copyright © 2006 lippincott williams & wilkins. training the anaerobic and aerobic energy...

Copyright © 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Training the Anaerobic and Aerobic Energy

Systems

Training the Anaerobic and Aerobic Energy

Systems Chapter 13Chapter 13

Section 5: Exercise Training and Adaptations

Section 5: Exercise Training and Adaptations


Training PrinciplesTraining Principles

• Overload principle– Achieving the appropriate overload

requires manipulating combinations of training frequency, intensity, and duration, with focus on exercise mode

• Specificity principle – Refers to adaptations in metabolic

and physiologic systems that depend on the type of overload imposed


Training Principles (cont’d)Training Principles (cont’d)

• Individual differences principle – Variations in training responses

among individuals

• Reversibility principle– Detraining occurs relatively rapidly

when a person quits their exercise training regimen


Exercise FactsExercise Facts

• Less than 13% of U.S. adults exercise regularly at sufficient intensity and duration to satisfy current guidelines to attain a minimum fitness level

• More than 60% of those who initiate or renew a personal exercise program do not maintain it at the appropriate level


Anaerobic System Changes

Anaerobic System Changes

• Adaptations with sprint–power training include: – Increased levels of anaerobic substrates – Increased quantity and activity of key

enzymes that control the anaerobic phase of glucose catabolism

– Increased capacity to generate high levels of blood lactate during all-out exercise


Aerobic System ChangesAerobic System Changes

• Adaptations with aerobic training include:– Enhanced capacity to generate ATP

aerobically – Increased mitochondria number and density– Improved ability to oxidize fatty acids,

particularly triacylglycerols stored within active muscle, during steady-rate exercise


Aerobic System Changes (cont’d)

Aerobic System Changes (cont’d)

• Adaptations with aerobic training include:– An enhanced capacity to oxidize

carbohydrate – Adaptations in both muscle fiber

types, enhancing each fiber’s existing aerobic capacity and lactate threshold level without any great change in muscle fiber type


Training and Carbohydrate Catabolism

Training and Carbohydrate Catabolism

• Increased carbohydrate catabolism during intense aerobic exercise serves two important functions

– Provides for a considerably faster aerobic energy transfer than from fat breakdown

– Liberates about 6% more energy than fat per quantity of oxygen consumed


Cardiovascular Adaptations

Cardiovascular Adaptations

• Increased left ventricular cavity size• Increased left plasma volume• Increased stroke volume• Reduction in submaximal heart rate• Increased maximal cardiac output• Increased maximal oxygen extraction


Blood Lactate Metabolism Blood Lactate Metabolism

• Aerobic exercise training extends the level of exercise intensity before the onset of blood lactate accumulation by:– Decreasing rate of lactate formation

during exercise– Increasing rate of lactate clearance

(removal) during exercise– Combining the effects of decreased lactate

clearance and increased lactate removal


Aerobic Training and Body Composition

Aerobic Training and Body Composition

• Exercise only or exercise combined with calorie restriction reduces body fat more than fat lost with dieting only because exercise conserves the body’s lean tissue


Aerobic Training and Body Heat Transfer

Aerobic Training and Body Heat Transfer

• Well-hydrated, aerobically trained individuals exercise more comfortably in hot environments because of a larger plasma volume and more responsive thermoregulatory mechanisms


Factors Affecting the Aerobic Training Response

Factors Affecting the Aerobic Training Response

• Initial level of cardiorespiratory fitness • Training frequency • Training duration • Training intensity • Trainability and genes • Maintenance of aerobic fitness gains • Tapering for peak performance


Formulating an Aerobic Training Program

Formulating an Aerobic Training Program

• General guidelines – Start slowly – Allow a warm-up period – Allow a cool-down period


Guidelines for Children Guidelines for Children

• Children are not small adults • Accumulate more than 60

minutes, and up to several hours per day, of age and developmentally appropriate activities for elementary school children


Guidelines for Children (cont’d)

Guidelines for Children (cont’d)

• Some of the child’s physical activity each day should be in periods lasting 10 to 15 minutes or more and include moderate to vigorous activity; this activity will be intermittent in nature, involving alternating moderate to vigorous activity with brief rest and recovery periods


Establishing Training Intensity

Establishing Training Intensity

• Train at– A percentage of O2max

– A percentage of maximum heart rate – A perception of effort– The lactate threshold

V


Methods of Training Methods of Training

• Anaerobic training• Aerobic training

– Continuous– Intermittent


Aerobic Training: Continuous

Aerobic Training: Continuous

• Also known as long slow distance (LSD)

• Requires sustained, steady-rate aerobic exercise

• LSD training generally progresses at the relatively comfortable threshold intensity of 70% HRmax, although it can increase to the 85 or 90% level


Aerobic Training: Intermittent

Aerobic Training: Intermittent

• Also known as interval training• Provides periods of intense activity

interspersed with moderate to low energy expenditure, which characterize many sport and life activities

• Simulates this variation in energy transfer intensity through specific spacing of exercise and rest periods


Interval TrainingInterval Training

• Four factors help to formulate the interval training prescription:

– Intensity of exercise interval– Duration of exercise interval– Duration of recovery interval– Repetitions of exercise-recovery

interval


The Overtraining Syndrome

The Overtraining Syndrome

• 10% to 20% of athletes experience the syndrome of overtraining, or “staleness”

• A result of complex interactions among biologic and psychologic influences


Symptoms of Overtraining and Staleness

Symptoms of Overtraining and Staleness

• Unexplained and persistently poor performance and high fatigue ratings

• Prolonged recovery from typical training sessions or competitive events

• Disturbed mood states characterized by general fatigue, apathy, depression, irritability, and loss of competitive drive


Symptoms of Overtraining and Staleness (cont’d)


• Persistent feelings of muscle soreness and stiffness in muscles and joints

• Elevated resting pulse and increased susceptibility to upper respiratory tract infections (altered immune function) and gastrointestinal disturbances




• Insomnia• Loss of appetite, weight loss, and

inability to maintain proper body weight for competition

• Overuse injuries

copyright © 2006 lippincott williams & wilkins. training the anaerobic and aerobic energy...

Documents

allout exercise slide

aerobic training

lippincott williams

steadyrate exercise

appropriate level slide

intense aerobic exercise

adults exercise

exercise facts