copyright 2003 by mosby, inc. all rights reserved. chapter 11 circulatory system
TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 11
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
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Structure and Function
• Structure of the circulatory system– Includes the blood and lymph that
move through the body
• Function of the circulatory system– Both blood and lymph are tissues that
maintain homeostasis and give the body immunity
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Blood
• Body contains approximately 4 to 5 liters of blood, making up about 8% of the body’s weight
• Functions include:– Transporting nutrients, oxygen, and hormones– Removing metabolic wastes and carbon
dioxide– Providing immunity through antibodies– Maintaining body temperature and electrolyte
balance– Clotting to prevent bleeding from a wound
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Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)• Erythrocytes contain a protein called
hemoglobin that carries oxygen to all cells and removes carbon dioxide
• Each red blood cell lives only 90 to 120 days
• New cells are manufactured by the red marrow or myeloid tissue in bones
• The liver and spleen remove dead red blood cells
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White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)• White blood cells remove foreign
particles, fight infection, and help prevent disease
• There are fewer white blood cells than red
• White blood cells are larger than red• Leukocytes live about 9 days• Pus consists of white blood cells mixed
with bacteria
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Five Types of White Blood Cells• Neutrophils• Basophils• Eosinophils• Lymphocytes• Monocytes
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Platelets (Thrombocytes)
• Smallest blood cells • Platelets promote clotting to
prevent blood loss• Platelets can form a plug to seal
small vessels by themselves or start the clotting process
• Produced in red bone marrow• Live about 5 to 9 days
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Plasma
• A pale yellow liquid that remains when elements are removed from blood
• Whole blood is 55% plasma• Plasma is 90% water and approximately
10% proteins• It contains nutrients, electrolytes,
oxygen, enzymes, hormones, and wastes
• Helps fight infection and assists in the clotting (coagulation) of blood
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Blood Typing
• A person’s blood type is an inherited characteristic of the blood
• A blood type is determined by the antigens located on the surface of the red blood cell
• Clumping of incompatible cells blocks blood vessels and may cause death
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Table 11-2 Blood Types
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Lymph and Lymphatic Tissue• Two important functions
– The process of immunity – Maintaining the body’s fluid balance
• Lymph is a watery substance formed from fluid that filters into the body tissue or interstitially
• Lymphatic tissues consist of the tonsils, thymus, spleen, nodes, and the lymph vessels
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Immunity• Immune response takes on two forms
– As a barrier of the skin, mucous membranes, tears, and the leukocytes
– In leukocytes antibodies are formed in response to antigens or foreign materials that enter the body
• May be a localized or systemic reaction
• Acquired and/or inherited immunity
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Assessment Techniques
• Hemoglobin (Hgb) test measures the amount of oxygen-carrying ability of the blood
• Hematocrit (Hct) measures the volume of erythrocytes in the blood
• Sedimentation rates measure how long it takes for erythrocytes in the blood to settle to the bottom of a container
• Reticulocyte studies measure the number of immature red blood cells
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Assessment Techniques (continued)• Red blood cell (RBC) counts determine
the number of circulating red blood cells in 1 mm3 of blood
• Platelet or thrombocyte counts measure the number of platelets in 1 mm3 of blood to determine clotting ability
• Aspiration biopsy cytology (ABC) studies examine bone marrow from the iliac crest of the hip
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Issues and Innovations• Transfusion
– Risks
– Autologous transfusions– Platelet donations
• Interferon– Prevention of viral diseases
• Monoclonal antibodies– Used in organ transplants, against autoimmune disease, and to diagnose certain diseases