copyright ©2011 pearson education, inc. all rights reserved1 chapter 13: content and organization...

Copyright ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 1

Chapter 13:Content and OrganizationThis multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:*any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;*preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;*any rental, lease, or lending of the program


Inventio and Dispositio

Cicero. The great Senator and Orator of Ancient Rome

Inventio (Content). The speakers attempt “to find out what he should say.”

Dispositio (Organization). The task of arranging ideas and information for a presentation in an orderly sequence.


Content and Supporting Material Content

The ideas, information, and opinions you include in your message

Supporting MaterialThe ideas, opinions, and information

that explain and/or advance your presentation’s key points and purpose


Types of Supporting Material

• Facts

• Statistics

• Testimony

• Definitions

• Descriptions

• Analogies

• Examples

• Stories


Identify the Type of Supporting Material

A. Fact

B. Statistic

C. Testimony

D. Definition

E. Description

F. Analogy

G. Example

H. Story

__Deception consists of messages knowingly and intentionally transmitted to foster false beliefs.

__ Supporting material includes facts, testimony, analogies, and stories

__ A teacher in my nephew’s school was suspended for wearing a T-shirt with a peace sign on it.


Identify the Type of Supporting Material

A. Fact

B. Statistic

C. Testimony

D. Definition

E. Analogy

F. Description

G. Example

H. Story

__ According to Dr. Alan Hirsch, about 90% of taste is based on smell.

__ “America will not bow down to tyrants.” George W. Bush

__ Japan’s Princess Kiko gave birth to a male heir to the Imperial throne.

__ He’s king of the hill.


Fact or Opinion1. The whole of human knowledge doubles every

five years.

2. The Second Amendment to the Constitution protects your right to own and use a gun.

3. From 1971 to 2004, MBAs went up 426 percent; health degrees went up 743 percent.

4. The word memo comes from the Latin memorandum, meaning “to be remembered.”

5. A national health care system is the same as socialism.


Don’t Take It Out of Context

“When context is misplaced, so is the truth.”

Dan Le Batard, columnist, Miami Herald

Example: “Martin Luther King, Jr. opposed

affirmative action because he believed that merit, not race, should determine the

distribution of resources.”


Document Your Sources

• Cite the sources of your supporting material in writing and orally in your presentation.

• Documentation enhances your credibility as a speaker while assuring listeners of the validity of your content.


Tests of Supporting Material

• Is the source identified and credible?

• Is the source primary or secondary?

• Is the source biased?

• Is the information recent?

• Is the information consistent?

• Are the statistics valid?


Quotable Quote


Test the Supporting Material

• The new health care law gives Obama a Nazi-like “private army” of 6,000 people.

• In March 2010, the Texas Board of Education rightfully dropped President Thomas Jefferson from the world history curriculum because he advocated a “separation between church and state.”

• Around 50,000 people die each year from alcohol poisoning. By comparison, marijuana is nontoxic and cannot cause death by overdose. NORMAL National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws.


PowerPoint Quiz

What type of supporting material is used in the following example? “Heuristics are shortcut decision-making rules that are correct often enough to be useful.”

A. FactsB. DefinitionsC. StatisticsD. DescriptionsE. Analogies


Wikipedia: Pros and ConsPRO Wikipedia

• Provides clear, general information

• Provides useful primary references

• Information is as accurate as many encyclopedias

• ________________• ________________

CON Wikipedia• Is written and revised

by non-experts • Information may be

inaccurate• Students only use

Wikipedia rather than primary sources

• _________________• _________________


Myth? Hoax? True? Sources: Web sites and newspapers 1. President Obama’s birth certificate is a

forgery. He is not a U.S. Citizen.

2. The face of the Mona Lisa is actually a self-portrait of Leonardo ad Vinci.

3. President Obama canceled National Day of Prayer.

4. The Apollo moon landing is a hoax; it never happened.


Quotable Quote

“A speech without structure is like a human body without a skeleton. It won’t stand up. Spineless. Like a jellyfish”

Michael Kepper, I’d Rather Die than Give a Speech


Determine Your Key Points

Key Points The most important issues or the

main ideas you want your audience to understand and remember during and

after your presentation


Mind Map


The Speech Framer©• Provides a place for every component of a

presentation.

• Encourages creativity and experimentation with organizational patterns and formats.

• Helps determine the number of key points.• Connects key points to strong, relevant

supporting material.• If used as speaking notes, lays out the

entire presentation on one page.


The Speech Framer©The Speech Framer

Introduction:

Central Idea:

Key Points 1. 2. 3.

Support

Support

Support

Conclusion:


The Speech Framer©


Identify Your Central Idea

Central Idea:A sentence or thesis statement that summarizes the key points that you

want your audience to understand and remember


Topic, Purpose, and Central Idea

• Topic• Purpose

• Central Idea

• Growing tomatoes• To explain how to grow

healthy, hearty tomatoes• Growing healthy, hearty

tomatoes requires good soil, bright sun, plenty of water, and a watchful eye.


Topic, Purpose, and Central Idea

• Topic

• Purpose

• Central Idea

• The cost of college• _________________

_________________ • _________________

_________________ _________________ _________________


Organizational Patterns

• Topical

• Time

• Space

• Problem-Solution

• Causes and Effects

• Stories and Examples

• Comparison-Contrast


Match the Organizational Pattern

A. Topical

B. Time

C. Space

D. Problem-Solution

E. Causes & Effects

F. Stories & Examples

G. Comparison-Contrast

1. Disney’s Worlds– Disneyland– Disney World– Disney Paris

2. Choosing a College– Quality– Cost– Social Life– “Customer” Service


Provide Examples for a Presentation on Sleep

• Topical

• Time• Space• Problem-Solution• Causes and Effects• Stories and Examples• Comparison-Contrast

• Four reasons to get 7 to 8 hours of sleep

• __________________• __________________• __________________• __________________• __________________• __________________


Outline Your Presentation

• Preliminary Outline: Puts the major pieces of a presentation in order

• Comprehensive Outline: Provides an all-inclusive framework that follows established outlining rules

• Speaking Outline: A short outline that includes little more than a list of key points and reminders of supporting material


Preliminary OutlineI. Introduction

A. Purpose/TopicB. Central Idea & Preview of Key Points

II. Body of the PresentationA. Key Point #1B. Key Point #2C. Key Point #3

III. ConclusionSee p. 274 for an example of a Comprehensive Outline


Ordering Your Key Points• Strength and Familiarity. Put your

strongest key points first and last; your weakest or least familiar in the middle.

• Logistics. Put your strongest key points first if you may need to cut your talk short as you speak.

• Audience Needs. If listeners need current information, provide it first. If the issue is controversial, provide background material explaining your justification first.


Connectives

• Internal Previews: Tells audience what you will cover

• Internal Summaries: Reminds audience what you have covered

• Transitions: Brief phrases to help move from one key point or idea to another

• Signposts: Phrases that remind listeners where you are in a presentation


Goals of the Introduction

• Focus audience attention and interest.

• Connect to your audience.

• Put you in your presentation.

• Set the emotional tone.

• Preview the message.


Primacy and Recency Effects

Primacy Effect. We recall information in a sequence we hear first.

Recency Effect. We recall information in a sequence we hear last.

Hermann Ebbinghuas, German psychologist

Audiences tend to remember the introduction and conclusion of presentations.


PowerPoint QuizIn effective introductions, the power of the first impression, also described as the _______ Effect, is critical for gaining and maintaining audience attention.

A. Recency

B. Primacy

C. Secondary

D. Impression

E. Hyperbole


Introductory Strategies• Use a Statistic or Example• Quote Someone • Tell a Story• Use a Metaphor• Ask a Question• Refer to the Place or Occasion• Refer to a Well-Known Incident• Address Audience Needs


Match the Method of Introduction

A. Use a Statistic or Example

B. Quote Someone

C. Tell a Story

D. Refer to the Place or Occasion

E. Refer to a Well-Known Incident

Aisha Parveen doesn’t matter. She’s simply one more impoverished young girl from the countryside, and if her brothel owner goes ahead and kills her, almost no one will care.


Match the Method of Introduction

A. Use Statistics or Examples

B. Quote Someone C. Refer to the Place

or OccasionD. Refer to a Well-

Known IncidentE. Address Audience

Needs

Now stay awake for the following alert! Chronic snoring affects 45% of all Americans. Losing 90 minutes of sleep reduces daytime alertness by 32%. Drowsy driving is linked to 100,000 car crashes a year.


Tips for Introductions


Goals of the Conclusion


Strategies for Concluding

• Summarize

• Quote Someone

• Tell a Story

• Use Poetic Language

• Call for Action

• Refer to the Beginning


Match the Method of Concluding

A. Summarize

B. Quote Someone

C. Tell a Story

D. Call for Action

E. Refer to the Beginning

. . . we will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, “Free at last! Free at last! Thank God almighty, we’re free at last!”Conclusion of the Rev. Martin Luther

King, Jr.’s, I Have a Dream speech


Match the Method of Concluding

A. Summarize

B. Quote Someone

C. Tell a Story

D. Use Poetic Language

E. Refer to the Beginning

Capital punishment does not deter crime. But, it does kill the poor, innocent, and disenfranchised. And it will never bring back the innocent dead. It is time to abandon revenge and honor life.


PowerPoint QuizConcluding a presentation with the same technique you used in the introduction is called the

A. bookmarks method.

B. bookends method.

C. cataloging method.

D. reverse-introduction method.

E. reverse-conclusion method.


Tips for Conclusions


Communication Assessment

Can You Match the Organizational Pattern? Match each brief outline with the appropriate organizational pattern (topical, time, space, problem-solving, causes and effects, stories and examples, comparison-contrast.

1. The three stages of pregnancy: first trimester, second trimester, third trimester.

2. Four basic techniques for playing volleyball: setting, bumping, spiking, serving.


TEST Your KnowledgeWhich organizational pattern works best for explaining the migratory patterns of hummingbirds?

A.Time arrangement

B.Topical arrangement

C.Space arrangement

D. Causes and effects arrangement

E. Comparison-contrast arrangement

See p. 257 for more review questions.

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