springs inventoried in Tehri Garhwal district 7-123 CHAPTER-8 HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT 8.1 Terms and conditions of hydropower policy of Uttarakhand

State 8-4

8.2 Full Energy Chain Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors in gCO2equiv./kWh(e) h-1 (Source: Tremblay et al. 2005).

8-9

8.3 Comparison of different upstream fish ways 8-12 8.4 Physiographic Characteristics of Bhagirathi and Alaknanda

rivers and their Tributaries 8-19

8.5 Abstract of Alloted hydropower project in Bhagirathi Alaknanda Basin

8-21

8.6(a) Technical Details of Allotted Hydropower Projects - Bhagirathi Basin

8-30

8.6(b) Technical Details of Allotted Hydropower Projects – Alaknanda Basin

8-32

8.6(c) Elevations and other details of all hydro Electric Projects in Alaknanda River

8-34

8.6(d) Elevations and other details of all hydro Electric Projects in Bhagirathi River

8-36

8.7 Commissioned, Under Development Stage (Construction and other stages) Hydropower Projects of Bhagirathi and Alaknanda River Basin

8-38

8.9 Affected Length of Bhagirathi and Alaknanda River and its Tributaries due to Allotted Hydropower Development

8-42

8.10 Performance of Hydropower Projects 8-57 8.11 Economic aspect of hydropower projects in Bhagirathi and

Alaknanda Basins at various stages 8-59

8.12 Reduction in Annual Generation due to Environmental Flow Release

8-60

CHAPTER-10 HYDROPOWER AND STAKEHOLDERS 10.1 Demographic profile of catchment area 10-16 10.2 Activities undertaken by LMHPL for local area development 10-21 10.3 Land and project affected persons 10-32 10.4 Achievement oriented programme targets vs. achievements 10-41 10.5 Number of employees for operation of hydropower station

(Indicative)* 10-49

10.6 Number of employees for construction at hydropower projects 10-52 10.7 Submerged area and river stretches for Bhagirathi and

Alaknanda Basins

10-63

AHEC-IITR/2011: Assessment of Cumulative Impact of Hydroelectric Projects in Alaknanda-Bhagirathi Basins xv

TABLE TITLE PAGE NO. CHAPTER-11 CUMULATIVE IMPACT ANALYSIS – ASSESSMENT

OF HPS ON COMPONENTS OF ECOSYSTEM

11.1(a) Cumulative impact analysis of HPs on components of ecosystem (Alaknanda Basin)

11-18

11.1(b) Cumulative impact analysis of HPs on components of ecosystem (Alaknanda Basin)

11-19

11.1(c) Cumulative impact analysis of HPs on components of ecosystem (Alaknanda Basin)

11-20

11.1(d) Cumulative impact analysis of HPs on components of ecosystem (Alaknanda Basin)

11-21

11.2(a) Cumulative impact analysis of HPs on components of ecosystem (Bhagirathi Basin)

11-22

11.2(b) Cumulative impact analysis of HPs on components of ecosystem (Bhagirathi Basin)

11-23

11.2(c) Cumulative impact analysis of HPs on components of ecosystem (Bhagirathi Basin)

11-24

11.3 Impact of hydropower projects at the Points of Confluence of Tributaries of Bhagirathi

11-37

11.4 Impact of hydropower projects at the points of confluence of tributaries of Alaknanda

11-38

AHEC-IITR/2011: Assessment of Cumulative Impact of Hydroelectric Projects in Alaknanda-Bhagirathi Basins xvi

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURES TITLE PAGE NO. CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Index Map of Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Basins 1-1 1.2 Map of Ganga Basin (from National River Conservation

Directorate, Ministry of Environment and Forests, “Status paper on River Ganga” 2009. 31p.)

1-2

1.3 Uttarakhand Districts and Towns 1-9 1.4 Villages in Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Basins 1-10 1.5 Location of commissioned, under construction HPs shown with

protected areas in Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Basins 1-11

CHAPTER-3 REMOTE SENSING & GIS STUDIES 3.1 Spatial Layout of IRS ID LISS-III Images (year – 2000) 3-3 3.2 Spatial layout of IRS P6 LISS-III Images (year 2009) 3-4 3.3 Relief map of the study area (using ASTER DEM) 3-7 3.4 Slope map of the study area (Using ASTER DEM) 3-8 3.5 Aspect map of the study area (using ASTER DEM) 3-9 3.6 Drainage network and catchments of Major Rivers 3-10 3.7 Road network of the study area 3-12 3.8 Land use land cover map (year 2000)

(Using LISS – III images) 3-13

3.9 Land use land cover map (year 2009) (Using LISS – III images)

3-14

3.10 Index map of the areas of LISS-IV images 3-18 3.10(a) Land use land cover map of the area surrounding Bhilangana

and Tehri I & II Hydropower projects, prepared by using IRS P6 LISS-IV satellite image of April-2010

3-21

3.10(b) Land use land cover map of the area surrounding Maneri Bhali I & Maneri Bhali II Hydropower projects, prepared by using IRS P6 LISS-IV satellite image of Nov-2009

3-22

3.10(c) Land use land cover map of the area surrounding Alaknanda Hydropower projects, prepared by using LISS-IV satellite image of April-2009

3-24

3.10(d) Land use land cover map of the area surrounding Srinagar Hydropower projects, prepared by using IRS P6 LISS-IV satellite image of January 2009

3-25

3.10(e) Land use land cover map of the area surrounding rajwakti hydropower projects, prepared by using IRS P 6 LISS-IV satellite image of April 2009

3-27

3.10(f) Land use land cover map of the area surrounding Phata Bhyung hydropower projects, prepared by using IRS P6 LISS-IV satellite image of December 2008

3-28

3.10(g) Land use land cover map of the area surrounding Deval Hydropower projects, prepared by using IRS P6 LISS-IV satellite image of Nov 2009

3-30

AHEC-IITR/2011: Assessment of Cumulative Impact of Hydroelectric Projects in Alaknanda-Bhagirathi Basins xvii

FIGURES TITLE PAGE NO. CHAPTER-4 GEOLOGICAL STUDIES 4.1 Four major climatic cycles in last 400,000 years, based on

different proxies (From Raynaud et al. 2002). 4-2

4.2 Sea level change over four glacial cycles (From Labeyrie et al., 2002).

4-3

4.3 Latest Pleistocene–Holocene (Last Glacial Maxima) and deglaciation changes recorded in various proxies (Labeyrie et. al., 2002).

4-4

4.4 Variation in all – India summer monsoon rainfall during 1871-2004. Data of IMD (From Singhvi et al., 2006).

4-5

4.5 Variation of all-India mean, maximum and minimum temperatures during 1901-2003. Data of IMD (Fram Singhvi et al., 2005).

4-6

4.6 Summary of pollen content and inferred climate based on peat near Dokriani glacier (From Phadtavr, 2000).

4-8

4.7 July – August precipitation reconstruction for 1330-2008 based on tree ring analysis (From Yadav, 2011).

4-9

4.8 Premonsoon (March-May) precipitation reconstruction using tree ring analysis of Bhagirathi and Tons basins (Yadav, 2009).

4-9

4.9 Mean temperature reconstruction using tree ring analysis of Bhagirathi and Tons basins (Yadav, 2009).

4-10

4.10 Area occupied by glaciers during 63-18 ka, and the present glacier - snowfield boundary in Alaknanda – Bhagirathi basins. 2604 m is contour for 63 ka and 3850 m is contour for present day glaciers (courtesy P. Srivastava, Wadia, Institute, Dehradun).

4-11

4.11 Diagram showing position of palao-landslides in Dhauliganga valley. The palaeo-landslides fall in three age clusters, indicating neotectonic activity in different segments (Courtsey, P. Srivastava, Wadia Institute, Dehradun).

4-13

4.12 Lithotectonic Map of Himalaya (From Valdiya, 1980) 4-17 4.13 General Lithotectonic Setup of Alaknanda and Bhagirathi

Basins of Uttarakhand (From Julien Celerier 1 et al., 2009). 4-17

4.14 Structural Map of Uttarakhand 4-23 4.15 Map Showing the Active and Ancients Landslides (After

Patrick et al., 2001) 4-29

4.16 Map Showing Landslides Susceptibility Zones (LSZ) 4-31 4.17 Map of Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Basins showing different

geotracts 4-34

4.18 Influence of reservoir on stabilization of surficial landslides 4-39 ANNEXURE-1

4.19 Geological Map of the Garhwal Group, Alaknanda Valley 4-48 4.20 Geological Map Along Alaknanda River 4-49 4.21 Geological Map Along Mandakini River 4-49 4.22 Geological Map of Bhagirathi Sector 4-60 4.23 Geological Map of Bhilangna Valley 4-63 ANNEXURE-2 4.24 Dam Site at Vishnugad – Pipalkoti HP 4-67

AHEC-IITR/2011: Assessment of Cumulative Impact of Hydroelectric Projects in Alaknanda-Bhagirathi Basins xviii

FIGURES TITLE PAGE NO. 4.25 A Geological Section along a profile about 50 m upstream of

proposed dam axis 4-67

4.26 A view of the dam site, Phata Byung HP 4-68 4.27 A view of diversion tunnel, Phata Byung HP 4-68 4.28 Rocks at portals and in the adit/ tunnel are massive and are self

supportive or are have few suppots of rock bolts (1). In the sheared zone (2) rocks are posing problems, Phata Byung HP

4-68

4.29 RCC Retaining walls have been constrcted at the base of muck disposal site, Phata Byung HP

4-69

4.30 A downstream view of Diversion site, Visnuprayag HP. 4-70 4.31 A view of Lambagarh Slide in the Palaeogalcial deposits,

Vishnuprayag HP 4-71

4.32 Muck disposal observed in Vishnuprayag HP 4-70 4.33 A view of diversion site, Vanala HP 4-71 4.34 View of intake channel and desilting tank, Vanala HP 4-71 4.35 Due to cutting of platform for head race channel slopes have

been eroded at places, Vanala HP 4-72

4.36 A View of Power House Site for the Proposed, Alaknanda HP. 4-74 4.37 Large area has been acquired for muck disposal, Alaknanda HP 4-74 4.38 A View of the Site of Power House Location, Khiraoganga HP 4-75 4.39 A View of Power House Site, Bhyunderganga SHP 4-77 4.40 Joint Sets have formed wedges which keep on falling,

Bhyunderganga SHP 4-77

4.41 A View of Developments at Power House Site, Tapovan Vishnugad HP.

4-78

4.42 A View of Water Flowing From Tunnel Portal 4-78 4.43 A View of Muck Disposal Site, where a Number of Retaining

Walls have been Constructed. 4-78

4.44 A view of barrage site, Birahiganga II 4-80 4.45 A View of Major Shear / Fault Plane in Route of Tunnel, Birahi

Ganga 4-80

4.46 A View of Perennial Nala in Route of Tunnel, Birahi Ganga 4-80 4.47 A view of power house under construction Birahi Ganga 4-81 4.48 A View of Barrage Site, Tamak Lata HP 4-82 4.49 Tunnel will pass below the village which is located on dip

slopes, Tamak Lata HP 4-83

4.50 Geological plan of Tehri Gorge showing the project layout 4-84 4.51 Cross section of Tehri Dam. 4-84 4.52 Left Bank of Bhilangna showing shallow slope failuer at the

reservoir rim,Tehri HP 4-85

4.53 Effect of Drawdown of Reservoir – Post Monsoon Slide of debris Cover (Sept. 2010, Tehri-I HP)

4-85

4.54 Demarcation of MRL & slide along rim – Bhilangna Velley, Tehri-I HP

4-85

4.55 Slides due to drawdown, thick debri Cover towards Bhilangana Valley Part of Tehri Reservoir, Tehri-I HP

4-85

4.56 Full Reservoir View–Bhagirathi Valley–Showing MRL and Small Landslide

4-85

AHEC-IITR/2011: Assessment of Cumulative Impact of Hydroelectric Projects in Alaknanda-Bhagirathi Basins xix

FIGURES TITLE PAGE NO. 4.57 Slides close to Reservoir rim, Bhagirathi, Tehri-I HP 4-85 4.58 Slopes suported with retaining wall in TRT – Tehri-I H.P. 4-86 4.59 Muck Dumps –Retaining Walls, Tehri HP 4-86

4.60 Geological Map of Tehri and Koteshwar dam sites 4-86 4.61 Koteshwar Dam-with reinforced slope, Koteshwar HP 4-87

4.62 Reservoir site of Koteshwar Dam (Rocks, dip in to the hill on the left bank, Koteshwar HP)

4-87

4.63 Lithological map of Koteshwar Reservoir. 4-88 4.64 Reservoir, Maneri Bhali-II HP 4-64 4.65 A view of coffer dam at diversion site, Singoli Bhatwari HP 4-93 4.66 A view of diversion channel, Singoli Bhatwari HP 4-93

4.67 A view of Inlet Portal at Intake, Singoli Bhatwari HP 4-93 4.68 A View of different portals of adits, Singoli Bhatwari HP 4-94

4.69 A view of long and wide terrace for power house site and other infrastructures, Singoli Bhatwari HP

4-94

4.70 A View of Sedimentation Chamber, Singoli Bhatwari HP 4-94 4.71 Wire Crated retaining walls have been provided at the base of

dumping yards, Singoli Bhatwari HP 4-94

CHAPTER-5 SEISMOLOGICAL ASPECTS 5.1a Seismic zoning map of India, as per BIS, 1893- 2002. 5-1 5.1b Map of area in and around the catchment area of Alaknanda

and Bhagirathi basins, with seismic zones V, IV, III and II; and tectonic features. AF - Alaknanda Fault. MBT-Main Boundary Thrust, MCT-Main Central Thrust, MFT-Main Frontal Thrust, MT-Martoli Thrust, NAT-North Almora Thrust, RT-Ramgarh Thrust, SAT-South Almora Thrust, Modify.

5-2

5.2 Epicentral map of the area in and around Alaknanda and Bhagirathi valleys, for the period from 15.07.1720 to 31.01.2009 (Source IMD).

5-4

5.3a Steady State Tectonic Model of Himalaya (After Seeber et al. 1981)

5-6

5.3b Evolutionary Tectonic Model of Himalaya (Ni and Barazangi, 1984)

5-6

5.4 (a) Reverse or normal faulting - hanging wall site (b) Reverse or normal faulting, foot-wall site, (c) Strike-Slip Faulting. Comparison of different distance measures found in ground motion prediction equations, using a vertical cross section through a fault rupture plane is also shown in this figure. The rupture distance, (RRUP), is the slant distance to the closest point on rupture plane; Joyner and Boore distance, (RJB), is horizontal distance to surface projection of rupture; (RX), is horizontal distance to surface projection of top edge of rupture, measured perpendicular to strike. Geometric parameters of rupture plane are: depth to top of rupture (ZTOR), down dip rupture width (W), and fault dip (δ). These terms are illustrated for a hypothetical site.

5-9

AHEC-IITR/2011: Assessment of Cumulative Impact of Hydroelectric Projects in Alaknanda-Bhagirathi Basins xx

FIGURES TITLE PAGE NO. 5.5 Geometry of the source showing calculation of depth of energy

release. Case I: when vertical width of rupture is less than focal depth, and Case II: when vertical width of rupture is more than focal depth.

5-10

5.6 Some commonly used measures of source to site distance, (Reiter, 1990). D1 and D2 are hypo-central and epicentral distances, which are the simplest distances to determine after an earthquake. D3 is distance to the energy zone, or zone of high localized stress drop such as an asperity. Campbell (1987) proposed and defined D4 as the closest distance to the seismo-genic rupture. D5 is the closest distance to the surface projection of the fault rupture.

5-11

5.7 Seismotectonic map of the area in and around the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi basins. Epicentral data is same as for Figure 5.2. Tectonic features shown in the map are: AF-Alaknanda Fault. MBT-Main Boundary Thrust, MCT-Main Central Thrust, MFT-Main Frontal Thrust, MT-Martoli Thrust, NAT-North Almora Thrust, RT-Ramgarh Thrust, SAT-South Almora Thrust.

5-13

5.8 Seismotectonic map of area around Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Basins.

5-14

5.9 Local seismicity in the Alaknanda Bhagirathi basin during the period 1994-2009.

5-29

CHAPTER-6 WATER QUALITY, BIODIVERSITY AND RIVER

ECOLOGY

6.1 Map showing location of sampling points for water quality 6-5 6.2(a) Baseline data of Bhagirathi River (from upstream to

downstream) 6-11

6.2(b) Baseline data of Bhagirathi River (from upstream to downstream)

6-11

6.3(a) Basline Data of Alaknanda River (from upstream to downstream)

6-12

6.3(b) Basline Data of Alaknanda River (from upstream to downstream)

6-13

6.4(a) Baseline Data of Mandakini River (from upstream to downstream)

6-13

6.4(b) Baseline Data of Mandakini River (from upstream to downstream)

6-14

6.5(a) Baseline Data of Bhilangna River (from upstream to downstream)

6-14

6.5(b) Baseline Data of Bhagirathi River (from upstream to downstream)

6-15

6.6(a) Water quality data from HP projects (from upstream to downstreak)

6-16

6.6(b) Water quality data from HP projects (from upstream to downstream)

6-16

6.7(a) Water quality data of Tehri HP 6-17 6.7(b) Water Quality data of Tehri HP 6-18

AHEC-IITR/2011: Assessment of Cumulative Impact of Hydroelectric Projects in Alaknanda-Bhagirathi Basins xxi

FIGURES TITLE PAGE NO. 6.8(a) Water quality data for HP projects (from upstream to

downstream) 6-19

6.8(b) Water quality data of HP projects (from upsstream to downstream)

6-25

6.9(a) Water quality data of HP projects 6-26 6.9(b) Water quality data of HP projects 6-27 6.10 Fish Zone of Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Basins 6-48 6.11 Components of an EWR determination and implementation

approach (adapted from Hughes and Louw, 2010) 6-50

6.12 Location of commissioned, under construction HPs and protected areas in Alaknanda and Bhagirathi

6-58

CHAPTER-7 HYDROLOGICAL STUDIES 7.1 Drainage Network and Catchments of Major Rivers 7-2 7.2 Physiography of Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Basin 7-3 7.3 Monthly rainfall at Uttarkasi and Tehri stations in the

Bhagirathi basin 7-5

7.4 Distribution of annual rainfall at Joshimath. 7-9 7.5 Line diagram of Ganga and its major tributaries. 7-9 7.6 CWC discharge gauging stations in Alaknanda and Bhagirathi

Basins 7-11

7.7 Rain gauge Stations in Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Basins 7-13 7.8 Hydrographs and FDCs at Uttarkashi and Tehri in the

Bhagirathi sub-basin at five dependabilities. 7-15

7.9 Variation of flows in the Alaknanda sub-basin with respect to dependabilities for five sites.

7-16

7.10 Variation of flows at Devprayag with respect to dependabilities. 7-16 7.11 Line diagram for drainage network in Alaknanda and

Bhagirathi Basins with existing and under development Hydro Projects

7-31

7.12 The location of major hydropower projects (commissioned, under construction, and proposed)

7-32

7.13 Environmental Management Classification (EMC-Biotic) of the study area

7-36

7.14 Relationship between Cross section area and Hydraulic mean depth at Uttarkashi on Bhagirathi River

7-44

7.15 Relationship between Cross section area and Hydraulic mean depth at Tehri on Bhilangana River

7-45

7.16 Relationship between Cross section area and Hydraulic mean depth at Joshimath on Alkanada River

7-45

7.17 Relationship between Cross section area and Hydraulic mean depth at Karnaprayag on AlkanandaRiver

7-46

7.18 EFR and average 10-daily flow for HEP Sites in Bhagirathi Basin

7-52

7.19 EFR and average 10-daily flow for HEP Sites in Alaknanda basin

7-56

7.20 EFR and average 10 daily flow for religious places 7-62 7.21 Situation when powerhouse is at a distance from the weir. 7-65

AHEC-IITR/2011: Assessment of Cumulative Impact of Hydroelectric Projects in Alaknanda-Bhagirathi Basins xxii

FIGURES TITLE PAGE NO. 7.22 Total running hours for all units of Vishnuprayag project. 7-69 7.23 Total running hours for all units of Maneri-Bhali I project. 7-70 7.24 Total running hours for all units of Maneri-Bhali II project. 7-71 7.25 Daily running hours of all the units of Maneri Bahli II proejct

for three different months 7-72

7.26 Tapovan Vishnugad Project: inflows, tunnel discharge, and downstream discharge as per the DPR (a) and suggested (b).

7-74

7.27 Inflows (90% dependable year), flow for power generation, and EFR for Maneri Bhali II project.

7-77

7.28 Graph showing 10-daily inflows, flow diverted for power generation, and flow in the critical reach for the Loharinag Pala Project.

7-80

7.29 10-daily inflows, proposed flow in the critical reach, and flow diverted for power generation for the Loharinag Pala Project.

7-80

7.30 Graph showing inflow, flow diverted to the power house for energy generation, and the flw in the diverted river reach

7-84

7.31 Rainfall erosivity factor (R) map in the study area 7-89 7.32 Soil map of Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Basins 7-90 7.33 Soil erodibility (K) map of Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Basins. 7-91 7.34 LS factor map of Alaknanda – Bhagirathi catchment 7-93 7.35 Crop cover management factor (C) map of Alaknanda and

Bhagirathi Basins for the year 2000 7-94

7.36 Soil loss map in the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Basins in the year 2000.

7-96

7.37 Crop cover management factor (C) map of Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Basins for the year 2009.

7-97

7.38 Soil loss map in the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Basins for the year 2009.

7-98

7.39 Soil loss map with the location of Hydropower Projects in the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Basins for the year 2009.

7-99

7.40 Basin wise soil loss map with the location of hydropower projects in the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Basins for the year 2009.

7-100

7.41 Possible impact of construction of tunnel on spring path. 7-110 7.43 Pre-monsoon and post monsoon groundwater levels

in hand pumps in Chamoli district 7-114

7.44 Pre-monsoon and post monsoon groundwater levels in Hand Pumps in Uttarkashi district.

7-114

7.45 Range of discharges of spring in different blocks of Chamoli District for pre-monsoon season

7-116

7.46 Range of discharges of spring in different blocks of Chamoli district for post-monsoon season

7-116

7.47 Pre-monsoon season and post monsoon discharges at different locations of Chamoli District

7-118

7.48 Number of water bodies and springs for different blocks in Uttarkashi

7-119

7.49 Range of discharges of spring in different blocks of Uttarkashi for pre-monsoon season

7-119

AHEC-IITR/2011: Assessment of Cumulative Impact of Hydroelectric Projects in Alaknanda-Bhagirathi Basins xxiii

FIGURES TITLE PAGE NO. 7.50 Range of discharges of spring in different blocks of Uttarkashi

district for post-monsoon season 7-120

7.51 Pre-monsoon season and post monsoon discharges at different locations of Uttarkashi District

7-120

7.52 Number of water bodies for different blocks in Rudraprayag 7-122 7.53 Range of discharges of spring in different blocks for

Rudraprayag for pre-monsoon season 7-122

7.54 Range of discharges of spring in different blocks for Rudraprayag for post-monsoon season

7-123

7.55 Location of spring and head race tunnel in Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Basins

7-125

CHAPTER-8 HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT 8.1 Electricity Consumption in Uttarakhand (Total MU 8980) for

year 2009-10 (courtesy: UERC) 8-1

8.2 Share of Electricity of Uttarakhand (8936 MU for 2009-10) (courtesy: UERC)

8-1

8.3 Average Cost of Power From Different Sources (Rs./Unit) for 2009-10 (courtesy: UERC)

8-2

8.4 Run of river hydropower plant. (Maneri Bhali II 300 MW District Uttarkashi)

8-6

8.5 Hydropower plants with reservoir (Tehri stage-I 1000 Mw district Tehri Garhwal)

8-6

8.6 Pumped storage project (Tehri Stage II 1000 MW) 8-7 8.7 Comparison of water withdrawal across fuel cycles 8-8 8.8 Breakdown of water withdrawals based on the water-use stage 8-8 8.9 Energy Payback Ratio for Different Energy Technologies 8-9 8.10 Commissioned Hydropower Projects 8-13 8.11 Hydropower Projects Under Construction 8-14 8.12 Location of Identified Hydropower Projects 8-15 8.13 L section of the river Bhagirathi with three major tributaries. 8-20 8.14 L section of the river Alaknanda and five major tributaries. 8-21 8.15 Location of hydropower projects in Bhagirathi and Alaknanda

Basins 8-22

8.16(a) L-Section of Bhagirathi River with the Hydropower Project Location

8-23

8.16(b) L-Section of Alaknanda with the Hydropower Project Location 8-23 8.16(c) L-Section of Jadh Ganga with the Hydropower Project Location 8-24 8.16(d) L-Section of Asi Ganga and Kaldi Gad with the Hydropower

Project Location 8-24

8.16(e) L-Section of Bal Ganga with the Hydropower Project Location 8-25 8.16(f) L-Section of Bhilangana River with the Hydropower Project

Location 8-25

8.16(g) L-Section of Dhauli Ganga with the Hydropower Project Location

8-26

8.16(h) L-Section of Rishi Ganga River with the Hydropower Project Location

8-26

AHEC-IITR/2011: Assessment of Cumulative Impact of Hydroelectric Projects in Alaknanda-Bhagirathi Basins xxiv

FIGURES TITLE PAGE NO. 8.16(i) L-Section of Birahi Ganga with the Hydropower Project

Location 8-27

8.16(j) L-Section of Nandakini River with the Hydropower Project Location

8-27

8.16(k) L-Section of Mandakini River with the Hydropower Project Location

8-28

8.16(l) L-Section of Pindar River with the Hydropower Project Location

8-28

8.17 Tranmission Network in Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Basins 8-55 8.18 Diverted river stretch and submerge area of Alaknanda and

Bhagirathi Basins 8-43

8.19(a) Annual Generation per unit discharge cumecs for Alaknanda River

8-45

8.19(b) Annual Generation per unit discharge cumecs for Bhagirathi River

8-45

8.20(a) Annual Generation for per meter of head available in the Alaknanda River

8-46

8.20(b) Annual Generation for per meter of head available in the Bhagirathi River

8-46

8.21(a) Annual Generation per MW of installed capacity of the plants in the Alaknanda River

8-47

8.21(b) Annual Generation per MW of installed capacity of the plants in the Bhagirathi River

8-47

8.22(a) Annual Generation for each m length of river diverted in the Alaknanda

8-48

8.22(b) Annual Generation for each m length of river diverted in the Bhagirathi River

8-48

8.23(a) Ratio of diversion length (water conductor system for hydropower projects with length of river stretch diverted) for Alaknanda River

8-49

8.23(b) Ratio of diversion length (water conductor system for hydropower projects with length of river stretch diverted) for Bhagirathi River

8-49

8.24(a) Investment on per unit discharge of water used from the Alaknanda river for power generation

8-50

8.24(b) Investment on per unit discharge of water used from the Bhagirathi river for power generation

8-51

8.25(a) Investment on per unit head of Alaknanda River stretch used for power generation

8-51

8.25(b) Investment on per unit head of Bhagirathi River stretch used for power generation

8-52

8.26(a) Investment per MW of installed capacity of the plant for power generation in Alaknanda River

8-52

8.26(b) Investment per MW of installed capacity of the plant for power generation in Bhagirathi River

8-53

8.27(a) Gross Storage of hydropower projects in Alaknanda River 8-53 8.27(b) Gross Storage of hydropower projects in Bhagirathi River 8-54

AHEC-IITR/2011: Assessment of Cumulative Impact of Hydroelectric Projects in Alaknanda-Bhagirathi Basins xxv

FIGURES TITLE PAGE NO. CHAPTER-9 IMPACT ON PLACES OF CULTURAL & RELIGIOUS

IMPORTANCE

9.1 Confluence of Alaknanda and Dhauli Ganga at Vishnuprayag (Photograph taken on January 23, 2011)

9-7

9.2 Panch Prayag– Five Holy Confluences 9-7 9.3 Char Dham 9-8 9.4 Maps of Sites in Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Basins showing

placed of religious and cultural importance and protected for survey

9-11

9.5 River Upstream of Maneri Bhali I (Photograph Taken on 28/11/2010)

9-13

9.6 Reservoir of Maneri Bhali I (Photograph Taken on 28/11/2010) 9-13 9.7 River Downstream from Maneri Bhali I Diversion Point

(Photograph Taken on 29/11/2010) 9-13

9.8 Tap Water Replaces Ganga Jal 9-16 CHAPTER-10 HYDROPOWER AND STAKEHOLDER 10.1 Distribution of population according to caste 10-11 10.2 Distribution of population (male-female %) 10-11 10.3 Education level of population 10-11 10.4 Employment distribution 10-11 10.5 Distribution of population according to caste 10-14 10.6 Distribution of population (male-female %) 10-14 10.7 Education level of population 10-14 10.8 Employment distribution 10-14 10.9 Media Coverage of the Youth Day Celebration 10-23 10.10 Temple at Falai Village 10-28 10.11 Sewing Centre at Village Singoli 10-28 10.12 Pathway to Village Basti 10-28 10.13 Pathway to Village Banswara 10-28 10.14 Medical Camp 10-29 10.15 Computer Centre 10-29 10.16 Cowshed at Augustyamuni 10-29 10.17 Police Help Centre 10-29 10.18 150 Traffic Sign Boards along NH-109 10-29 10.19 Tree Plantation at Village Fali Fasalat 10-29 10.20 Tree Plantation at Village Bhere 10-29 10.21 Path for cremation Ghat (Damar Village) 10-30 10.22 Sewing Machines to Local Villagers 10-30 10.23 Maternity home at Kakola Village 10-30 10.24 RCC Culvert at Kakola Village 10-30 10.25 Street Lighting in Project Affected Villages 10-33 10.26 Bridge & Pathway at Village Bhangul 10-33 10.27 Shifting of Temple from its original place maintaining

Archeological Structure of the Temple. 10-33

10.28 Government Inter College (temporary) at Village Tapovan 10-33 10.29 Primary School at Village Selong 10-33 10.30 Footpath from NH-58 for Village Selong 10-34

AHEC-IITR/2011: Assessment of Cumulative Impact of Hydroelectric Projects in Alaknanda-Bhagirathi Basins xxvi

FIGURES TITLE PAGE NO. 10.31 ITI adopted by NTPC at Joshimath 10-31 10.32 Insurance Coverage-All project affected villages 10-34 10.33 Wooden Flooring & Tile Work at Badrinath Temple 10-34 10.34 Medical Camp in Project Affected Villages 10-34 10.35 Teacher’s day celebration in Lambagarh (Junior High School

Lambagarh) 10-39

10.36 Identifying the impacts during construction of hydropower projects

10-43

10.37 Erosions of slopes due to construction of power channel platform

10-44

10.38 Muck disposal sites of Tapovan Vishnuprayag HP 10-45 10.39 Muck disposal sites of Phata Byong HP 10-46 10.40(a) Disposal of muck along the river in the Srinagar HP at places

wire crated boulder retaining walls have been placed 10-47

10.40(b) Muck disposal along Alaknanda river in Srinagar HP projects without any retaining walls

10-47

10.40(c) A view of Srinagar HP project constructed channel and Haphazard dumping of material are seen

10-47

10.41 Map of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve 10-58 10.42 Some of the precious flowering species of Valley of Flower 10-59 10.44 Networking identifying the impacts after the commission of HP

project 10-61

10.45 Network identifying the impacts after the commissioning of RoR project

10-62