copyright © 2013, 2010 by saunders, an imprint of elsevier inc. chapter 68 childhood immunization
TRANSCRIPT
Copyright © 2013, 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Chapter 68
Childhood Immunization
2Copyright © 2013, 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Immunizations
Purpose is to protect against infectious diseases
Most effective method is to create a highly immune population
Universal vaccine is the goal Vaccines carry risk, but risks of disease are
much greater
3Copyright © 2013, 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
General Considerations
Definitions Vaccine Killed vaccines vs. live vaccines Toxoid Vaccination Immunization; active vs. passive Specific immune globulins
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General Considerations
Reporting vaccine-preventable disease Determine whether an outbreak is occurring Evaluate prevention and control strategies Evaluate the impact of national immunization
policies and practices
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General Considerations
Immunization records National Childhood Vaccine Act of 1986 requires a
permanent record of each mandated vaccination• Date of vaccination• Route and site of vaccination• Vaccine type, manufacturer, lot number, expiration date• Name, address, title of person administering the vaccine
Reason for record• To ensure appropriate vaccination• To avoid overvaccination
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General Considerations
Adverse effects of immunization Immunocompromised children are at special risk
from live vaccines• Congenital immunodeficiency• HIV infection• Leukemia• Lymphoma• Generalized malignancy• Therapy with radiation• Cytotoxic anticancer drugs• High-dose glucocorticoids
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Target Diseases
Measles Mumps Rubella Diphtheria Tetanus (lockjaw) Pertussis (whooping cough) Poliomyelitis (polio or infantile paralysis)
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Target Diseases
Haemophilus influenzae type b Varicella (chickenpox) Hepatitis B Hepatitis A Pneumococcal infection Meningococcal infection Influenza Rotavirus gastroenteritis Genital human papillomavirus infection
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Specific Vaccines and Toxoids
Measles, mumps, and rubella virus vaccine (MMR)
Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP)
Poliovirus vaccine H. influenzae type b conjugate vaccine
10Copyright © 2013, 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Specific Vaccines and Toxoids
Varicella virus vaccine Hepatitis B vaccine Hepatitis A vaccine Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine Meningococcal conjugate vaccine Influenza vaccine Rotavirus vaccine Human papillomavirus vaccine