core 2 – body in motion: bold 1: how do the ... file · web vieweven the finest...

Core 2 – Body in Motion

How do the m

usculoskeletal and cardiorespiratory system

s of the body influence and respond to m

ovement?

Core 2: Body in Motion – Bold 1 – How do the musculoskeletal and cardiorespiratory systems of the body influence and respond to movement?

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Bold 1 – How do the musculoskeletal and cardiorespiratory systems of the body influence and respond to movement?

Skeletal system- Major bones involved in movement- Structure and function of synovial joints- Joint actions e.g. extension and flexion

Identify the location and type of major bones involved in movement, e.g. long bones articulate at hinge joints for flexion and extension. (RHS of syllabus)

Introduction to Skeletal system

Human movement results from a complex interaction between systems of the human body. Even the finest movements result from interaction between the nervous system, muscular system, respiratory system, bones and joints. In the human body there are 206 bones over 650 muscles and over 200 joints or articulations.

Functions of the skeleton and bone tissue.

Activity: Complete the following cloze passage using the terms from the box below:

Mineral storage Storage of energy Blood cell production Support

Movement Protection

• —they provide a framework for attachment of soft connective tissue, such as muscles

• —they protect internal organs; for example, the ribs protect the heart and lungs

• —when muscles contract they pull on bones and produce movement

• —in particular they store calcium and phosphorus, which are released when needed

• —most blood cell formation occurs within the red bone marrow

• —yellow bone marrow is a stored source of lipids in the bones.


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Major Bones involved in movement

The Skeleton:

Activity: Label the major bones of the skeleton

Front View (Anterior View) Back View (Posterior View)

The bones of the human skeleton are divided in 2 parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.

The axial skeleton forms the long axis of the body, and includes the skull, vertebra, ribs, sternum and hyoid bone. The vertebral column protects the spinal cord, and consists of 24 movable vertebrae in three sections (7 cervical, 12 thoracic and 5 lumbar), with 5 fused bones in the sacrum and 4 fused bones to form the coccyx.

The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the pectoral (shoulder) girdle and the upper body, and the bones of the pelvic (hip) girdle and the lower body.

Question: Explain(cause & effect) the purpose of having sturdy, larger vertebra in the lumbar region and smaller finer vertebra in the cervical region?


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Types of bones

The bones (or skeletal system) form a rigid framework to which muscles and other organs attach. The shape and length of the bone, how it joins to other bones and location of the bone in the human body will influence what movement that bone is capable of. There are four main types of bones;

o long boneso short boneso flat bones and o irregular bones.

Long Bones Short Bones

Short bones have a short axis and are found in small spaces such as the wrist. They serve to transfer forces.Another place where short bones are found is:

.

Long bones are longer than they are wide and they function as levers. Examples of long bones are:


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Flat Bones

Flat bones have a broad surface and serve as places of attachment for muscles and to protect vital organs.Examples of flat bones are:

Irregular Bones

Irregular bones are made up of those bones that do not fit into the other three categories, such as vertebra that make up the human spine.Other examples are:

Sesamoid & Sutural Bones

Two other types of bone are classified by location, not shape:• sesamoid bones, which are small bones embedded in tendons where pressure develops; for example, the patella (kneecap)• sutural bones or wormian bones, which are small bones located between the joints of some cranial bones.


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Structure and function of synovial joints

Types of joints


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- Synovial joints

Most of the joints in the body are of the synovial type. The following are the main characteristics of a synovial joint:

The ends of the bones are covered with a layer of smooth h__________ cartilage, called a____________ cartilage in the joint regions. This reduces f_________ at the point.

The joint cavity is completely enclosed by a bag-like capsular tissue, called j_________ c____________ which holds the joint together and helps to contain the s___________ f________.

The joint capsule is lined with a s____________ m______________. This membrane secretes synovial fluid into the joint cavity and acts as a seal, waterproofing the joint. The synovial fluid l____________ the joint.

B__________ are closed sacs which are lined with synovial membrane and are found in spaces between tendons, ligaments or in places where friction is likely to happen. They secret synovial fluid to aid in lubrication and decrease friction, wear and damage.

In addition to the capsule, the bones are also attached and held together by strong, tough l______________ made of dense connective tissue. These ligaments prevent d______________ during normal movement.

T__________ are fibrous cords of dense connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone and also provide support for joints.

The articulating surfaces of adjacent bones are r______________ shaped.

Use the words below to complete the cloze passage above.

reciprocally dislocation ligaments lubricates synovial membrane synovial fluid joint

capsule friction articular hyaline tendons bursae

Structure of the hip joint (cross section) – a synovial joint


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Activity: Work with a partner. Draw in each of the major components of a synovial joint on the diagram of the knee joint below.

Structure of the knee joint (cross section) - a synovial joint

Front view (anterior) of the knee joint


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Types of synovial joints

Activity: Identify the type of joint.

Type of Joint Description Movement(s) Examples

Ball & Socket Joint The rounded head of one bone (ball) fits into a cup-shaped socket of the other bone.

Allows: Side to side Back & forth Rotating

Hip (pelvis + femur)

Shoulder ( humerus + scapular)

Hinge Joint A curving out surface of one bone fits into a curving in surface of another bone, acting like a hinge.

Permits movement only back and forth i.e. bending and straightening of a body part.

Saddle Joint Each bones that fit together are shaped like a saddle.

Allows movement side to side and back and forth.

Between the hand and the base of the thumb.

Pivot Joint A pivot-like projection of one bone rotates inside a ring-shaped structure on the other bone.

Allows rotational movements only.

Just below elbow (_________ + ______)

Top of vertebral column(_________ + _______)


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Type of Joint Description Movement(s) Examples

Gliding Joint Joint surfaces are almost flat. Allow the bones to slide across each other in all directions (side to side and back and forth)

Between carpal bones of the __________ .

Condyloid Joints A dome shaped surface of one bone fitting into the hollow made by one or more other bones.

Allows both side to side and back and forth movements.

Between the palm & fingers ( __________ + ______________)

Between the radius, ulna and the carpal bones of the wrist.

Anatomical Terminology

An anatomical reference system called directional terms is used to identify the location of bones. The starting point assumes that the body is in the anatomical position; that is, a reference position where the subject is standing erect, facing front on and with palms facing forward (see figure 4.2(a)). From here, we can locate a bone by saying where it is relative to another part of the body. For example, in anatomical terms, superior means ‘towards the head’.For location purposes we might say that the chest is superior to the hips or the knee is superior to the foot. Anatomical terms as they apply to locating body parts are shown in figure 4.2.

1. Superior — towards the head; for example, the chest is superior to the hips.

2. Inferior — towards the feet; for example, the _________ is inferior to the leg.

3. Anterior — towards the front; for example, the breast is on the anterior chest wall (see figure 4.2(b))

4. Posterior — towards the back; for example, the __________ is posterior to the heart (see figure 4.2(b))

5. Medial — towards the midline of the body; for example, the big _____ is on the medial side of the foot

6. Lateral — towards the side of the body; for example, the ________ toe is on the lateral side of the foot

7. Proximal — towards the body’s mass; for example, the ___________ is proximal to the elbow

8. Distal — away from the body’s mass; for example, the elbow is distal to the ____________.


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Joint actions e.g. extension& flexion.

When the muscles exert force on bones, the structure of the joints allows a diverse range of movements. Each type of movement can be described using anatomical terminology.


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Activity: Identify the joint actions


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7.

9.

11 .

Unpaired Joint Actions


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Paired joint actions

Flexion Extension


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Application:

Identify the location and type of major bones involved in movement, e.g. long bones articulate at hinge joints for flexion and extension. (RHS of syllabus)

By using the photos of the athletes below use your understanding of bones and joints to identify the key bones and joints that are used in the movement, the type of joint involved and describe the movements at the joint. Follow the cricket bowling example given below.

The bowler: left leg: flexion at knee (hinge joint); femur with tibia left hip: flexion (ball and socket joint); pelvis with femur right shoulder: rotation of ball and socket joint; humerus with scapular right elbow: extension at elbow (hinge joint); humerus with ulna

The gymnast: The AFL player: The footballer:


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Muscular System Major muscles involved in movement

Identify the location of the major muscles involved in movement and related joint actions (RHS of syllabus)

Muscle relationship (agonist, antagonist) Types of muscle contraction (concentric, eccentric, isometric)

Perform and analyse movements, e.g. overarm throw, by examining: Bones involved and the joint action Muscles involved and the type of contraction. (RHS of syllabus)

Introduction:

There are more than 600 muscles in the body and they are all attached to bones. The role of muscles is to contract. When they contract, we move. Muscles are unable to push to enable movement. Instead they shorten, causing joint movement, then relax as opposing muscles pull the joint back into position.

There are three types of muscle tissue in the body: Skeletal, Cardiac and Smooth

Type of muscle tissue

Is primarily attached to bones, and it moves the skeleton. It is said to be striated because of its obvious striped appearance. Contraction is under our direct control and so the movement of the muscle is said to be voluntary.Forms most of the heart. This muscle is striated and, because contractions occur without us knowing, its movement is said to be involuntary.is located on the walls of our internal structures, such as the stomach, blood vessels and intestines. It is non-striated, and its movement is usually involuntary.

Functions of muscles:

There are three basic functions that muscle tissue serves through contracting and relaxing. Muscles can:

produce movement to walk, run, jump, breathe, digest and excrete

provide stabilisation of posture and internal organs generate heat to maintain body temperature.


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Major muscles involved in movement


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We have many other muscles beneath these major surface muscles. To remember the major muscles, it is helpful to know that muscles are named according to:

the action they perform (for example, the extensor carpi ulnaris and levator scapula) their shape (for example, the trapezius) their origin and/or insertion points (for example, the sacrospinalis) their having multiple points of origin (for example, the bicep, tricep and quadricep) their location (for example, the tibialis anterior) their size (for example, the gluteus maximus) the direction of their fibres (for example, the external obliques and rectus abdominus).

The movement that a muscle produces is called its action. Muscles are arranged to work together or in opposition to produce movement. Most muscles cross over at least one joint. Movements are produced when muscles exert force on tendons, which pull on articulating bones or other structures; for example, skin.Remember that muscles can only pull; they do not push.

Table: Origins, Insertions and skeletal muscle movements

Muscle Origin Insertion Actions

Deltoid Clavicle and scapula Humerus

Biceps brachii Scapula Radius

Triceps Scapula and humerus Ulna

Latissimus dorsi Lower 6 thoracic vertebrae,all lumbar vertebrae, lower4 ribs, iliac and sacral crests

Humerus

Trapezius Occipital bone, spines of C7and all thoracic vertebra

Clavicle and scapula

Pectorals

• Major

• Minor

Ribs 2–6, clavicle andsternum

Ribs 3–5

Humerus

ScapulaWith ribs fixed: draws scapula forward and downward.With scapula fixed: draws rib cage superiorly.


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Muscle Origin Insertion Actions

Erector spinae (sacrospinalis):

group of 3 muscles(medial, lateral andintermediate)

Vary along vertebral spinesand transverse processes,ribs and iliac crest

Vary along vertebralspines and transverseprocesses, ribs and jaw

Maintains erect posture; extends vertebral column

Acts on one side to: bend vertebral column laterally; extend head and rotate face to side

Gluteus maximus Iliac crest, sacrum and coccyx

Femur

Hamstrings:

group of 3 muscles(biceps femoris, semitendinosus andsemimembranosus)

Ischium and femur (bicepsfemoris)

Femur (semitendinosus andsemimembranosus)

Tibia and fibula (bicepsfemoris)

Tibia (semitendinosusand semimembranosus)

Quadriceps:

group of 4 muscles(rectus femoris, vastus group—medialis,lateralis and intermedius)

Iliac spine (rectus femoris)

Femur (vastus group)

Common insertion topatella and tibia throughthe patella ligament

Gastrocnemius Lateral and medial sides offemur

Calcaneous via Achillestendon

Soleus Fibula and tibia Calcaneous via Achillestendon

Tibialis anterior Tibia First metatarsal

Rectus abdominus Pubic crest Xiphoid process and ribs5–7

External obliques Lower 8 ribs Iliac crest and linea alba


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Muscle relationship (agonist, antagonist)


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Muscle Pairs

Practical Activity: List one sporting or movement skill where the:

1. Rectus Abdominus works as the agonist

2. Rectus Abdominus works as the antagonist

3. Biceps brachii works as the antagonist

4. Quadriceps works as the agonist

5. Quadriceps works as the antagonist

6. Gastrocnemius works as the agonist

7. Triceps works as the agonist

8. Gluteus maximus works as the agonist


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Types of muscle contraction (concentric, eccentric, isometric)

When muscles are in a relaxed state, they are soft and loose. When they contract to produce a force, they become hard and elastic.

Activity: To feel this difference, put your left hand on your right bicep when it is down by your side. Then flex your arm towards your chest. Feel how it goes from long and soft to short and hard.

Now pick up a heavy book. Feel your muscle become even harder and bigger.

Muscle tension is the force that is produced when a muscle contracts; the load is the force exertedon a muscle by a weight.Two main types of contractions are possible within muscles:

• isotonic contraction – there are 2 typeso where the muscle shortens and contractso Eccentric isotonic contraction – where the muscle lengthens

• isometric contraction – where the muscle stays the same length but tension exists.

The best way to determine which type of contraction is occurring is to investigate the influence of gravity on the movement.

o Concentric contraction (isotonic) The muscle produces enough tension to overcome the weight or the effect of gravity. The muscle shortens or contracts whilst completing the movement. The ‘up phase’ of many weight training exercises involve concentric contractions One example is the bicep curl. The bicep contracts as the weight is lifted. It has overcome the weight

and the pull of gravity to do this.

o Eccentric contraction (isotonic) The muscle produces tension by lengthening and allowing the pull of gravity of the resistance to

overcome it in a slow manner. The ‘lowering phase’ of many weight training exercises involves eccentric contractions. Consider this:

You have raised a barbell above your head using a contraction The heavy barbell naturally would like to fall back to the floor due to the effect of

gravity, BUT You actually lower the barbell in a slow and controlled manner using an eccentric

contraction.


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Critical thinking question: we have seen that:

1. A concentric contraction occurs when we apply a force against a resistance or gravity and,2. An eccentric contraction occurs when we apply force with the resistance or gravity resulting in movement slower

than the effect of gravity would normally produce.

Which type of contraction would be used to lower a weight or resistance faster that the effect of gravity?

o Isometric contractions When a muscle produces force but there is no change in the length of the fibres, an isometric

contraction has taken place. This occurs when a person is wanting to stay in a ‘help’ position or when they are applying force against an immovable object e.g. pushing against a brick wall.

Consider the following example:

Critical thinking question: List three more sporting examples where isometric contractions are involved.

In this situation, the triceps are working hard so that the arms can hold lthe body straight, but they do not change length as that would lead to the rings moving which is not desirable. The idea on this apparatus is to have the rings stat as still as possible.


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Perform and analyse movements, e.g. overarm throw, by examining: Bones involved and the joint action Muscles involved and the type of contraction. (RHS of syllabus)

PracticalActivity: Performing and analyzing movements

Following is a list of common sporting movements. Working in pairs, have one person imitate each of the actions:

arm action while taking a shot in basketball wrist action while taking a shot in netball arm action during an overarm throw knee action during a vertical jump foot action during the take-off in a long jump.

Observe each action closely and then complete the following table.

Movement Bones involved Muscles and their roles

Joint action Type of contraction

Arm action – basketball shot


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Respiratory System Structure and function Lung function Exchange of gases(internal, external)

Analyse the various aspects of lung function through participation in a range of physical activities. (RHS)

Structure and function

Cells use oxygen in metabolic reactions to create energy. At the same time, these reactions produce carbon dioxide. The cardiorespiratory system is made up of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. It provides oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide and other wastes through the blood in a process known as respiration.

The diaphragm is the muscle responsible for breathing. It is normally involuntary as we do not consciously think about breathing.

The table below shows the organs that make up the respiratory system and their function.

Metabolic reactions are the chemical and physical activity that occurs in cells to create energy and maintain life.

AlveoliBronchioles continue to divide until they end in tiny sacs called alveoli.


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Activity: Label the respiratory system.

Detailed diagram of Alveoli.


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Activity: Number each of the steps below to put the process of respiration into the correct sequence.


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Lung function (inspiration, expiration)

Respiration is the exchange of gases between the cells, blood and atmosphere. It involves four processes: pulmonary ventilation (breathing)—movement of air from the atmosphere into the alveoli pulmonary diffusion—exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the blood transport of respiratory gases—transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the

tissue cells of the body via the blood internal respiration—exchange of gases between the blood capillaries and the tissue cells.

Respiration is controlled automatically by the brain and involves two phases: inspiration and expiration.

Inspiration is air movement from the atmosphere into the lungs; breathing in.During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and flattens as the external intercostal muscles (between the ribs) lift the ribs outwards and upwards (see figure 4.22(a)). This movement increases the volume of the chest cavity and pulls the walls of the lungs outwards, which in turn decreases the air pressure within the lungs. In response to this, air from outside the body rushes into the lungs through the air passages.

Expiration is air movement from the lungs to the atmosphere; breathing out.During expiration, the diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards as the internal intercostal muscles allow the ribs and other structures to return to their resting position (see figure 4.22(b)). The volume of the chest cavity is therefore decreased, which increases the air pressure inside the lungs. Air is consequently forced out to make the pressures inside and outside the lungs about equal.

Under normal resting conditions we breathe at a rate of approximately 12 to 18 breaths per minute. This rate can increase with physical activity, excitement or elevated body temperature. It also changes with age, being higher in babies and young children.

Activity: Use the bell jar from the Science Lab to view an assimilation of the lungs working.

Identify what part of the bell jar represents the diaphragm?

What happens when the ‘diaphragm’ is pulled out? Does this action result in inspiration or expiration?

What happens when the ‘diaphragm returns to its normal position? Does this action result in inspiration or expiration?


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Exchange of gases (internal, external)

During inspiration, the alveoli are supplied with fresh air that is high in oxygen content and low in carbon dioxide. On the other hand, blood in the capillaries arriving at the alveoli is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide content, as shown in table 4.4. The different concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the air result in a pressure difference.

Activity: Use the words provided to complete the cloze passage below on how gases are exchanged in the lungs and cellular level.

For ________________________to occur there must be a ___________ gradient existing between the ___________ and the_____________.

The alveoli are supplied with fresh air which is high is _______and low in __________. The capillaries surrounding the alveoli, comes with a_______ concentration of O2 but a _____ concentration of CO2. The different concentrations of O2 and CO2 between the alveoli and the capillaries result in a pressure gradient for each gas.

Remembering that gases generally go from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure, this results in O2 moving from the alveoli into the __________, (i.e. high to low), where it attaches to the _______________ molecule in the red blood cells. Conversely, there is a movement of CO2 out of the blood into the alveoli, which will be ____________.

The same principle occurs at cellular level where O2 is ________ into cells of the body via the blood and CO2, a product of ____________ respiration, diffuses out of the cells, into the blood via the capillaries, and is carried back to the _________where it is expired.

pulmonary diffusion pressure capillary CO2

haemoglobin expired unloaded lungs

high blood internal alveolus O2 low

Analyse the various aspects of lung function through participation in a range of physical activities. (RHS)Effect of physical activity on respirationWhat happens to your breathing rate when you begin to exercise?

What predictions can you make with your heart rate when you exercise?

Why do you think your lungs and heart respond to exercise in this way?

Physical activity brings about a number of immediate adjustments in the working of the respiratory system.The rate and depth of breathing often increase moderately, even before the exercise begins, as the body’s nervous activity is increased in anticipation of the exercise. Just the thought of a jog can increase our demand for oxygen!

Once exercise starts, the rate and depth of breathing increase rapidly. This is thought to be related to stimulation of the sensory receptors in the body’s joints as a result of the movement. Further increases during the exercise result mainly from increased concentrations of carbon dioxide in the blood, which triggers greater respiratory activity.

The increases in the rate (frequency) and depth (tidal volume or TV of breathing provide greater ventilation and occur, generally, in proportion to increases in the exercise effort (workload on the body). Refer to figure 4.24.


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Activity: Explain (cause & effect) what figure4.24 is showing to the changes in ventilation.


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Practical Application: Effect of physical activity on respiration

EquipmentStopwatch, recording sheets

This application aims to measure changes in lung function between rest andexercise. Work in pairs, as recorder and subject.

Method

(a) The subject should rest while the recorder counts the subject’s number of breaths per minute and records the information.

(b) The subject should then run 100 metres as quickly as possible. The recorder records the subject’s breathing rate during the minute following the run.

(c) Finally, the subject should run steadily for four to five minutes, then have their breathing rate monitored for one minute.

Recording of results:

Type of Exercise Pre-exercise breathing rate / min

Post-exercise breathing rate / min

100m sprint

Steady run

Inquiry: How does physical activity affect my rate of breathing?

1. Compare the number of breaths recorded for each test in the preceding application and indicate any differences.

2. Did you notice any difference in the depth of breathing between rest and physical activity? If so, suggest why this might occur.

3. Discuss the effects of physical activity on breathing rate. Why do you think this change occurs?4. Which type of exercise (short burst or longer distance) had the greater effect on breathing rate? Suggest

reasons for your answer.


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Answer Space:


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Circulatory system components of blood structure and function of the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries pulmonary and systemic circulation blood pressure

Analyse the movement of blood through the body and the influence of the circulatory and respiratory systems on movement efficiency and performance. (RHS)

Introduction


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Components of blood

Blood is a specialised type of connective tissue—it is a thick liquid that is heavier and more viscous (thicker) than water. Blood accounts for about 8 per cent of our total body weight. Healthy adult males have around 5–6 litres of blood and females about 4–5 litres. Its colour depends on the amount of oxygen it is carrying, varying from dark red (oxygen poor) to scarlet red (oxygen rich).


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from an injury site.


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structure and function of the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries

The ventricle walls are stronger and thicker that atria walls because ventricles have to pump blood under high pressure away from the heart.


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Revision Activity: Label the heart below and colour the systemic flow red and pulmonary flow blue. Then complete the passage below using the available words.

aorta left ventricle bluish right atrium right ventricle pulmonary artery superior vena cava

pulmonary veins blood red oxygen left atrium inferior vena cava


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Action of the heartThe heart is able to receive blood from the veins and pump it to the lungs and the body through a rhythmic contraction and relaxation process called the cardiac cycle. The cardiac cycle consists of the:

diastole (relaxation or filling) phase. The muscles of both the atria and ventricles relax. Blood returning from the lungs and all parts of the body flows in to fill both the atria and ventricles in preparation for systole (contraction).

systole (contraction or pumping) phase. The atria contract first to further fill the ventricles. The ventricles then contract and push blood under pressure to the lungs and all parts of the body. As they contract, the rising pressure in the ventricles closes the atrioventricular valves (between the atrium and the ventricle) and opens the valves in the arteries leaving the heart (the aorta – to the body and the pulmonary artery – to the lungs).

Each time the ventricles contract (that is, the heart beats), a wave of blood under pressure travels through the arteries, expanding and contracting the arterial walls. This pressure wave is called a pulse.


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Pulmonary and systemic circulation

Both sides of the heart work together like two pumps with overlapping circuits.

The right side receives venous blood that is low in oxygen content (de-oxygenated) from all parts of the body and pumps it to the lungs. The closed circuit of blood to and from the lungs is the pulmonary circulation.

Pulmonary circulation is the flowof blood from the heart to thelungs and back to the heart.

The left side of the heart receives blood high in oxygen content (oxygenated) from the lungs and pumps it around the body. This circuit to and from the body is called systemic circulation.

Systemic circulation is the flowof blood from the heart to bodytissue and back to the heart

Activity: Colour (as best you can) the circulation of oxygenated blood in red and de-oxygenated blood in blue. Then (as best you can) superimpose a ‘stripe’ of a darker red across the blood vessel to show systemic circulation and a ‘darker blue stripe’ to show pulmonary circulation.


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Blood pressure Blood flows through blood vessels along a pressure gradient from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure.

Blood pressure (BP) is the force that blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels. It is expressed in terms of millimetres of mercury (mmHg). In a resting young adult, BP rises to around 120 mmHg during systole (contraction) and to 80 mmHg during diastole (relaxation). This is considered a normal range plus or minus 10.During exercise of increasing intensity, BP changes with the increases in cardiac output: Systolic blood pressure increases in direct proportion to increases in intensity, thereby facilitating the

delivery of blood. Exercise should be stopped if systolic BP goes above 250 mmHg, or when it fails to rise, or rises and then falls quite markedly.

Diastolic blood pressure changes very little during exercise. If it increases 15 mmHg or more above resting levels, exercise should be stopped.

Blood pressure is usually measured using a stethoscope (a device to direct body sounds to the ears) and a sphygmomanometer (an inflatable cuff with a pressure meter). However, there are new types of sphygmomanometer that take an individual’s blood pressure digitally.

A digital sphygmomanometer


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Analyse the movement of blood through the body and the influence of the circulatory and respiratory systems on movement efficiency and performance. (RHS)

Practical Application: Circulatory system and movement performance

- Examine the following image representing the body’s circulatory system.- Label the parts indicated by the lines.

Now imagine you are a drop of blood.

- Describe your passage through the entire circulatory system, beginning with entry into the right atrium. - Analyse your role in influencing physical performance as you move from one type of blood vessel to the next.- Explain the relationship that you have with the respiratory system and its influence on physical performance?

Answer Space:


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