convoy survivability. 65 react to contact- maintain movement “on appearance of the enemy during...

CONVOY SURVIVABILITY


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REACT TO CONTACT-MAINTAIN MOVEMENT

“On appearance of the enemy during the march, the commander closes up the wagons and continues hismarch in order…”Revised Regulations for the Army of the United States, 1861, Article XXXVI, Paragraph 768


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GENERAL DEFENSE ACTIONS

Increase speed Do not stop unless a vehicle is disabled If one vehicle is disabled, the entire convoy stops Aggressively return fire Gun trucks engage the enemy from stand-off positions Drivers to the rear of the kill zone transit the kill zone unless forced to stop Do not block the road Entire convoy proceeds to the next rally point


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ACTIONS OF THE CONVOYCOMMANDER

Receive spot report of attack and warn convoy elements Direct use of pyrotechnics and other signal devices as required Direct gun trucks to return fire and suppress enemy fire until threat neutralized or contact broken Direct convoy personnel to place heavy volume of fire on the enemy Determine map location of ambush Call in artillery, CAS, or maneuver support


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ACTIONS OF THE CONVOY COMMANDER(CONTINUED)

Provide SITREP and instructions to follow-on elements Transmit SALUTE and SITREP to higher headquarters Proceed to the rally point


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REACT TO CONTACT-MAINTAIN MOVEMENT

Gun TruckTask Vehicle Control Vehicle

Enemy Position

Intent is to maintain movement and speed in order to reduce exposure and deny the threat the ability to effectively engage the convoy.

Indirect fire/CAS


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CONSOLIDATE AND REORGANIZE

• Establish security • Receive ACE reports from subordinate element leaders• Redistribute ammunition as required• Coordinate load transfer, repairs, mortuary affairs, and MEDEVAC operations• Request emergency destruction authorization• Forward SITREP to higher headquarters• Leave no soldier behind


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ACE REPORT FORMAT

1. AMMUNITION2. CASUALTIES3. EQUIPMENT

Make your report short,and include only relevantInformation.


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REACT TO CONTACT-FORCED TO STOP

“…but if the enemy seizes a position that commands his road, [the commander] attacks vigorously with the mass of his force, but is notto continue the pursuit far from the convoy.”Revised Regulations for the Army of the United States, 1861, Article XXXVI, Paragraph 768


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GENERAL DEFENSE ACTIONS If one vehicle is disabled, the entire convoy must stop If in the kill zone:

• Dismount by exiting vehicle on the non-contact side • Take cover• Return maximum volume of fire

All drivers stop, dismount, take cover, and lay suppressive fire Vehicles short of kill zone do not enter it Gun trucks engage enemy from stand-off positions Conduct hasty recovery and CASEVAC to rally point


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ACTIONS OF THE CONVOYCOMMANDER

Receive spot report of attack and warn convoy elements Direct use of pyrotechnics and other signal devices as required Direct gun trucks to return fire and suppress enemy fire until threat neutralized or contact broken Direct convoy personnel to place heavy volume of fire on the enemy Determine map location of ambush Call in artillery, CAS, or maneuver support


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Order hasty recovery of disabled vehicles and CASEVAC to the rally point Provide SITREP and instructions to follow-on elements Transmit SALUTE and SITREP to higher headquarters Proceed to the rally point


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Intent is to quickly gain fire superiority, conduct CASEVACand hasty recovery operations, and exit the contact zone.

Enemy Position

All vehicles stop Begin immediate suppression from contact sideGun trucks reposition if necessary within standoff distance Non-contact side dismounts first followed by contact side


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(CONTINUED)

Gain fire superiority or kill threat Begin CASEVAC/recovery operations Remount vehicles Proceed to the rally point

Enemy Position


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CASEVAC/RECOVERYIntent is to perform buddy aid and hasty recovery, then move out of the contact zone.

Enemy Position

A&L RecoveryTeam

Aid and Litter vehicle moves on non-contact side to point of injury Loads casualties and links with convoy Recovery vehicle moves on non-contact side to disabled vehicle Conducts hasty recovery and links with convoy


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Consolidate and reorganize

• Establish security• Receive ACE reports from subordinate element leaders• Redistribute ammunition as required• Coordinate load transfer, repairs, mortuary affairs, and MEDEVAC operations• Request emergency destruction authorization• Forward SITREP to higher headquarters• Leave no soldier behind


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DEFEND AGAINST SNIPERATTACK


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DEFEND AGAINST SNIPERATTACK

Ensure all personnel wear helmets and body armor Receive sniper warning Use pre-designated signal to warn convoy elements Direct march elements to increase speed and maintain interval Use smoke to obscure the target Do not stop Determine approximate location of sniper on map


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DEFEND AGAINST SNIPER ATTACK(Continued)

Determine whether area is free fire or restricted fire zone Deploy gun trucks to lay down suppressive fire if necessary Call in artillery or CAS if possible Stop the convoy if a vehicle is disabled Proceed to the rally point


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DEFEND AGAINST SNIPER ATTACK(Continued)

Consolidate and reorganize

• Establish security• Receive ACE reports from subordinate convoy elements• Redistribute ammunition• Coordinate load transfer, repairs, mortuary affairs, and MEDEVAC operations• Request emergency destruction authorization• Forward incident report to higher headquarters• Provide SITREP and instructions to follow-on elements


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DEFEND AGAINST NBC ATTACK


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DEFEND AGAINST NBC ATTACK

Be aware of commonly used chemical agents and effects Be alert to chemical agents already present If attacked, take defensive actions as in any other combat situation On consolidation and reorganization, perform hasty decontamination and evacuate casualties Carry out minimal decontamination of equipment necessary to continue the mission Report status to higher headquarters


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DEFEND AGAINST AIR ATTACK


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ACTIVE DEFENSE

Shoot any attacking aircraft or UAV Fire at the nose of an approaching aircraft Fire at the fuselage of a hovering helicopter Fire slightly above the nose of a moving helicopter Fire in volume Lead aircraft crossing your position by 100 yards Take cover if time allows


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ACTIVE DEFENSE(Continued)

Support your weapon if possible Lie on your back to return fire if caught in the open Aim mounted machine guns slightly above the nose of head-on targets Control small arms fire so that attacking aircraft fly through it Watch for repeated attacks by one or more additional aircraft


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PASSIVE DEFENSE

DispersionOpen Column

Maintain 80 to 100 meters between vehicles Results in less damage from air attack More difficult to control Cannot concentrate small arms fire


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PASSIVE DEFENSE

DispersionClose Column

Maintain interval of less than 80 meters

Best executed during night operations if there is a threat of air attack


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PASSIVE DEFENSE

Camouflage

Cover smooth surfaces and shiny objects If vehicles are not painted to match surroundings, use mud or dust to mask stand-out effect Use tarps and bows to cover cargo When under air attack, take shelter under anything that may obscure the vehicle’s outline


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PASSIVE DEFENSE

Air Guard

Assign observation responsibility of 9-3 o’clock or 3-9 o’clock If the convoy lasts over an hour, place air guards on shifts to avoid dulling the senses

Communications Security

Transmissions subject to monitoring and jamming Use brief and infrequent transmissions Destroy COMSEC if overrun


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PASSIVE REACTIONS

Halt the Convoy

Harder to see Easy to continue march after attack Volume of weapons fire more dense

Enemy has greater chance of doing damage

BUT


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HERRINGBONE FORMATION Vehicles off the road at 45 degree angles (50 to 100m interval) Staggered formation (like chicken tracks) Gun trucks act as roving or stationary defense Road is kept clear Best defense against air attack/indirect fire Difficult to concentrate fire if attacked Direction

of Traffic

Gun TruckTask Vehicle Control Vehicle


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PASSIVE REACTIONS

Disperse Vehicles

Staggers vehicles so that there is not a straight line

Easier for the enemy to spot the convoy as it disperses

BUT

convoy survivability. 65 react to contact- maintain movement “on appearance of the enemy during...

Documents

convoy survivability

convoy commander

broken direct convoy

road entire convoy proceeds

point slide

cas slide

direct gun trucks

maneuver support slide