COS STANDARD 14

Trace events of the modern Civil Rights Movement from post-World War II to 1970 that resulted in social and economic changes, including the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School, the March on Washington, Freedom Rides, the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church bombing, and the Selma-to-Montgomery March.

TRACING THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT’S INVOLVEMENT IN THE MODERN CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT, INCLUDING THE ABOLITION OF THE POLL TAX, THE NATIONALIZATION OF STATE MILITIAS, BROWN VERSUS BOARD OF EDUCATION IN 1954, THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACTS OF 1957 AND 1964, AND THE VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965

EXPLAINING CONTRIBUTIONS OF INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS TO THE MODERN CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT, INCLUDING MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR., JAMES MEREDITH, MEDGAR EVERS, THURGOOD MARSHALL, THE SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE (SCLC), THE STUDENT NONVIOLENT COORDINATING COMMITTEE (SNCC), THE CONGRESS OF RACIAL EQUALITY (CORE), THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE (NAACP), AND THE CIVIL RIGHTS FOOT SOLDIERS

APPRAISING CONTRIBUTIONS OF PERSONS AND EVENTS IN ALABAMA THAT INFLUENCED THE MODERN CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT, INCLUDING ROSA PARKS, AUTHERINE LUCY, JOHN PATTERSON, GEORGE C. WALLACE, VIVIAN MALONE JONES, FRED SHUTTLESWORTH, THE CHILDREN’S MARCH, AND KEY LOCAL PERSONS

DESCRIBING THE DEVELOPMENT OF A BLACK POWER MOVEMENT, INCLUDING THE CHANGE IN FOCUS OF THE SNCC, THE RISE OF MALCOLM X, AND STOKELY CARMICHAEL AND THE BLACK PANTHER MOVEMENT

DESCRIBING THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF AFRICAN-AMERICAN ENTREPRENEURS ON THE MODERN CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT, INCLUDING S. B. FULLER AND A. G. GASTON

Chapter 29

MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT

Rosa Parks challenges the segregation of the transportation system

African Americans quickly form organizations and elect a leader to head the bus boycott Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Carpools and walked to

work Rosa Parks' case went

through the court system December 1956:

segregation of buses is unconstitutional

MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT

LITTLE ROCK CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL

September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas 9 African American Students are to

attend Central High School The Governor, Orval Faubus, wants to

be re-elected and stands up for white supremacy.

He ordered National Guard troops to prevent those 9 students from entering the school.

National Guard and an angry mob stop students from registering.

He defied to federal government. Faubus removed the National Guard’s

duty and left the students to the angry mob.

LITTLE ROCK CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL CONTINUED

Beat students and break windows, police escort students away

Eisenhower send in the U. S. Army to put down the angry mob

The students come back to the school

The U. S. Army has to remain at the school for the rest of the year

LITTLE ROCK CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL

LITTLE ROCK CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL

MARCH ON WASHINGTON August 28, 1963 200,000

demonstrators march on Washington D. C.

Sang songs, heard speeches at the Lincoln Memorial

Dr. King gives his “ I Have a Dream” Speech

WASHINGTON D. C.

FREEDOM RIDERS

People who boarded buses; rode all over the Southeast in protest to get more civil rights

Attacked in Montgomery, Alabama JFK suggested they stop; continued to

Mississippi JFK wanted the violence stopped, he made a

deal with Senator James Eastland Eastland needed to prevent the violence and the

Mississippi police could arrest the Freedom Riders No violence, they were arrested

CORE used funds to bail out the freedom riders.

The rides would have to stop unless they found more money Thurgood Marshall and NAACP offer money.

FREEDOM RIDERS CONTINUED

Kennedy refocuses his efforts. Orders the Interstate Commerce Commission to

tighten regulations against segregated bus terminals

Robert Kennedy’s action: Orders the Justice Department to take legal

actions against Southern cities that maintained segregated bus terminals.

By 1962, segregated bus travel had ended.

FREEDOM RIDERS

16TH STREET BOMBING

Birmingham, Alabama

September 15, 1963 Robert Chambliss

placed a box by the steps of the 16th Street Baptist Church

The box exploded killing 4 people: Denise McNair, Addie Mae Collins, Carol Robertson and Cynthia Wesley; injuring 23 others.

16TH STREET BOMBING

SELMA TO MONTGOMERY MARCH Sunday March 7, 1965 Mostly African American people, but few

registered to vote 50 mile march from Selma to Montgomery The protesters approach the Edmund Pettis

Bridge and they kneel to pray. State troopers and deputized citizens rush the

protesters and beat them. appears on TV

Became known as Bloody Sunday 70 hospitalized, more injured Result: Voting Rights Act of 1965

BLOODY SUNDAY

BROWN VERSUS THE BOARD OF EDUCATION OF TOPEKA, KANSAS Linda Brown was not

allowed to go to her neighborhood school because of her race

Must attend school across town

Her parents sue May 17, 1954: case

was decided, segregation is unconstitutional in schools

Violated the 14th amendment: equal protection clause

CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957

Intended to protect African Americans right to vote

Actually creates a civil rights division within the Justice Department and seeks court injunction against anyone who interfered with the right to vote

Created the US Commission on Civil Rights to investigate allegations of denial of voting rights

CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 Made segregation

illegal in most public places

Gave people of all races and nationalities equal access to facilities like restaurants and libraries

More power to force school desegregation and end workplace discrimination (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission)

VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965 Federal Examiner

will register people to vote

Suspended literacy tests

Turning point of Civil Rights Movement: Segregation is outlawed and new federal laws were put into place to end discrimination and protect voting rights

James Meredith 1st African American

to attend University of Mississippi (Ole Miss)

US Marshals escort to class, riots start, 2 killed

Later transferred to Jackson State College

Medgar Evers NAACP’s 1st field officers

for Mississippi Applied to University of

Mississippi Law School and was denied based on color/race.

Murdered in 1963 because of support in the Civil Rights Movement (just moments after JFK’s speech on Civil Rights)

Thurgood Marshall Attorney Chief Council for the

NAACP 1st African American

Justice in the Supreme Court

Won the Brown v. BOE Court Case

SCLC

• The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

• led by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.• challenged the segregation of public

transportation, housing, at the voting booths, and in public accommodations

• set up to eliminate segregation from American society and to encourage African Americans to register to vote.

SNCC Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

(SNCC) Sit-ins Robert Moses pointed out that rural African

Americans needed help as well When they went South, SNCC volunteers had

their lives threatened and others were beaten. In 1964 three SNCC workers were murdered as

they tried to register African Americans to vote. Fannie Lou Hamner was arrested for trying to

register people to vote. The group led student sit-ins to desegregate

public facilities in Southern communities. Members of the group went to rural areas of the Deep South to register African Americans to vote.

CORE

In Chicago 1942, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was founded.

CORE used sit-ins as a form of protest against segregation and discrimination.

In 1943 CORE used sit-ins to protest segregation in restaurants.

These sit-ins resulted in the integration of many restaurants, theaters, and other public facilities in Chicago, Detroit, Denver, and Syracuse.

Freedom Riders

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

had supported court cases trying to overturn segregation since 1909.

It provided financial support and lawyers to African Americans.

Autherine Lucy and Vivian Malone

1st African American woman to attend the University of Alabama in 1956

1st African American Woman to enroll and graduate from the University of Alabama

James Hood

John Patterson and George Wallace

Governor of Alabama Did not support Freedom

Riders with police protection

Governor of Alabama Blocks two African

American students from attending school at the University of Alabama

Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth

Civil Rights leader from Birmingham, Alabama

Established Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights in 1956

Secretary of SCLC, later became president of SCLC

Joined CORE’s Freedom Riders

Malcolm X Symbol: Black Power movement member of the Nation of Islam

AKA Black Muslims believed that African

Americans should separate themselves from whites and form their own self-governing communities

broke from the Nation of Islam and began to believe an integrated society was possible

In 1965, 3 members of the Nation of Islam killed Malcolm X.

Remembered for: African Americans had been victims in the past, they did not have to allow racism to victimize them now.

Stokley Carmichael SNCC leader control the social,

political, and economic direction of their struggle for equality

Black power stressed pride in the African American culture and opposed cultural assimilation, or the philosophy of incorporating different racial or cultural groups into the dominant society.

S. B. Fuller and A. G. Gaston Businessman from

Birmingham, Alabama Offered money to help

Alabamians in Civil Rights Movement

Civil Rights Activist in Alabama

Fred Shuttlesworth MLK Jr.

American Businessman NAACP