contract documents essentials

8/13/2019 Contract Documents Essentials

1/24

1

SEMINAR REPORT

On

CONTRACT DOCUMENTS

SUBMITTED

TO

VISVESWARAIAH TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELGAUM

FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF VIII SEM DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF

ENGINEERING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

BY

KATTAMREDDY ROHITH REDDY

USN -1BI09CV031

VIII Semester Civil Engineering

Under The Guidance of:

Dr K.C. JAYARAMUAsst Professor,

Department of Civil Engineering

BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY(Affiliated To Visveswaraiah Technological University)

Bangalore-560004


2/24

2

BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

BANGALORE -560004

CERTIFICATEThis is to certify that KATTAMREDDY ROHITH REDDY bearinguniversity USN-1BI09CV031 has submitted the report on CONTRACTDOCUMENTSin partial fulfillment of theVIII SEM CIVIL ENGINEERINGcourse in as prescribed by the Visveswaraiah Technological University during

the academic year 2013-2014, under the guidance of Dr KC JAYARAMUAsstProfessor, Dept of civil engineering.

Dr . A.G NATARAJ Dr K.C. JAYARAMU

H.O.D Professor

Professor Dept. of Civil Engg

Dept. of Civil Engg


3/24

3

INTRODUCTION

CONTRACT is an undertaking by a person or firm to do a work under certain

terms and conditions. The work may be for the construction or maintenance and

repairs, for the construction, supply of materials, for supply of labors, for

transport , etc.

In contract system the work is got done through contractors who arrange all

materials, workers and services required for completion of work in time. A

contract agreement is a bond , the contractor and department are bound by

terms and conditions. The contract agreement consists of various documents

that work to be done, time limit, woks and rates, detailed specifications, etc.

Thecontract documents are one of the most important pieces that will

guarantee of a successful project. This list contains the most common

documents that must form part of every construction contract. Before thework

is given out on contract an agreement or bond is prepared.

The following documents shall be attached to the contract agreement or

bond which should be duly endorsed and sealed. Each page shall bear the

signature of the contractor and the accepting authority and all corrections shall

be similarly initialed.

,
http://construction.about.com/od/Cost-Control/a/Contract-Agreements.htmhttp://construction.about.com/od/Cost-Control/a/Contract-Agreements.htm


4/24

4

1. Title page

- having the name of work, contract bond numbered.

FIG 1.An example for title of a contract document


5/24

5

2. Index page

- having the contents of the agreement with page references.

FIG 2: An example showing index page


6/24

6

3.Tender notice-

giving brief description of the work, estimated cost of work, date and time of the tender,

amount of earnest money and security money ,time of completion,etc.earnest money, usually

2% of the estimated cost is deposited along with tender.

1. Sealed tenders will be received upto------A.M / P.M on the -----of 19 ----by theexecutive engineer ---------division of the following work:-

Name of the work---------------------estimated cost RS---------------.

2. The work must be completely finished to the satisfaction of the executive engineerwithin--------------------months from the date of the order to commence the work.

3. The tender form with complete sets of blank forms of contract can be obtained fromthe office of executive engineer ---------------division at -----------------every day from

--------------------A.M to -----------------P.M at a charge of RS. --------per set.

4. Each tender must be accompanied by a deposit of RS. ------------as earnest money.such earnest money may be of following forms:-

a) Cash or treasury challan.b) Post office savings bank pass book having the requisite amount in the account,

pledged to the executive engineer.

c) Deposit receipt of state bank or other approved bank pledged to the executive

engineer.

e) National plan or national saving certificate pledged to the executive engineer.

5. The tenders will be opened at -----------------A.M / P.M on the -----of 19 ----by theexecutive engineer at the office at-----.

6. Power is reserved to reject any tender or all tenders without assigning any reason orgiven any explanation.


7/24

7

7. Unless the person, whose tender has been accepted, signs the contract and depositsthe security specified withindays, the earnest money deposited by him will be

forfeited and the acceptance of his tender will be withdrawn.

8. The tendered rates shall be for the complete work and shall include all quarryingcharges, royalty, testing, screening, tools and plants, carriage of materials to site,

removal and changes of rejected materials, all taxes, income-tax, salestax, octroi

charges, materials, labour, etc.

9. The tender rates will remain valid for a period of three months from date of openingtenders.

10.The quantities in the bill of quantities are approximately and liable to variation orcancellation for which contractor will not be entitled to any compensation. The

quantities of any item or items and the total cost may vary by 20% for which ratesshall not be altered.

11.The rate should be quoted in the bill of quantities, legibly both in figures and words.


8/24

8

4.Tender form-

giving the bill of quantities, contractorsrates.

a) Total cost of works

b) Time for completion

c) Progress of works:Construction Work-in-Progress is a long-term asset account in whichthe costs of constructing long-term assets are recorded. The account Construction Work-in-

Progress will have a debit balance and will be reported on the balance sheet as part of a

company's Property, Plant and Equipment.

The costs of a constructed asset are accumulated in the account Construction Work-in-

Progress until the asset is placed into service. When the asset is completed and placed into

service, the account Construction Work-in-Progress will be credited for the accumulated

costs of the asset and will be debited to the appropriate Property, Plant and Equipment

account. Depreciation begins after the asset has been placed into service.

d) Security money-on acceptance of the tender, the contractor has to deposit 10% of the

tendered amount as security money with the department which is inclusive of the earnest

money already deposited. This amount is kept as a check so that the contractor fulfils the

terms and conditions of contract and carries out the work satisfactorily according to the

specifications and maintains progress and completes the work in time. If the contractor fails

to fulfill the terms of contract his whole or part of security money is forfeited by the

department. The security money is refunded to the contractor after the satisfactory

completion of the whole work after a specified time, usually after one rainy season or six

months of the completion of the work.

Instead of collecting the whole of security money in one installment before starting the work

this can be collected gradually by deducting from the running account bill of the contractor.

Usually the earnest money is taken as part of the security money and the balance amount of

the security money is collected by deduction from the running account bill of the contractor

at 10% of the every running bill, up to the extent of 10 percent of the total cost of whole

work.


9/24

9

Earnest money- Earnest money should be in cash or encashable at any time. Earnest money

may be in the form of deposit in treasury or state bank or other approved bank or government

security, or savings certificate or post office, savings pass book or cash certificate, pledged to

the executive engineer.

While submitting a tender the contractor is to deposit a certain amount, about 2% of the

estimated cost, with the department, as earnest money as guarantee of the tender. This

amount is for a check so that the contractor may not refuse to accept the work or run away

when his tender is accepted. In case the contractor refuses to take up the work his earnest

money is forfeited. Earnest money of the tender whose tender has not been accepted is

refundable. The amount of earnest money depends on the estimated cost of works and is as

follows:-

Rs. 50.00 for works up to Rs. 2,000.00, Rs. 100.00 for works above Rs. 2,000.00 to Rs.

5,000.00, Rs. 200.00 for works above Rs. 5,000.00 to Rs. 10,000.00 and Rs. 100.00 for every

Rs. 5,000.00 or part thereof above Rs.10, 000.00.

e) Penalty clause-

1. Delay in completion of work.

2. Defects in workmanship.

3. Replacement of materials in the event of job standard materials used which will not match

with specification.

4. Escalation in prices if considerable, the contractor has to b suitably compensated.

5. in case of delayed payment by clients, the percentage payable to contractor


10/24

10

5. Estimate:

Before undertaking the construction of a project it is necessary to know its probable cost

which is worked out by estimating. An estimate is a computation or calculation of the

quantities required and expenditure likely to be incurred in the construction of a work.

The primary object of the estimate is to enable one to know beforehand, the cost of a work

.the estimate cost is the probable cost of a work and is determined theoretically by

mathematical calculations based on the plans and drawing and current rates. Approximately

estimate may be prepared by various methods but accurate estimate is prepared by detailed

estimate method.

Actual cost-the actual cost of a work is known at the completion of the work. Account of all

expenditure is maintained dayto-day during the execution of work in account section and at

the end of the completion of the work when the account is completed, the actual cost isknown .the actual cost should not differ much from estimated cost worked out at the

beginning.

Detailed estimate- preparation of detailed estimate consists of working out the quantities of

different items of work and then working out the cost i.e, the estimate is prepared in two

stages:-

i) Details of measurements and calculation of quantitiesthe whole work is dividedinto different items of work s earthwork, concrete, bridge work, etc .and the items

are classified and grouped under different sub-heads and details of measurement

of each item of work are taken out and quantities under each item are

compounded in prescribed formdetails of measurement form

Details of measurement form:-

Item no Description

of particulars

No. Height Breadth Length


11/24

11

ii) Abstract of estimated cost: the cost under item of work is calculated from thequantities already computed at workable rate and total cost is worked out in a

prescribed form, abstract of estimate form. A percentage of 3 to 5 percent is added

for contingencies, to allow for pretty contingent expenditures, unforeseen

expenditures changes in design, changes in rates which may occur during the

execution of the work. A percentage of 11/2 and 2 per cent is also added to meet

the expenditure of work charged establishment.the grand total thus obtaind is the

estimated cost of the work.

Abstract of estimate form:-

Item no DESCRIPTION

OF

PARTICULARS

Quantity Unit Rate Amount

In the above form the description of each item should be such as to express exactly what

work ,material, proportions of mortar, etc. have been provided for.


12/24

12

6.Bill of quantities

giving quantities and rates of each item of work and cost of each item of work and the total

cost of the whole work. The bill of quantities (sometimes referred to as 'BoQ') is a document

prepared by thecost consultant (often aquantity surveyor) that provides project specific

measured quantities of the items of work identified by the drawings andspecifications in

thetender documentation.The quantities may be measured in number, length, area, volume,

weight or time. Preparing a bill of quantities requires that the design is complete and a

specification has been prepared.

The bill of quantities is issued totenderers for them to prepare a price for carrying out the

works. The bill of quantities assiststenderers in the calculation ofconstruction costs for

theirtender, and, as it means all tenderingcontractors will be pricing the same quantities

(rather than taking-off quantities from thedrawings andspecifications themselves), it also

provides a fair and accurate system fortendering.

Thecontractortenders against the bill of quantities, stating their price for each item.

Thispriced bill of quantities constitutes thetenderer's offer. As the offer is built up of

prescribed items, it is possible to compare both the overall price and individual items directly

with othertenderersoffers, allowing a detailed assessment of which aspects of atender may

offer good or poorvalue.This information can assist with tender.

Thepriced bill of quantities will also:

Assist with the agreement of thecontract sum with the successfultenderer. Provide aschedule of rates assisting with the valuation ofvariations. Provide a basis for the valuation ofinterim payments. Provide a basis for the preparation of thefinal account.

PREPARINGBILLS OF QUANTITIES

It is very important that bills of quantities are prepared according to a standard, widely

recognized methodology. This helps avoid any ambiguities or misunderstandings and so

helps avoiddisputes arising through different interpretations of what has been priced. In

theUK,bills of quantities for general construction works were until most commonly
http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cost_consultanthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Quantity_surveyorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Drawingshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tender_documentationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tenderhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tenderhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Constructionhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tenderhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tenderinghttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Drawingshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tenderinghttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tendershttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Priced_bill_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tenderhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tenderhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tenderhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tenderhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Valuehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Priced_bill_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contract_sumhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tenderhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Schedule_of_rateshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Variationshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Interim_paymenthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Final_accounthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Bills_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Bills_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Disputeshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/UKhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Bills_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Constructionhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Constructionhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Bills_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/UKhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Disputeshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Bills_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Bills_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Final_accounthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Interim_paymenthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Variationshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Schedule_of_rateshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tenderhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contract_sumhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Priced_bill_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Valuehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tenderhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tenderhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tenderhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Priced_bill_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tendershttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tenderinghttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Drawingshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tenderinghttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tenderhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Constructionhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tenderhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tenderhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tender_documentationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Drawingshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Quantity_surveyorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cost_consultant


13/24

13

prepared in accordance with theStandard Method of Measurement, currently in its 7th

Edition (SMM7). However, a new standard, theNew Rules of Measurementbecame

operative on 1 January 2013 and replacedSMM7 on 1st July 2013.

NB Other methods of measurement are used forcivil engineering works (Civil Engineering

Method of Measurement) currently in its 3rd Edition (CESMM).

SMM7 adopted the Common Arrangement of Work Sections (CAWS), a standard method

for categorizing the works (see the Construction Project Information Committee (CPIC)).

This is also the categorization of work that is used for theNational Building

Specification (nbs):

A -Preliminaries and general conditions. B - Complete buildings, structures and units. C - Existing site, buildings and services. D - Groundwork. E - In situ concrete and large precast concrete. F - Masonry. G - Structural carcassing, metal andtimber. H - Cladding and covering. J - Waterproofing. K - Linings, sheathing and dry partitioning.

L - Windows, doors andstairs. M - Surface finishes. N - Furniture andequipment. P - Building fabric sundries. Q - Paving, planting, fencing and site furniture. R - Disposal systems. S - Piped supply systems. T - Mechanical heating, cooling and refrigeration systems. U - Ventilation and air conditioning systems. V - Electrical systems. W - Communications, security,safety and protection systems. X - Transport systems. Y - Generalengineering services.
http://www.rics.org/us/shop/SMM7-Standard-Method-of-Measurement-for-Building-Works.aspxhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/SMM7http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/New_Rules_of_Measurementhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/SMM7http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Civil_engineeringhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/SMM7http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Common_Arrangement_of_Work_Sectionshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/CAWShttp://www.cpic.org.uk/en/publications/common-arrangement-listing.cfmhttp://www.thenbs.com/products/nbsPreliminaries.asphttp://www.thenbs.com/products/nbsPreliminaries.asphttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Nbshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Preliminarieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Timberhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Stairshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Equipmenthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Safetyhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Engineerhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Engineerhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Safetyhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Equipmenthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Stairshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Timberhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Preliminarieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Nbshttp://www.thenbs.com/products/nbsPreliminaries.asphttp://www.thenbs.com/products/nbsPreliminaries.asphttp://www.cpic.org.uk/en/publications/common-arrangement-listing.cfmhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/CAWShttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Common_Arrangement_of_Work_Sectionshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/SMM7http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Civil_engineeringhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/SMM7http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/New_Rules_of_Measurementhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/SMM7http://www.rics.org/us/shop/SMM7-Standard-Method-of-Measurement-for-Building-Works.aspx


14/24

14

Z - Building fabric referencespecification.However, this system is currently undergoing considerable change, withCAWSbeing

incorporated intoUniclass,andUniclassbeing replaced withUniclass2 In addition,NRM has

moved away from theCommon Arrangement of Work Sections (CAWS) to adopt its own

system of indexing .

Bills of quantities can be prepared elementally or in workspackages,and are most useful to

thecontractor when they are prepared in work sections that reflect likelysub-

contractpackages. This makes it easier for thecontractor to obtain prices fromsub-

contractors and is more likely to result in an accurate and competitive price.

The bill of quantities should identify the different kinds of work required, but should not

specify them as this can lead to confusion between information in the bill of quantities and

information in thespecification itself.

Disputes can occur where there is discrepancy between the bill of quantities and the rest of

thetender documents (for example where an item is included in

thedrawings andspecificationbut not in the bill of quantities), or where there has been an

arithmetical error. Generally thepriced bill of quantities will take precedent, and

theclient will be responsible for their own errors or omissions, which may be classified

asrelevant events (orcompensation events) giving rise toclaims for anextension of

time andloss and expense. However if an ambiguity or error is noticed by

thecontractor during thetender process,it is best practice for them to tell theclient,even ifthere may be some commercial advantage to them not doing so.

Increasingly, softwarepackages are available to assist in the preparation of preparation

ofbills of quantities,andbuilding information modeling systems can be used to producebills

of quantities from information already contained within the model.

Bills of quantities are normally only prepared on larger projects. On smaller projects, or for

alteration work thecontractor can be expected to measure their own quantities fromdrawings

and schedules of work. Schedules of work are 'without quantities'instructional lists that

allow thecontractor to identify significant work and materials that will be needed to

complete the works and to calculate the quantities that will be required.

APPROXIMATE BILL OF QUANTITIES

An approximate bill of quantities (or notional bill of quantities) can be used on projects

where it is not possible to prepare a firm bill of quantities at the time oftendering, for
http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/CAWShttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Uniclasshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Uniclasshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Uniclass2http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/NRMhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Common_Arrangement_of_Work_Sectionshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/CAWShttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Bills_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Packageshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Sub-contracthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Sub-contracthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Packageshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Sub-contractorshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Sub-contractorshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Disputeshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tender_documentshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Drawingshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Priced_bill_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Clienthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Relevant_eventshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Compensation_eventshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Claimshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Extension_of_timehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Extension_of_timehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Loss_and_expensehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tender_processhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Clienthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Packageshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Bills_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Building_Information_Modellinghttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Bills_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Bills_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Bills_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Drawingshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Schedules_of_workhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Instructionhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Approximate_bill_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Approximate_bill_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Notional_bill_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tenderinghttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tenderinghttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Notional_bill_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Approximate_bill_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Approximate_bill_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Instructionhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Schedules_of_workhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Schedules_of_workhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Drawingshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Bills_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Bills_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Bills_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Building_Information_Modellinghttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Bills_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Packageshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Clienthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tender_processhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Loss_and_expensehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Extension_of_timehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Extension_of_timehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Claimshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Compensation_eventshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Relevant_eventshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Clienthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Priced_bill_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Drawingshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tender_documentshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Disputeshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Sub-contractorshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Sub-contractorshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Packageshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Sub-contracthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Sub-contracthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Packageshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Bills_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/CAWShttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Common_Arrangement_of_Work_Sectionshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/NRMhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Uniclass2http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Uniclasshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Uniclasshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/CAWShttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specification


15/24

15

example if the design is relatively complete, but exact quantities are not yet known. However

this will tend to result in morevariations duringconstruction and so less price certainty when

the investment decision is made.

Somecontracts allows for re-measurement of approximate quantities (for example, this is

common on cut and fill on road works). Here, quantities are simply revised

andpayments made accordingly without the need to instruct avariation.

If an approximate quantity turns out not to have been a realistic estimate of the quantity

actually required, this may constitute arelevant event giving rise toclaims for anextension

of time andloss and expense.

Approximate bills of quantities can also be used during thedesign process as a tool for

controlling design. They are then sometimes included in thetender documents as a guide

with a caveat stating that responsibility for measuring quantities lies with the contractor,

anddrawings andspecifications take priority over any description in the approximate bills .

7.Schedules

a) Schedule of issue of materials-giving list of materials to be issued to the contractor with

rate and place of issue.

b) Schedule of work-: schedule of work are 'without quantities'instructional lists often

produced on smaller projects or for alteration work. They are an alternative tobills of

quantities, allowing pricing of items such asbuilders work and fixing schedules (such as

sanitary fittings, doors, windows, ironmongery, light fittings, louvers, roller shutters,

diffusers, grilles and manholes).

Schedules of work are prepared bydesigners rather than by thecost consultant.They may be

prepared as part of theproduction information alongsidedrawings,specifications,bills of

quantities and preliminaries and are likely to form part of thetender documentation and

thencontract documents.

Schedules simply list the work required. Any information about quality should be provided

by reference to specifications,and information about location and size should be provided
http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Variationshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Constructionhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Paymenthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Variationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Relevant_eventhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Claimshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Extension_of_timehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Extension_of_timehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Loss_and_expensehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Bills_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Design_processhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tender_documentshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Drawingshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Instructionhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Bills_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Bills_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Builderhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Schedules_of_workhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Designershttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cost_consultanthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Production_informationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Drawingshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Bills_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Bills_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tender_documentationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contract_documentshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contract_documentshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tender_documentationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Bills_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Bills_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Drawingshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Production_informationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cost_consultanthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Designershttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Schedules_of_workhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Builderhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Bills_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Bills_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Instructionhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Drawingshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tender_documentshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Design_processhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Bills_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Loss_and_expensehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Extension_of_timehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Extension_of_timehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Claimshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Relevant_eventhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Variationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Paymenthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Constructionhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Variations


16/24

16

ondrawings. Where a schedule includes a description of the work required, this is a

'specified'schedule of work.

Schedules should allow thecontractor to identify significant work and materials that will be

needed to complete the works and to calculate the quantities that will be required. As a

consequence, it is important thatschedules of workproperly describe every significant item

of work to which they relate. Failure to do so may result in a claim by thecontractor.

Schedules of work can be arranged on an elemental basis (for example groundwork,

concrete, masonry etc.) or on a room by room basis.

8. specifications-

Specification specifies or describes the nature and the class of the work, materials to be used

in the work, workmanship, etc., and is very important for the execution of the work. The cost

of a work depends much on the specifications. Specifications should be clear, and there

should not be any ambiguity anywhere. From the study of the specifications one can easily

understand the nature of the work and what the work shall be. The drawings of a building or

structure show the arrangement of the rooms and various parts. Drawings do not furnish the

details of different items of work, the quantities of materials, proportion of mortar and

workmanship which are described in specifications. Thus the combinations of drawings and

specifications define completely the structure. Drawings and specifications form important

parts of contract document.

During writing specification attempts should be made to express all the requirements of the

work clearly and in a concise form avoiding repetition. As far as possible, the clauses of the

specification should be arranged in the same order in which the work will be carried out. The

specifications are written in a language so that they indicate what the work should be and

words "shall be" or "should be" are used.

Specifications depend on the nature of the work, the purpose for which the work is required,

strength of the materials, availability of the materials, quality of materials, etc.
http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Drawingshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Schedule_of_workhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Schedules_of_workhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Schedules_of_workhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Schedules_of_workhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Schedules_of_workhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Schedule_of_workhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Drawings


17/24

17

They are written documents that describe the materials andworkmanship required for a

development. They do not include cost, quantity or drawn information, and so need to be

read alongside othercontract documentation such as quantities, schedules anddrawings.

Likewise, written information about materials andworkmanship should not appear

ondrawings or inbills of quantities, instead they should refer to the appropriate clauses in

thespecification.

Specifications vary considerably depending on the stage to which the design has been

developed when the project istendered, ranging fromperformance

specifications (openspecifications) that require further design work to be carried out by

thecontractor,to prescriptivespecifications (closedspecification)where the design is already

complete and no choices are left to thecontractor.

Prescriptivespecifications give theclient more certainty about the end product when they

make their final investment decision (i.e. when theyappoint thecontractor), whereas

aperformance specification gives the contractor more scope to innovate, and adopt cost

effective methods of work, potentially offering bettervalue for money.

Typically,performance specifications are written on projects that are straight-forward and are

well-known building types, whereas prescriptivespecifications are written for more complex

buildings, or buildings where theclient has requirements that might not be familiar

tocontractors and where certainty regarding the exact nature of the completed development

is more important to theclient.An exception to this might be a repeatclient such as a largeretailer, where a specific, branded end result is required and so whilst the building type is

well known, thespecification is likely to be prescriptive.

Most projects will involve a combination of performance and prescriptivespecifications.

Items crucial to the design will be specified prescriptively (such as external cladding) whilst

less critical items are specified only by performance (such as service lifts).

Key to deciding whether to specify a building component prescriptively or not, is considering

who is most likely to achieve bestvalue,theclient,thedesigners or thecontractor:

Largeclients may be able to procure certain products at competitive rates themselves (forexample the government),

Somedesigners may have particular experience of using a specific product (althoughsomeclients may not allowdesigners to specify particular products as they believe it
http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Workmanshiphttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contract_documentationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Drawingshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Workmanshiphttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Drawingshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Bills_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tenderhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Performance_specificationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Performance_specificationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Clienthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Appointhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Performance_specificationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Value_for_moneyhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Performance_specificationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Clienthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Clienthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Clienthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Valuehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Clienthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Designershttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Clientshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Designershttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Clientshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Designershttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Designershttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Clientshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Designershttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Clientshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Designershttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Clienthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Valuehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Clienthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Clienthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Clienthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Performance_specificationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Value_for_moneyhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Performance_specificationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Appointhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Clienthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Performance_specificationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Performance_specificationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tenderhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Bills_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Drawingshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Workmanshiphttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Drawingshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contract_documentationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Workmanship


18/24

18

restricts competition and innovation and may relieve thecontractor of their liability for

'fitness for purpose').

Thecontractor may be best placed to specify products that affect build ability.Specifications should be developed iteratively alongside the design, and not left until the

preparation of production information. Bytender they should describe every aspect of the

building in such a way that there is no uncertainty about what thecontractor is pricing.

Aspects of the works are generally specified by:

Products (by standard, a description of attributes, naming (perhaps allowing equivalentalternatives) or by nominating suppliers).

Workmanship (by compliance with manufacturers requirements, reference to a code ofpractice or standards or by approval of samples or by testing).

It should be possible to verify standards of products andworkmanshipby testing,inspection,

mock-ups and samples, and documentation such as manufacturerscertificates.

Specifications should be structured according towork packages mirroring the separation of

the works intosub-contracts.This makes it easier for thecontractor to price and so may result

in a more accuratetender.TheCommon Arrangement of Work Sections (CAWS) includes

300 different work sections, reflecting the range of specialists andsub-contractors in

common use. Proprietaryspecifications (such as the National BuildingSpecification (NBS))

follow theCommon Arrangement of Work Sections (CAWS) and are continually updated.

Subscribing to such a service ensures that all clauses and standards referred to in aspecification are up to date.

NB This system is currently undergoing considerable change, withCAWSbeing

incorporated into Uniclass, Uniclass being replaced withUniclass2 andSMM7being

superceded by theNew Rules of Measurement(NRM).NRM uses its own system of

indexing. SeeCAWS orNew Rules of Measurement for more information.

The development ofBuilding Information Modeling (BIM) can allow the creation of a

building model populated withspecification information meaning that there is no need to

prepare a separatespecification

Specifications are of two types:-

(1)General specification
http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Fitness_for_purposehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Buildabilityhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Production_informationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tenderhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Workmanshiphttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Workmanshiphttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Inspectionhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Certificateshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Work_packageshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Sub-contracthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tenderhttp://www.cpic.org.uk/en/publications/common-arrangement-listing.cfmhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/CAWShttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Sub-contractorshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Nbshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Common_Arrangement_of_Work_Sectionshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/CAWShttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/CAWShttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Uniclass2http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/SMM7http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/New_Rules_of_Measurementhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/NRMhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/NRMhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/CAWShttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/New_Rules_of_Measurementhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Building_Information_Modellinghttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Bimhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Bimhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Building_Information_Modellinghttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/New_Rules_of_Measurementhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/CAWShttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/NRMhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/NRMhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/New_Rules_of_Measurementhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/SMM7http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Uniclass2http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/CAWShttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/CAWShttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Common_Arrangement_of_Work_Sectionshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Nbshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Sub-contractorshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/CAWShttp://www.cpic.org.uk/en/publications/common-arrangement-listing.cfmhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tenderhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Sub-contracthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Work_packageshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Certificateshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Inspectionhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Workmanshiphttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Workmanshiphttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Tenderhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Production_informationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Buildabilityhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Fitness_for_purposehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractor


19/24

19

(2) Detailed specification.

General specification or Brief specification- General specification gives the nature and

class of the work materials in general terms, to be used in various parts of the work, from the

foundation to the super structure. It is a short description of different parts of the work

specifying materials, proportions, qualities, etc. General specifications give general idea of

the whole work or structure useful for preparing the estimate.

Detailed Specifications-The detailed specification is a detailed description and expresses the

requirements in detail.

The detailed specification of an item of work specifies the qualities and quantities of

materials, the proportion of mortar, workmanship, the method of preparation and execution

and the methods of measurement.

The detailed specifications of different items of work are prepared separately, and describe

what the works should be and how they shall be executed and constructed. Detailed

specifications are written to express the requirements clearly in a concise form avoiding

repetition and ambiguity. The detailed specifications are arranged as far as possible in the

same sequence of order as the work is carried out. The detailed specifications form an

important part of contract document.

Every engineering department prepares the detailed specifications of various items of works

and get them printed in book form under the name 'Detailed specifications'. When the work,

or a structure or project is taken up, instead of writing detailed specification every time, the

printed Detailed Specifications are referred.

The detailed specifications of different items of work are prepared separately, and describe

what the works should be and how they shall be executed and constructed. Detailed

specifications are written to express the requirements clearly in a concise form avoiding

repetition and ambiguity. The detailed specifications are arranged as far as possible in the

same sequence of order as the work is carried out. The detailed specifications form an

important part of contract document.


20/24

20

9.Drawings

-complete act of drawings including:

Planes

Elevations

Sections

Detailed drawings

The plan and all fully dimensioned.

FIG 3;A drawing of sectional elevation of a three room building


21/24

21

10.Condition of contract

-containing the terms and conditions of contract in detail. The conditions specify the

following:-

a) Rates inclusive of materials, transport, labour, Tand P, all other agreements are necessary

for completion of work

b) Amount of security money

c) Time for completion of the work

d) Progress to be maintained

e) Penalty for unsatisfactory and bad work, for failure in maintaining progress, for delay in

completion

FIG 4; A drawing showing plan of a three room building


22/24

22

f) Mode of payment, running account payment, final payment, security money refund

g) Extension of time limit of contract

h) Rules of for employment of debitable agency, termination of contract

i) Minimum wages to labour, compensation to labour

Contract conditions set out the principal legal relationship between the parties to

aconstructionproject, determining the allocation ofrisk and consequently, price.

English law, unlike the codified legal systems in Europe, which recognize a duty ofgood

faith, is not concerned with fairness but with certainty (unless it is a

consumercontractprotected by statute such as the Consumer Protection Act 1987 or

theUnfair Contract Terms Act 1977 )

Theconstruction sector has a wide range of standard forms ofcontract which are intended to

balance therisk of the parties but more importantly, through extensive and repeated use, give

rise to a certainty of meaning. Well known standard formcontracts include theJoint

Contracts Tribunal (JCT), theNew Engineering Contract (NEC) and for international

projectsFederation International des Ingenieurs-Conseil (FIDIC).

NB Standard formcontracts also provide for differentprocurement routes,such as:

Construction management. Design and build. Design build finance and operate (PPP /PFI / DBO / BOOT). Emerging cost contracts. Engineering Procurement and Construction Contract (EPC) /Turnkey contract Engineering Procurement and Construction Management contract (EPCM) FF&E (Furniture, Fixtures and Equipment)contract. Framework agreements. Management contract. Measured term contracts Measurement contract ('re-measurement' or measure andvaluecontract)
http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contract_conditionshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Constructionhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Riskhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Good_faithhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Good_faithhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contracthttp://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1987/43http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1977/50http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Constructionhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contracthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Riskhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractshttp://www.jctcontracts.com/http://www.jctcontracts.com/http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/JCThttp://www.neccontract.com/http://www.fidic.org/http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Procurement_routeshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Construction_managementhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Design_and_buildhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Design_build_finance_and_operatehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/PPPhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/PFIhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Emerging_cost_contracthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Engineering_Procurement_and_Construction_Contracthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Turnkey_contracthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Engineering_Procurement_and_Construction_Management_Contracthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/FF%26Ehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Furniture,_fixtures_and_equipmenthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contracthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Framework_agreementhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Management_contracthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Measured_term_contractshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Measurement_contracthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Valuehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Valuehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contracthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contracthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Valuehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Measurement_contracthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Measured_term_contractshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Management_contracthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Framework_agreementhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contracthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Furniture,_fixtures_and_equipmenthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/FF%26Ehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Engineering_Procurement_and_Construction_Management_Contracthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Turnkey_contracthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Engineering_Procurement_and_Construction_Contracthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Emerging_cost_contracthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/PFIhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/PPPhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Design_build_finance_and_operatehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Design_and_buildhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Construction_managementhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Procurement_routeshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractshttp://www.fidic.org/http://www.neccontract.com/http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/JCThttp://www.jctcontracts.com/http://www.jctcontracts.com/http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Riskhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contracthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Constructionhttp://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1977/50http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1987/43http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contracthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Good_faithhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Good_faithhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Riskhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Constructionhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contract_conditions


23/24

23

Partnering. Prime cost contract /cost plus contract /cost reimbursable contract Prime contracting /prime-type contracting Traditional contract.

Typical conditions found inconstruction contracts can include (in alphabetical order):

Access. Assignment,rights of third parties andcollateral warranties. Contractor's design. Contract sum and adjustment, Date forpossession,deferment of possession, progress, delays,completion date,

suspension &termination.

Dispute resolution procedures andalternative dispute resolution. Employer's instructions. Force majeure. Information release schedule. Insolvency. Injury, damage andinsurance. Joint Fire Code.

Liquidated damages. Net contribution clause. Partial possession. Payment,valuation (includingoff-site materials),certificates,fluctuations andretention. Practical completion. Project management andcontract administration. Quality of works. Relevant events (compensation events),extensions of time andloss and expense. Sectional completion. Statutory obligations. Sub-contractors. Testing anddefects (defects liability period) Variations,prime cost sums andprovisional sums.
http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Partneringhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Prime_cost_contracthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cost_plus_contracthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cost_reimbursable_contracthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Prime_contractinghttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Prime-type_contractinghttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Traditional_contracthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Construction_contractshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Assignmenthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Rights_of_third_partieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Collateral_warrantieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contract_sumhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Possessionhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Deferment_of_possessionhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Completion_datehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Terminationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Disputehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Alternative_Dispute_Resolutionhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Employer%27s_instructionhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Force_majeurehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Information_release_schedulehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Insolvencyhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Insurancehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Joint_fire_codehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Liquidated_damageshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Net_contribution_clausehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Partial_possessionhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Paymenthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Off-site_materialshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Construction_contract_certificates,_notices_and_instructionshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Fluctuationshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Retentionhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Practical_completionhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Project_managementhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contract_administrationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Relevant_eventshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Compensation_eventshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Extensions_of_timehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Loss_and_expensehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Sectional_completionhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Statutory_obligationshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Sub-contractorshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Defectshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Defects_liability_periodhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Variationshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Prime_cost_sumhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Provisional_sumshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Provisional_sumshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Prime_cost_sumhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Variationshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Defects_liability_periodhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Defectshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Sub-contractorshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Statutory_obligationshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Sectional_completionhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Loss_and_expensehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Extensions_of_timehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Compensation_eventshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Relevant_eventshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contract_administrationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Project_managementhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Practical_completionhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Retentionhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Fluctuationshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Construction_contract_certificates,_notices_and_instructionshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Off-site_materialshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Paymenthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Partial_possessionhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Net_contribution_clausehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Liquidated_damageshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Joint_fire_codehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Insurancehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Insolvencyhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Information_release_schedulehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Force_majeurehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Employer%27s_instructionhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Alternative_Dispute_Resolutionhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Disputehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Terminationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Completion_datehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Deferment_of_possessionhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Possessionhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contract_sumhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractorhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Collateral_warrantieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Rights_of_third_partieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Assignmenthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Construction_contractshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Traditional_contracthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Prime-type_contractinghttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Prime_contractinghttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cost_reimbursable_contracthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cost_plus_contracthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Prime_cost_contracthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Partnering


24/24

24

Conditions of contract must be read in conjunction as contract must be read in conjunction

withspecification documents,drawingsbills of quantities,activity schedules and special

conditions. Standard formcontracts often comprise suites of contracts with back to back

subcontracts,consultantappointments andcollateral warranties. The use of core conditions

with option schedules or supplemental provisions is also now common.

11. Special condition

- depending on the nature of works, regarding

Taxes royalties which are included in rates labour camp labour amenities Compensation to labour in case of accident, etc.
http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Conditions_of_contracthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Drawingshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Bills_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Activity_schedulehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Consultanthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Appointmentshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Collateral_warrantieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Collateral_warrantieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Appointmentshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Consultanthttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Contractshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Activity_schedulehttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Bills_of_quantitieshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Drawingshttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Specificationhttp://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Conditions_of_contract