corynebacterium erysipelothrix & listeria pathogenic anaerobic gram-positive bacilli
TRANSCRIPT
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Corynebacterium
Erysipelothrix
& Listeria
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Pathogenic Anaerobic
Gram-Positive Bacilli
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Corynebacteria (Genus Corynebacterium)Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic
Small, pleomorphic (club-shaped), gram-positive bacilli that appear in short chains (“V” or “Y” configurations) or in clumps resembling “Chinese letters”
Cells contain metachromatic granules (visualize with methylene blue stain)
Lipid-rich cell wall contains meso-diaminopimelic acid, arabino-galactan polymers, and short-chain mycolic acids
Lysogenic bacteriophage encodes for potent exotoxin in virulent strains
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•C32H62O3 = Corynemycolic acid
•C32H64O3 = Corynemycolenic acid
•Cord factor = سمی ای ماده طناب، فاکتورترشح سلول از بیرون به دیواره طریق از که است
( اچ ( ژن آنتی کمک با و شود مخاطی درمی سلولهایباالخره و آنها میتوکندریهای ندن ترکا باعث فرورفته
ممانعت . گردد می سلولها این در وتنفس ازفسفریالسیون
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Distinguishing Features of CMN GroupCorynebacterium Mycobacterium Nocardia
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Pathogenic Corynebacterial Species
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Corynebacterium jeikeium
Corynebacterium urealyticum
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Corynebacterium urealyticum
Urinary tract infections (UTI’s); rare but important
Urease hydrolyzes urea; release of NH4+, increase
in pH, alkaline urine, renal stones
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Corynebacterium jeikeium
Opportunistic infections in immunocompromised (e.g., patients with blood disorders, bone marrow transplants, intravenous catheters)
Multiple antibiotic resistance common (MDR)
Carriage on skin of up to 40% of hospitalized patients (e.g., marrow t-plants)
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Corynebacterium jeikeium Carriers
Percentage of Individuals Colonized
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Respiratory diphtheria (pseudomembrane on pharynx) and cutaneous diphtheria
Prototype A-B exotoxin acts systemically• Toxoid in DPT and TD vaccines
Diphtheria toxin encoded by tox gene introduced by lysogenic bacteriophage (prophage)
Selective media: cysteine-tellurite; serum tellurite; Loeffler’s
Gravis, intermedius, and mitis colonial morphology
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Epidemiology of
Diphtheria
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Incidence of Diphtheria in the USA
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Incidence of Diphtheria in Former Soviet Union
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Virulence Factors in Corynebacterium Species
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Diphtheria tox Gene in Beta
Bacteriophage and Prophage
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See Handout on Exotoxins
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Mechanism of Action of Diphtheria Toxin: Inhibition of Protein Synthesis
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Molecular Structure of Diphtheria Toxin
Catalytic Region
Receptor-Binding RegionTranslocation Region
A Subunit
B Subunit
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Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor on heart & nerve surfaces
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Diagnostic Schick Skin Test
TOXIN TOXOID
Immune Status to C. diphtheriae and Sensitivity to Diphtheria Toxoid
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In vivo Detection of Diphtheria Exotoxin
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Listeria monocytogenes
Gram-positive beta-hemolytic bacillus
Multiply at refrigerator temperatures (4oC)
Tumbling motility at room temperature
CAMP Test positive (like Group B Streptococcus)
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Intestinal tract of mammals & birds (especially chickens)
Persists in soil
Soft cheeses & unwashed raw vegetables
Raw or undercooked food of animal origin
Luncheon meats
Hot dogs
Large scale food recalls have become common
Where do we find Listeria?
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Epidemiology of
Listeriosis
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Natural Reservoirs
Common Routes for Human Exposure
Population at Greatest Risk
Epidemiology of Listeria Infections
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Neonates, elderly & immunocompromised
Granulomatosis infantiseptica
• Transmitted to fetus transplacentally
• Early septicemic form: 1-5 days post-partum
• Delayed meningitic form: 10-20 days following birth
Intracellular pathogen
• Cell-mediated and humoral immunity develop
• Only cell-mediated immunity is protective
Listeriosis
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Methods That Circumvent Phagocytic Killing
See Chpt. 19
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Listeriolysin O?
Macrophage
Macrophage
Phagocytosis
Intracellular Replication Actin
Filaments
Intracellular Survival & Replication of Listeria
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Erysipelothrix rhusopathiaeGram-positive non-motile bacillus; forms filaments
Occupational disease of meat and fish handlers, hunters, veterinarians
Preventable with protective gloves & clothing
Erysipeloid in humans; erysipelas in swine & turkeys
Organisms enter through break in skin
Nonsuppurative, self-limiting skin lesions with erythema and eruption
Peripheral spread may lead to generalized infection, septicemia and/or endocarditis
Organisms can be isolated from skin biopsy
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Epidemiology of
Erysipelothrix Infection
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REVIEW
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Respiratory diphtheria (pseudomembrane on pharynx) and cutaneous diphtheria
Prototype A-B exotoxin acts systemically• Toxoid in DPT and TD vaccines
Diphtheria toxin encoded by tox gene introduced by lysogenic bacteriophage (prophage)
Selective media: cysteine-tellurite; serum tellurite; Loeffler’s
Gravis, intermedius, and mitis colonial morphology
REVIEW
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Diphtheria tox Gene in Beta
Bacteriophage and Prophage
REVIEW
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See Handout on Exotoxins
REVIEW
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Mechanism of Action of Diphtheria Toxin: Inhibition of Protein Synthesis
REVIEW
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Corynebacterium jeikeium
Opportunistic infections in immunocompromised (e.g., patients with blood disorders, bone marrow transplants, intravenous catheters)
Multiple antibiotic resistance common (MDR)
Carriage on skin of up to 40% of hospitalized patients (e.g., marrow t-plants)
REVIEW
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Corynebacterium urealyticum
Urinary tract infections (UTI’s); rare but important
Urease hydrolyzes urea; release of NH4+, increase
in pH, alkaline urine, renal stones
REVIEW
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Listeria monocytogenes
Gram-positive beta-hemolytic bacillus
Multiply at refrigerator temperatures (4oC)
Tumbling motility at room temperature
CAMP Test positive (like Group B Streptococcus)
REVIEW
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Natural Reservoirs
Common Routes for Human Exposure
Population at Greatest Risk
Epidemiology of Listeria Infections
REVIEW
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Neonates, elderly & immunocompromised
Granulomatosis infantiseptica
• Transmitted to fetus transplacentally
• Early septicemic form: 1-5 days post-partum
• Delayed meningitic form: 10-20 days following birth
Intracellular pathogen
• Cell-mediated and humoral immunity develop
• Only cell-mediated immunity is protective
Listeriosis
REVIEW
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Listeriolysin O?
Macrophage
Macrophage
Phagocytosis
Intracellular Replication Actin
Filaments
Intracellular Survival & Replication of Listeria
REVIEW
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Erysipelothrix rhusopathiaeGram-positive non-motile bacillus; forms filaments
Occupational disease of meat and fish handlers, hunters, veterinarians
Preventable with protective gloves & clothing
Erysipeloid in humans; erysipelas in swine & turkeys
Organisms enter through break in skin
Nonsuppurative, self-limiting skin lesions with erythema and eruption
Peripheral spread may lead to generalized infection, septicemia and/or endocarditis
Organisms can be isolated from skin biopsyREVIEW
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