copyright, 1998-2013 © qiming zhou geog1150. cartography history of cartography
TRANSCRIPT
Copyright, 1998-2013 © Qiming Zhou
GEOG1150. Cartography
History of CartographyHistory of Cartography
History of Cartography 2
History of Cartography
Sequence of development Cartography in China Cartography in Europe Impact of changing ideas Impact of changing technology Information age mapping
History of Cartography 3
Sequence of development
Evolution - the ladder concept. “Missing links” - gaps in development.
Revolution - the tree concept. Each revolution leads to a new map type. Map types develop in evolutionary
fashion, until the next revolutionary change occurs.
4History of Cartography
Cartographic development
OriginA
OriginB
Present
Present
Ladder Concept
Tree Concept
History of Cartography 5
Cartographic revolution and evolution
30,000 B.C.0 A.D.
200 A.D.
500 A.D.
1200 A.D.
1700 A.D.
1800 A.D.
1900 A.D.
2000 A.D.
The diverse map types we know today emerged through a long process of cartographic revolution and evolution.
(From Robinson, et al., 1995)
History of Cartography 6
Early development
Nobody knows when the first map was made.
Principles of cartography were understood as early as 2500 BC. When Babylonians drew maps on clay tablets.
History of Cartography 7
Early mesopotamian map of the world
The earliest extant world map is a Babylonian clay tablet from the sixth century B.C., on which Earth is shown as a flat circular disc surrounded by ocean and several mythical islands.
(From Wilford, 2000)
History of Cartography 8
A map from ancient egyptAn map made in Ancient Egypt with an estimated date to 3200 B.C. showing the trace of gold workings in Egypt. The map, now in Turin, depicts gold workings around the time of King Seti I (1350-1205 B.C.).
(From GEOEurope, January 2000)
The historical periods in China and Europe
China Xia 【夏】 , Shang 【商】 , Zhou 【周】
(- 476 BC) Warring State Period 【春秋戰國】
(475-221 BC) Qin 【秦】 (221-206 BC) Han 【漢】 (206 BC – 220 AD) Three Kingdoms 【三國】 (220-280) Jin 【晉】 (265-420) South and North 【南北朝】 (420-581) Sui 【隋】 (581-618) Tang 【唐】 (618-907) Five Dynasties 【五代十國】 (907-960) Song 【宋】 (960-1279) Yuan 【元】 (1279-1368) Ming 【明】 (1368-1644) Qing 【清】 (1644-1911)
Europe Ancient Greece (- 404 BC) Roman Republic (508-27 BC) Western Roman Empire (27 BC –
476 AD) Medieval (5-15th century) Renaissance (14-17th century) Age of Discovery (15-17th
century) Colonial Empires (started in the
15th century) Industrial Revolution (18-19th
century) French Revolution (1789-1799)
History of Cartography 9
History of Cartography 10
Cartography in China Astronomical knowledge existed in Shang 【商】
Dynasty, 11th century B.C. “Fragment on Maps” 480-100 B.C. Three maps made in Han 【漢】 Dynasty (2nd
century B.C.) were discovered. In a tomb ( 長沙馬王堆漢墓 ). made in silk. one topographic map focused on military matters:
streams, roads, mountain ranges, names, scale and orthogonal view point.
For more details please check web pagehttp://geog.hkbu.edu.hk/geog1150/Chinese
Seven maps, painted on four pinewood boards were unearthed in March 1986 from a tomb dated from 299 BC (Warring States Period, 475-221 BC).(Retrieved from Treasures of Maps – A Collection of Maps in Ancient China, Harbin Cartographic Publishing House, 1998)
History of Cartography 11
A map on a pinewood board
A topographic map of the southern part of Changsha State
Ancient Chinese topographical map, Western Han Dynasty, (Wendi, 179-157 BC): A silk map in the ancient tombs."Their great significance lies in the fact that they are in part surprisingly accurate and detailed and show that the art of cartography was well advanced at this time".— Bulling, 1978 (cited in Wilford, 2000)
History of Cartography 12
History of Cartography 13
The four greatest inventions of ancient China The first compass was invented in China.
司南 ( 戰國 , 453-221 B.C.). was not widely used until North Song Dynasty ( 北宋 ,
960-1126 A.D.) when the artificial magnetisation was invented.
introduced to Europe in 12th century. Paper-making was invented in 105 A.D., East Han
Dynasty ( 東漢 , 25-220 A.D.). Gunpowder was invented in the Three Kingdoms
period ( 三國 , 220-265 A.D.). The first printing of map 1155 A.D. (South Song
Dynasty: 南宋 , 1127-1279, 300 years before Europe).
History of Cartography 14
The ancient compass
Up: The earliest magnetic compass Si-nan ( 司南 ) made in West Han Dynasty ( 西漢 , 206 B.C. – 8 A.D.). Right: the clay figure made in South Song Dynasty ( 南宋 , 1127-1279 A.D.) showing the rather modern look compass held in the man's hand.
(The National Museum of Chinese History)
History of Cartography 15
Ancient mechanic devicesThe compass coach invented in the "Three-Nation" eras ( 三國 , 220-280 A.D.).
The mileage coach invented in the East Han Dynasty.(models made according to historical records, The National Museum of Chinese History)
History of Cartography 16
The earliest paper mapThe earliest paper map made in the West Han Dynasty, almost at the same time when the paper itself was invented by Chinese. The paper map was discovered in an ancient tomb in Gansu Province ( 甘肅天水放馬灘 5 號漢墓 ), western China.
(The Provincial Museum of Gansu)
History of Cartography 17
The earliest printed mapThe earliest printed map made in the South Song Dynasty showing east part of China in the modern history.
(Beijing Library)
History of Cartography 18
Cartography in Europe
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.): Earth is a sphere.
Ptolemy (90-160 A.D.): Geographia. Development in medieval period (the
“dark age”) was limited, except the sudden appearance in 13th century of “portolan charts”.
History of Cartography 19
Ancient Greece
Map of Hecataeus (about 500 B.C.): by an empirical approach, relying on exploration and travel instead of pure geometry alone.
(From Dorling and Fairbairn, 1997)
History of Cartography 20
The Roman empire
The world-view of the Roman Empire (400 A.D.): A circular earth disc, set in a surrounding ocean, became the dominant interpretation of the Middle Ages cartographer.(From Dorling and Fairbairn, 1997)
History of Cartography 21
Typology of mappae mundi
A S I A
EUROPE
Med
iterra
nean
AFRICA
Ocean River
Don Nile
E
N
W
S
A S I A
EUROPE
Med
iterra
nean
AF
RIC
A
Oce
an
Riv
er
ANTI
PODE
SOce
an
River
Don Nile
E
N
W
S
Ocean River
TORRID
ZONE
TEMPERATEZONE
TEMPERATEZONE
FRIDID ZONE
FRIDID ZONE
Tripartite
Zonal
Quadripartite
Transitional
(From Harley and Woodward, 1987, cited in Dorling and Fairbairn, 1997)
History of Cartography 22
The Ebstorf map
The Ebstorf map showing Christ's head, hands and feet at the extents of the world (1235 A.D.).(From Dorling and Fairbairn, 1997)
History of Cartography 23
The renaissance in western cartography The renaissance in western cartography
(later half of 1500s) beginning of printing (1450) Great Discovery (e.g. Columbus) led to more
accurate maps topographic survey (France) at 1:86,400
completed in 1800 The introduction of metric system (Napoleon)
1 metre = 1/10,000,000 part of the arc distance from the equator to the pole
History of Cartography 24
The growth of modern cartography The rise of thematic maps
Until 18th century, most maps are general maps and charts
From late 17th century, thematic maps began to appear
The growth of modern cartography since 19th century with the inventions of photography and computers
History of Cartography 25
Impact of changing ideas
Concept of representation Early maps: more figurative than literal
Geometry Shape and size of the earth Locational reference system
Reconciling conflicting information Church maps
The philosophy of cartography View: land or sea? Discipline: arts or science? Purpose: A picture or a tool? Method: perception or survey?
History of Cartography 26
Design philosophy and culture The common nature of the eastern and western
cartography Self-centred The primary purpose was for travel and exploration
The cultural difference Ancient China: land-based civilization (the “yellow”
culture) Ancient Europe: sea-based civilization (the “blue”
culture) The disciplinary difference
Ancient China: arts perception Ancient Europe: science survey
History of Cartography 27
A Chinese self-centred map
The world map presented in Shan-hai-jing 【山海經】 , an ancient Chinese legendary which was authored in the Warring State period (475-221 BC) and was revised in later centuries. The centre of the map is the “Central Plains”, comprising the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River.
History of Cartography 28
An European self-centred map
Redrawing of a Christianized T-O map diagram for the geographical description of the world in the pagan writer Salust’s Jugurtha, 10th century.(Map retrieved from Barber, P. (ed.), The Map Book, Walker & Company, New York) A S I A
EUROPE
Med
iterr
anea
n
AFRICA
Ocean River
Don Nile
E
N
W
S
History of Cartography 29
China: the land-based civilization Chinese civilization started in the Yellow
River Valley back to 4000 BC. The in-land origin makes the Chinese culture
a land-based culture (or a “yellow” culture). This is well reflected in the development of
Chinese cartography: Details in river and land features; Inaccurate description on coastal lines; Very much guessing work for the lands across the
sea; Map grid instead of spherical coordinates.
History of Cartography 30
The Hua-Yi Map
【華夷圖】“Hua-Yi” means “China” and “overseas”. The map was made in 1136 (Southern Song Dynasty), on a stone monument. It presents incredibly accurate information on the major rivers of the eastern part of China, with over 400 place names. The coastline, however, was poorly presented and very little information was shown for the lands across the sea.
(The Beilin Museum of Shaanxi Province, China)
History of Cartography 31
The Yu-Ji Map
【禹跡圖】“Yu-Ji” means “The track of Yu”. Yu was an legendary pre-history Chinese empire who was regarded as the god for river management. The map was made in 1136 (Southern Song Dynasty), on a stone monument. The map featured the earliest map with grid coordinates and presented detailed water systems in eastern China.
(The Beilin Museum of Shaanxi Province, China)
History of Cartography 32
Europe: the sea-based civilization European civilization started at the coast of
Mediterranean featured ancient Greece and Roman Republic and Roman Empire.
The limited land availability makes the ancient Greek and Roman go to the sea to search new settlement, thus to develop a sea-based culture (or a “blue” culture).
Therefore in European cartography: Details in coastlines and islands; Inaccurate description on in-land features; The need for navigating through the sea made
use of spherical coordinates.
History of Cartography 33
A map based on Ptolemy's descriptions
The map constructed in the 15th century from Ptolemy's written directions and descriptions, and reflects geographical knowledge of the known world in the 2nd century AD.(Retrieved from Clark, J.O.E. (ed.), 2005, 100 Maps: The Science, Art and Politics of Cartography Throughout History, Sterling, New York)
History of Cartography 34
Halley’s 1700 chart of the western Atlantic and the Americas, showing lines of magnetic variation. The journey Halley undertook to make these measurements was arguably the first purely scientific sea voyage.(Retrieved from Barber, P. (ed.), The Map Book, Walker & Company, New York)
History of Cartography 35
Halley’s navigation chart
Perception and survey
Chinese map-making was long regarded as artwork. The map-style was mainly for the perception
rather than the measurements. The modern surveying and mapping methods
were not introduced into China until the Ming Dynasty by an Italian Ricci Matthieu (1552-1610).
The survey-based mapping in Europe Re-introduced during the renaissance Measurements
History of Cartography 36
Map of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal
The map was made in Qing 【清】 Dynasty (Qianlong 【乾隆】 , 1736-1795) and is both a cartographic and a meticulous, detailed work of art. It accurately depicts geographical features and scenery along the Grand Canal from Beijing to Hangzhou, and vividly portrays mountains, rivers, cities, bridges, boats on the canal, and people on its banks.(Retrieved from Treasures of Maps – A Collection of Maps in Ancient China, Harbin Cartographic Publishing House, 1998)
History of Cartography 37
The perceived shape of France before and after the 1693 survey by Picard and La Hire (revised coastline in bold).(from Dorling and Fairbairn, 1997)
History of Cartography 38
Early survey in France
Historical lessons learnt
At the early stage the Chinese and European civilization shared the same vision of the World.
The Chinese civilization is land-based so that their map-making was more focused on land with local details and paid little attention on sea navigation.
In ancient China, traditionally the scientific work was discouraged, so that they map-making was inevitably oriented towards art works.
As the consequence, ancient Chinese did not continue their early efforts to develop mathematic theories and surveying methods.
History of Cartography 39
History of Cartography 40
Impact of changing technology Manual: mappae mundi and portolan charts -
hand drawing Magnetic: compass and magnetic media Mechanical: machine process and printing Optical: telescopic sighting instruments and
projection, optical media Photo-chemical: photogrammetry Electronic: computer process
History of Cartography 41
Impact of changing technology
1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
Manual
Magnetic
Mechanical
Optical
Photo-chemical
Electronic
History of Cartography 42
Manual technology
A formschneider (one who carves woodcuts) at work in front of a window. In those days there was no satisfactory substitute for daylight.
"Manual mapping procedures were dominant during the longest period in the recorded history of cartography".
— Robinson, et al., 1995
History of Cartography 43
Mechanical technology
Printing from a copperplate engraving with the rolling press was a hard work.
"Machine power augmented and magnified human muscle power. The result was a major increase in the speed and efficiency of the mapping process, with a commensurate reduction in mapping cost".
— Robinson, et al., 1995
History of Cartography 44
Information age mapping
Information age. Information. Information systems. Geographical information systems
(GIS). Maps play a key role in GIS. GIS are crucial in modern mapping.
History of Cartography 45
Mapping with GIS
Datacollection
EditingStructuringUpdating
DataBase
Map
StatisticalTools
GraphicalTools
DataManipulation