cost effective approaches to improving highway safety thomas m. welch state safety engineer office...
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Cost Effective Approaches to
Improving Highway Safety
Thomas M. WelchState Safety Engineer
Office of Traffic & Safety
Iowa DOT
April 2005
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WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
1.2 million people will die as a result of
road crashes this year –
more than 3200 deaths each day
ROAD SAFETY IS NO ACCIDENT
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1 Murder
every 7.9 days
1 Aggravated Assault
every 87 minutes
1 Violent Crime every 70 minutes
1 Property Crime every 6 minutes
1 Crime every 5.5 minutes
1 Fatality every 19 hours
1 Injury every 15 minutes
1 Property Damageevery 10 minutes
1 Crash every 8 minutes
IowaCrime Crash
Clock(2000 data)
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United Kingdom 7.5 Netherlands 7.6 Sweden 8.3 Norway 8.3 Switzerland 8.4 Finland 8.5 Australia 9.0 Denmark 9.2 Canada 9.3 Germany 11.1
Global Safety Comparisons(Fatality Rate – 2002 data - deaths/1B kmVT)
(Source: IRTAD 2004)
Top 11 shown without the
United States.
Where do we rank?
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Global Safety Comparisons(Fatality Rate – 2002 data - deaths/1B kmVT)
United Kingdom 7.5 Netherlands 7.6 Sweden 8.3 Norway 8.3 Switzerland 8.4 Finland 8.5 Australia 9.0 Denmark 9.2 Canada 9.3 USA 9.4 Germany 11.1
10th(Source: IRTAD 2004)
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The Problem - Today
US Highway deaths have remained relatively constant–
42,643 (2003) 43,005 (2002) and…
The fatality rate is unacceptably high: 1.48 deaths per 100 million VMT
Jack Trice Stadium – Ames, IA
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Treatments Must Be Effective
andCost Effective
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Iowa DOT’s SafetyInvestment Focus
Emphasis on Reducing
Fatal and Major Injury Crashes
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24
29
32
33
66
101
103
158
195
311
335
446
447
541
674
843
35
12
43
33
26
131
51
111
153
145
359
486
557
570
677
615
910
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Bicyclists
Animal
Asleep
Train
Work Zone
Inattentive
Reckless
Pedestrian
Speeding
Motorcycle
Heavy Truck
Impaired
Drivers: Age >= 65
Drivers: Age 16-20
Intersection
Ran Off Road
Unbelted Persons
2000-2004 1995-1999*2004 Preliminary
Iowa Crash Deaths Associated with Key Areas
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Iowa Seatbelt Usage
86% Seat Belt Usage
The 14% Unbelted represent ~55% of Iowa’s Fatalities
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Iowa’s Roadway-Related Fatal Crashes
52% of Iowa’s fatalities are related to Lane Departure
39% of Iowa’s fatal crashes are single-vehicle ROR (Run-Off-Road)
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Safety Investment Strategy
Candidate Safety Projects Paved shoulders Milled in shoulder rumble strips 2-lane shoulder widening High severity crash 2-lane roads High crash curves Centerline rumble strips Cross-median head-on crashes High severity crash intersections Expressway intersections
7 of 9address ROR
crashes
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•Statewide curve average = 1.1 crashes / MVM•Top 30 average = 11.7 crashes / MVM•Worst Curve = 78 crashes / MVM•5% of crashes occur at top 30 locations (1% of curves)•11% of fatal crashes occur at top 30 locations
Primary Highway High-Crash Curves
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Curve Improvements
Improve superelevation Pave shoulders Add shoulder rumble strips Flatten foreslopes Remove fixed objects Delineate with chevrons /
pavement markings Ball bank advisory speed
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Bigger and Brighter Curveand Chevron Signs
US 6, Johnson County
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Bigger and Brighter Curve and Chevron Signs
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Inside CurvePaved Shoulder with Rumble Strip
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Outside CurvePaved Shoulder with Rumble
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Advanced Curve Warning Initiative
Pennsylvania DOT
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Rumble Warning Panelin Advance of Curve
US 18, Palo Alto County
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No Shoulders, Steep Slopes
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Shoulder Drop-off “Edge Rut”
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Two Feet Paved Shoulder,Flat (6:1) Foreslope
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Paved Shoulders
New Iowa DOT Policy:
4 Feet Paved Shoulders
(6 ft shoulders shown)
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Rolled-in Shoulder Rumble StripsRolled-in Shoulder Rumble Strips
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Photos: Pennsylvania DOT
Milled-in Shoulder Rumble Strips
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Paint in Milled Rumble Strip
I-75 Michigan
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Normal Edgeline
Rumble Edgeline
Comparison of painted edgeline in Rain
Paint in Milled Rumble Strip
Photo: Michigan DOT
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Milled Centerline Rumble Strips
2 Milled Strips @ 2 Milled Strips @ 4 ft spacings4 ft spacings
Minnesota:
Centerline Rumble Strips
MN State Rte 23, 2-lane
St. Cloud to Willmar
50 miles
Installed 2000
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Night Performance ofPavement Markings
Photos courtesy of 3M
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Pavement Markings
Material
Cost / mile(4-inch
solid line)Life
Water-based $ 4006 mos. – 2
yrs
High-build Water Borne
$ 630 2 – 3 yrs
Epoxy, Polyurea
$ 3,100 3 – 4 yrs
Milled-in Tape $ 15,800 4 – 7 yrs
Milled-in Tape
Water-based paint
NEW
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Florida 6-inch Markings and Raised Pavement Markings (RPMs)
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Brighter Signs & Pavement Markings
Iowa Hwy 76Clayton Co.
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Brighter Signs & Pavement Markings
I-35Ankeny
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BEFORE
AFTER
Utility Pole Relocation / Consolidation
Pennsylvania DOTDigitally Enhanced Photographs
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Utility Pole Delineation
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Clear Zone: Guys & Push Poles
Watch clear zone encroachment Mark guy wires for snowmobiles Breakaway guy wires
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BEFORE
AFTER
Tree Removal
Pennsylvania DOTDigitally Enhanced Photographs
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BEFORE AFTER
Slope Flattening & Day Lighting
Pennsylvania DOTDigitally Enhanced Photographs
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Daylight: Intersections, Drives
Vegetation: crops, bushes Cut or fill problem Signs & poles
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Culverts
Consider Drop Inlets
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Mailboxes
Replace with breakaway posts and well-fastened boxes
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Cross Slopes (Transverse)
Flatten to avoid impacts or ramping Remove or grate pipe hazards
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Rip Rap
Foreslope and toe: maximum 4 inch Backslope: any size? Do not create a wall
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Skid Resistance
FrictionProgram
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Median Cable (Brifen)
Successful in Oklahoma City Successful on I-35 near Ankeny Easy to maintain and replace
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Use More Traditional Cable
I-80 Western Iowa
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Larger Stop SignLarger Stop Sign
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Flag on Stop Ahead Sign
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Flags on Stop Sign
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Flashing Beacon on Stop Sign
Advance Stop Sign Rumble StripAdvance Stop Sign Rumble Strip
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Sign Replacement & Maintenance
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Flashing Overhead Beacons(NOT effective)
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Large Advance StreetName Sign
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Larger Street Name Signs
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Larger Street Name Sign
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Florida Advance Lane Assignments
Florida Department of Transportation
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Delineate Median Storage
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Advisory Speed with Beacon
US 65, Bondurant
ProtectedLeft-turn ArrowOffset Left-turn Lanes for Better Visibility
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Offset Right-turn Lane
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Off-Set Right-Turn Lanes
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More and Longer Rural Turn Lanes
US 30 & S 27, Story County
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Safety Dikes (Escape Ramps)
Opposite all “T” intersections Free of fixed objects
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Signals
Back plates Add mast arms Add far right side heads Head for each lane Detector location and
operation Combination poles Replace 8 inch lenses with
12 inch Mill/patch affect detectors Pedestrian signal/buttons
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Michigan - RIDP
At intersections where 12 inch signals replaced 8 inch signals: 26% reduction in total crashes 46% reduction in injuries 63% reduction in angle crashes
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Roundabouts
University Place,Washington
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Roundabout Conflict Points
9 Conflicts6 Major
32 Conflicts24 Major
8 Conflicts4 Major
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Driver Safety Corridors
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Sioux Center, Iowa 4-lane undivided to 3-lane
BEFORE
AFTER
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5-Lane / 3-Lane with Parking
University Ave., Des MoinesUniversity Ave., Des Moines
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Pedestrian Advisory Signing
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Low-Cost Intersection Gap Warning System
Pennsylvania DOTDigitally Enhanced Photograph
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Tailgating Treatment
Pennsylvania DOTDigitally Enhanced Photograph
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“Sometimesthe best public works project is the concrete you don’t pour.”
- Steve PorterMissouri DOT
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Return on Investment?
Iowa Highway FatalitiesFive Year Average
1995 -1999 480
2000 - 2004* 421*
Preliminary*
Ten-Year Change in Average Fatality Rates(2001-02 Avg. vs 1991-92 Avg.)
-49.1%
-33.4%
-31.8%
-31.2%
-29.1%
-26.7%
-25.6%-25.4%
-24.8%
-24.7%
-24.3%
-23.4%
-23.3%
-23.0%
-20.9%
-20.7%
-20.3%
-20.2%
-20.1%
-19.7%
-19.6%
-19.6%
-18.4%
-18.2%
-17.9%
-17.2%
-16.9%
-16.5%
-16.4%
-16.0%
-16.0%
-15.6%
-15.4%
-14.5%
-13.3%
-13.3%
-12.9%
-11.3%
-10.4%
-9.9%
-9.6%
-9.5%
-8.4%
-7.8%-7.6%
-5.7%
-5.6%
-2.5%
4.5%
5.3%
5.7%
-100% to -23.0%-23.0% to -10.0%-10.0% to 6.7%
DC
Ten-Year Change in US Average Fatality Rate
- 17.7%
Charles (Tony) Aiken, FHWA, 2004 Traffic Records Forum
Cost Effective Approaches to
Improving Highway Safety
Thomas M. WelchState Safety Engineer
Office of Traffic & Safety
Iowa DOT
April 2005