coordination of overcurrent relais with fuses en

Siemens PTD EA · Applications for SIPROTEC Protection Relays · 2005 1

Line Protection in Distribution Systems

� 1. IntroductionThe duty of protection equipment is to allowoverload currents that occur during operation,yet to prevent impermissible loading of lines andequipment. To avoid damages in the case of short-circuits the relevant equipment must be tripped inthe shortest possible time. On the other hand onlyas few feeders or loads as possible should be dis-connected from supply.The protection relays available in the power sys-tem must recognize the fault, perform trippingthemselves or give trip commands for the relevantswitching device.The protection relays must be set to ensure selec-tive tripping. Absolute selectivity is not always as-sured. “Selectivity” means that the series-connec-ted protection relay nearest the fault first trips thefaulted line. Other protection relays (further up-stream) recognize the fault but trip only after a de-lay (backup protection).

In the following the use of HV HRC fuses(high-voltage-high-rupturing capacity) and in-verse-time overcurrent-time protection relays(as well as their interaction) will be described.See Fig. 1.

� 2. Protective equipment2.1 HV HRC fusesThe high-voltage-high-rupturing capacity fuse is aprotective device suited for non-recurring shut-down in medium-voltage switchgear, in which thecurrent is interrupted by the melting of a fusibleelement embedded in sand.

HV HRC fuses are used for short-circuit protec-tion in medium-voltage switchgear up to 20 kV.Used upstream of transformers, capacitors andcable feeders, they protect equipment and systemcomponents from the dynamic and thermal ef-fects of high short-circuit currents by shuttingthem down as they arise.

Coordination of Inverse-Time Overcurrent Relayswith Fuses

However, they are not used as overload protectionbecause they can only trip reliably as from theirminimum breaking current. For most HV HRCfuse links the lowest breaking current isImin = 2.5 to 3 x IN.

With currents between IN and Imin HV HRC fusescannot operate.

When choosing HV HRC fuse-links, stressing ofthe fuse from earth-fault current or residual cur-rent must be considered.

HV HRC fuse-links are installed with high-voltagefuse-bases in the switchgear. They can also be in-stalled in the built-on units of the switch discon-nectors provided. By combining switch discon-nector and HV HRC fuse, the IN to Imin currentwhich is critical to the fuse can also be reliablybroken. The switch is tripped by the fuse's strikerand disconnects the overload current in the threephases. Some typical breaking characteristics areshown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 1 Block diagram


Siemens PTD EA · Applications for SIPROTEC Protection Relays · 20052

2.2 Inverse-time overcurrent protectionOvercurrent protection is the main function of the7SJ6 product range. It can be activated separatelyfor phase and earth-fault currents.The I>> high-set overcurrent stage and the I>overcurrent stage always work with definite trip-ping time.In the Ip inverse-time overcurrent stage, the trip-ping time depends on the magnitude of theshort-circuit current.

Fig. 3 shows the basic characteristics of definiteand inverse-time overcurrent protection.

For inverse-time overcurrent functions (Ip stages)various tripping characteristics can be set.

� Normal inverse (NI)� Very inverse (VI)� Extremely inverse (EI)� Long time inverse (LI)

All characteristics are described by the formulaebelow. At the same time, there are also distinc-tions as follows:

IEC/BS ANSI

NI tI I

T=−

⋅0 14

10 02

.

( / ) .p

p tI I

D=−

+

⋅8 9341

10 17966

2 0938

.

( / ).

.p

VI tI I

T=−

⋅13 5

1

.

( / )p

p tI I

D=−

+

⋅3 922

10 0982

2

.

( / ). )

p

EI tI I

T=−

⋅80

12( / )p

p tI I

D=−

+

⋅5 64

10 02434

2

.

( / ).

p

LI tI I

T=−

⋅120

1( / )p

p tI I

D=−

+

⋅5 6143

12 18592

.

( / ).

p

t = Tripping timeTp = Setting value of the time multiplierI = Fault currentIp = Setting value of the current

Table 1 IEC/BS and ANSI

The general IEC/BS characteristic is shown inFig. 4 and that of ANSI in Fig. 5

Breakingcharacteristicsof HV HRC fuses

Fig. 3Definite andinverse-timecharacteristics



� 3. Network circuit and protection conceptThe topology of a distribution system should be assimple and clear as possible and ensure a reliablesupply.

Individual transformer stations are supplied byring cables. An example of a ring cable system isshown in Fig. 6.In order that a fault does not cause the whole ringwith all stations to fail, an “open” operatingmethod is the standard. In this example, trans-formers are protected on the low voltage (LV)side with HV HRC fuses and the ring cable itselfwith an overcurrent-time relay.

3.1 Calculating the relevant system currentsThe full load current and short-circuit strength arethe selection criteria for the cable to be used. Thetransformer rated currents must not deviate toomuch from the rated currents of the cables used.The maximum and minimum short-circuit cur-rents (3, 2, 1 phase) appearing in this power sys-tem section must be calculated before the para-meters of the relays can be set. LV-side short-circuit currents must also be taken into accounthere. It is advisable to use programs such asSIGRADE (Siemens Grading Program) to calcu-late the short-circuit currents.For further information please visit us at:www.siemens.com/systemplanning

Fig. 4 IEC/BS characteristics Fig. 5 ANSI characteristics

� 4. Selection and setting of protective componentsThe HV HRC fuses are selected using tables thattake into account transformer power (Sn), short-circuit voltage (Usc) and rated voltage on the HV side.Using the short-circuit currents detected, a proposalcan be worked out for selective protection setting ofthe inverse-time overcurrent functions:

� Ip must be set above the permissible rated current ofthe cable (around 1.5 x IN cable)

� I>> should not trip in the case of a fault on the low-voltage side

� In the case of a max. short-circuit current in the MVsystem, there must be an interval of at least 100 msbetween the tripping characteristic of the HV HRCfuse and the inverse-time characteristic. The timemultiplier Tp must be set to get this safe gradingtime.

It must be borne in mind that the value of the timemultiplier Tp (in 7SJ6 from 0.05 to 3.2 seconds) doesnot correspond to the genuine tripping time of thecharacteristic. Rather, the inverse-time characteristiccan be shifted in parallel in the time axis by this value.



� 5. Proof of selective trippingAs mentioned earlier, selectivity means only theprotection relay closest to the faulty system sec-tion trips. Protection equipment connected (up-stream) in series must register the fault but onlytrip after a delay period. Typically, proof of selec-tive tripping is shown in a current-time-diagramwith double logarithm scale. Programs likeSIGRADE are also used for this.For the power system sections in question, typicalor critical time grading diagrams are selected.

Each protection relay has its own name, which de-scribes the installation location. The same powersystem and protective elements shown in morethan one time grading diagram have the samename.

The color of the name in the time grading path(left side of the diagram) matches the color of theset characteristic (in the time grading diagram onthe right) in the current-time-diagram. On the leftside, in addition to the single-line circuit diagram(time-grading path) for each protection relay, thetype name, the setting range and the set values aregiven.

In addition to the characteristics of the protectionrelay, the current-time-diagram shows the short-circuit current ranges plotted with minimum andmaximum values as bandwidth (values from theshort-circuit calculation). These short-circuit

current bands always end on the voltage currentscale. The right-hand characteristic in a band isthe maximum short-circuit current (3 phase), cal-culated (here in green) from the incoming ele-ments (generators, transformers, etc). The left-hand characteristic shows the minimum short-cir-cuit current (1 or 2 phase) which is calculated onthe basis of the impedances of the elements in thepower system up to the location of the fault.

Band 1 (Transf. D Pr) shows the bandwidth of the20 kV power system;band 2 (Transf. D Sec) shows that of the 0.4 kVpower system.The above-mentioned bands are contained in thetime-grading diagrams (Figs. 7 to 11).

� 6. Grading of overcurrent-time relay andHV HRC fuse

As an example of the power system shown inFig. 6, in 3 time sequence diagrams the most usualcharacteristics (NI, VI, EI) of the inverse-timeovercurrent protection are shown with the corre-sponding HV HRC fuses characteristic. The over-current-time relay 1, HV HRC fuse D and trans-former D are selected from the circuit diagram.

Fig. 6 Example of a 20 kV ring distribution system



Fig. 7 Time-gradingdiagram, inverse-time NI

Setting range Setting

Ip = 0.1 – 4 ATp = 0.05 – 3.2 s

Ip = 1.8 ATp = 0.05 s

Ip_mi = 2.3 kAIs_mi = 15.8 kA

Ip_ma = 7.8 kAIs_ma = 18.2 kA

Overcurrent-time relay with “Normal Inverse” (NI) setting

Band 2 Band 1



Fig. 8 Time-gradingdiagram, inverse-time VI


Ip = 0.1 – 4 ATp = 0.05 – 3.2 s

Ip = 1.8 ATp = 0.15 s



Overcurrent-time relay with “Very Inverse” (VI) setting

Band 2 Band 1



Fig. 9 Time-gradingdiagram, inverse-time EI


Ip = 0.1 – 4 ATp = 0.05 – 3.2 s

Ip = 1.8 ATp = 0.45 s



Overcurrent-time relay with “Extremely Inverse” (EI) setting

Band 2 Band 1



Fig. 10Time-grading diagram,very inverse, withsetting like normalinverse


Ip = 0.1 – 4 ATp = 0.05 – 3.2 s

Ip = 1.8 ATp = 0.05 s



Overcurrent-time relay with VI setting,with same setting as NI

Band 2 Band 1



Fig. 11Time-grading diagram,extremely inverse, withsetting like normal in-verse

Setting

Ip = 0.1 – 4 ATp = 0.05 – 3.2 s

Ip = 1.8 ATp = 0.05 s



Overcurrent-time relay with EI setting,with same setting as NI

Band 2 Band 1

Setting range



For the transformer considered (20/0.4 kV,Sn = 0.8 MVA, Uk = 6.1 %), a 63 A HV HRC fuseis selected according to the above-mentioned se-lection tables.

In order to maintain selectivity, the target triptime is approx. 100 ms for the overcurrent-timerelay setting in the various characteristics withmaximum short-circuit current on the 20 kV side.Under the same short-circuit conditions theHV HRC fuse trips in approx. 1 ms.

By setting the Ip appropriately, the maximum faulton the LV side does not lead to pickup of the over-current-time relay. As can be seen in Fig. 10 thecharacteristic begins on the right, next to the max-imum short-circuit current (brown, vertical lines).The following setting values should be used toachieve a safe grading time of 100 ms between alltypes of o/c inverse-time characteristics (NI, VI,EI) and the characteristic of the fuse.

Fig. Ip x IN Tp (s) Characteristics

7 1.8 0.05 Normal inverse (NI)

8 1.8 0.15 Very inverse (VI)

9 1.8 0.45 Extremely inverse (EI)

Table 2

When comparing the three figures it is clear thatthe area between the HV HRC and inverse-timecharacteristics is smallest for the setting NI.Therefore the NI setting must be preferred in thisexample.

In order to explain the difference in the character-istics more clearly, two diagrams are shown withthe characteristics VI and EI with the same settingvalues as NI.

Very inverse (VI) Extremely inverse (EI)

Ip = 1.8 Ip = 1.8

Tp = 0.05 Tp = 0.05

See Fig. 10 See Fig. 11

Table 3

�ConclusionThe steeper the slope of the characteristic thelower the tripping time with maximum faultcurrent. The safe grading time from the HVHRC characteristic becomes smaller. The coor-dination shown here of the protection devices isonly part of the power system and must beadapted to the concept of the overall power sys-tem with all protection relays.

Note:In this example there was no setting of I>>, be-cause the inverse-time characteristics themselvestrip in the ≤ 0.2 s range in the event of the maxi-mum or minimum 20 kV side fault.

� 7. SummaryThis application example demonstrates the engi-neering effort necessary to achieve a selective timegrading.

Real power systems are more complex and equip-ped with various protection relays. Whatever thecircumstances, it is necessary to know the operat-ing mode of the power system (parallel, generator,meshing, spur lines etc) as well as to calculate therated and short-circuit currents. It is worth the ef-fort for the protection engineer because the objec-tive is to lose only the faulty part of the power sys-tem.

SIGRADE software effectively supports gradingcalculations. Power system planning and timegrading calculation is also offered by Siemens.

� 8. ReferencesGünther Seip: Elektrische Installationstechnik

Siemens: Manual for Totally Integrated Power

Catalog HG12: HV HRC Fuses

SIGRADE Software V3.2

Manual 7SJ61: Multifunctional Protective Relaywith Bay Controller 7SJ61

coordination of overcurrent relais with fuses en

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