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COTTON COLLEGE STATE UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

Postgraduate Botany Syllabus

DISTRIBUTION OF PAPERS/CREDITS (L+T+P format)

Semester – I

Paper Code Paper Name Credits BOT 701C Phycology, Bryology and Lichens 3+1+0 BOT 702C Mycology, Plant Pathology and Microbiology 3+1+0 BOT 703C Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperm

Anatomy 3+1+0

BOT 704C A. Practicals of Phycology, Mycology, Lichens, Plant Pathology and Microbiology

B. Practicals of Bryology, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperm Anatomy

0+0+2 0+0+2

BOT 1201E Tools and Techniques in Biology 2+1+0

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Semester – II

Paper Code Paper Name Credits BOT 801C Morphology & Angiosperm Taxonomy 3+1+0 BOT 802C Plant Ecology, Ecosystem Services and

Phytogeography 3+1+0

BOT 803C Pharmacognosy, Applied Botany and Ethnobotany 3+1+0 BOT 804C A. Practicals of Morphology and Angiosperm

Taxonomy, Applied Botany and Ethnobotany

B. Practicals of Plant Ecology and Phytogeography, Ecosystem Services and Pharmacognosy

0+0+2

0+0+2

BOT 1202E Bioinformatics 0+0+1 BOT 1203E Biostatistics and Computer Applications in Biology 2+1+0

Semester – III

Paper Code Paper Name Credits BOT 901C Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 3+1+0 BOT 902C Cytology, Genetics and Plant Breeding 3+1+0 BOT 903C Molecular Biology and Biotechnology 3+1+0 BOT 904C A. Practicals of Plant Physiology, Biochemistry

and Molecular Biology B. Genetics, Plant Breeding and Biotechnology

0+0+2 0+0+2

BOT 1204E Biophysics 0+0+1 BOT 1205E Biodiversity and Conservation 2+1+0

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Semester - IV

Paper Code Paper Name Credits BOT 1001C Reproductive and Developmental Botany 3+1+0 Special Paper I

Special Paper II Department will decide on the list of Special Papers to be offered.

3+1+0 3+1+0

BOT 1003C Practical for Reproductive and Developmental Botany

0+0+1

BOT 1004C Practicals for Special Paper 0+0+3

BOT 1206E Rights and Issues in Biology 0+0+1

BOT 1207E Environmental Management 2+1+0

SPECIAL PAPERS

Paper Code Paper Name Credits BOT 1101C BOT 1102C

Angiosperm Taxonomy – I Angiosperm Taxonomy - II

3+1+0 3+1+0

BOT 1103C BOT 1104C

Advanced Plant Physiology and Biochemistry –I Advanced Plant Physiology and Biochemistry -II

3+1+0 3+1+0

BOT 1105C BOT 1106C

Cell Biology, Genetics and Molecular Biology – I Cell Biology, Genetics and Molecular Biology - I

3+1+0 3+1+0

BOT 1107C BOT 1108C

Mycology and Plant Pathology –I Mycology and Plant Pathology -II

3+1+0 3+1+0

BOT 1109C BOT 1110C

Microbiology –I Microbiology –II

3+1+0 3+1+0

BOT 1111C BOT 1112C

Plant Ecology –I Plant Ecology –II

3+1+0 3+1+0

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SEMESTER I PAPER: BOT 701C

PHYCOLOGY, BRYOLOGY AND LICHENS

CREDITS: 3+1+0

Phycology (24 Lectures) Unit I - Classification of Algae – Comparitive Survey of Important Systems: Fritsch-Smith-Round; Criteria for algal classification. Details of habit, habitat and distribution of algae; algal component; range of thallus structure and their evolution. Algal Cytology – Basic Ideas of cell features; electron microscopic studies of algal cells; cell wall, flagella, chloroplast, pyrenoid, eye-spot, their importance in classification. Reproduction – Different types of life-cycles in Algae.

Unit II - General account of Energy sources and pigments in Algae. Economic Importance of Algae – Role of algae in soil fertility, algae in industry, biological importance of phytoplanktons and water blooms. General account of thallus structure, cell ultra structure, reproduction, relationship and evolutionary trends in the following groups – Chlorophyta, Xanthophyta, Bacillariophyta, Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta. Bryology & Lichenology (24 Lectures) Unit III— Introduction to Bryophytes , their fossil history and evolution. Concept of algal and pteridophytic origin of Bryophytes. General characters of Bryophytes, Primitive vs. advanced characters, History of classification of Bryophytes. Comparative structural organization of gametophytes and sporophytes in an evolutionary perspective. Ecology and Economic importance of bryophytes.

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a) Bryophyte habitats, Water relations - absorption and conduction, xerophytic adaptations, drought tolerance, dessication and rehydration, ectohydric, endohydric and myxohydric Bryophytes.

b) Ecological significance of Bryophytes - role as pollution indicators. c) Economic importance of Bryophytes.

Unit IV -

Experimental studies in Bryophytes.

Spore germination, Protonemal differentiation, bud formation.

Parthenogenesis, apogamy, apospory and regeneration.

Bryogeographical regions of India with reference to eastern India.

Lichenology

Unit V -

General account, classification and distribution of lichens, thallus structure, reproduction,

Chemistry, physiology, Nutrition of Lichens .Ecological significance and role in Succession and

Monitoring Pollutants and economic importance of lichens.

Study types: Dermatocarpon, Cladonia, Parmelia, Usnea, Heterodermia.

Suggested References (Phycology):

1. Fritsch, F. E. 1945. The Structure And Reproduction of Algae. 2. Smith, G. M. 1950. Manual of Phycology. 3. Round, F. E. 1965. The Biology of Algae. 4. Pold and Wyane. 1978. Introduction of Algae. 5. Prescott, G. W. 1969. THE ALGAE: A REVIEW. NELSON, LONDON. 6. Smith, G. M. 1950. THE FRESH-WATER ALGAE OF THE UNITED STATES. McGraw HILL,

NEW YORK. 7. Desikachary, T. V. 1959. CYANOPHYTA ICAR, New Delhi. 8. Krishnamurthy, V. 2000. ALGAE OF INDIA & NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES I.

CHLOROPHYCOTA OXFORD & IBH, NEW DELHI. 9. Misra, J. N. 1966. PHAEOPHYCEAE ICAR, NEW DELHI. 10. Srinivasan, K. S. 1969. PHYCOLOGIA INDIA. VOL I & II B.S.I. CALCUTTA.

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Suggested References (Bryology):

1. Kashyap S R (1932). Liverworts of Western Himalayas and the Punjab plains(Vol. I & II). Research Co. Publications.

2. Chopra R N, P K Kumar (1988). Biology of Bryophytes.Wiley Eastern Ltd. 3. Chopra R S, S S Kumar (1981). Mosses of Western Himalayas and adjacent plains.

ChronicaBotanica. 4. Kumar S S (1984). An approach towards phylogenetic classification of Mosses. Jour.

Hattori Bot.Lab. Nichinan, Japan. 5. Rashid A (1981). An Introduction to Bryophyta. Vikas publishing house Pvt. Ltd. 6. Shefield W B (1983 – ’84). Introduction to Bryology (Vol. 1, 2). Jour. Hattori Bot. Lab,

Nichinan, Japan. 7. Vashishta B R, A K Sinha, A Kumar (2003). Bryophyta. S Chand & Co. Ltd. 8. Udak R (1976). Bryology in India. Chronica Botanica Co. 9. Pandey B P (1994). Bryophyta. S Chand and Co. Ltd. 10. Goffinet B, A J Shaw (2009). Bryophytic Biology (II Edn). Cambridge University Press. 11. Dyer A F, J G Duckett (Eds) (1984). The experimental Biology of Bryophytes. Academic

Press. 12. Bonver F O (1935). Primitive land plants. MacMillan & Co. Ltd. 13. Campbell, Ditt (1940). The evolution of land plants. Stanford University Press. 14. Srivastava S N (1992). Bryophyta. Pradeep Publications. M G University M S. 15. Prem Puri, P. (1990). Bryophytes: Morphology, Growth and Differentiation.

Suggested References (Lichenology):

1. Lichens of India- Ajay Singh 1961. 2. Lichens – Misra and R.P.Aparayal-1978.


MYCOLOGY, PLANT PATHOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY

CREDITS: 3+1+0

Mycology & Plant Pathology (24 Lectures) Unit I—

1. General characters of fungi: Recent trends in the classification of fungi; Evolution and Phylogeny of the fungi.

2. Nutrition in fungi, Reproduction and mechanism of fungal spore dispersal in fungi. 3. Study of:

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a) Myxomycotina: Plasmodiophorales b) Mastigomycotina: Chytridiales, Blastocladiales, Saprolegniales and Peronosporales c) Zygomycotina: Mucorales and Entomophthorales d) Ascomycotina: Endomycetales, Protomycetales, Taphrinales, Erysiphales,

Eurotiales, Sphaeriales, Helotiales, Phacidiales and Pezizales. e) Basidiomycotina: Uredinales, Ustilaginales, Lycoperdales, Nidulariales,

Sclerodermatales, Phallales,Agaricales, Aphyllophorales, Tremellales and Auriculariales

f) Deuteromycotina: Sphaeropsidales, Melanconiales, Moniliales and Mycelia sterilia.

Unit II—

1. Historical and developmental aspects of plant pathology 2. Classification of plant diseases: Symptomology of Fungal, Bacterial, Viral and Mycoplasma. 3. Mode of infection and role of enzymes and toxins in plant disease. 4. Defense mechanisms of plants against infection: Pre-existing structural and chemical

defense, induced structural and chemical defense, hypersensitive reaction, role of phytoalexins and other phenolic compounds

Unit III—

1. Management of plant diseases: Cultural, chemical, biological, biopesticides, breeding for resistant varieties, plant quarantine, integrated pest management.

2. Study of following plant diseases – Blast of Rice, Black rust of Wheat, Leaf spot of vegetables, Red rot of sugarcane, Blister blight of Tea, Citrus canker, Mosaic of Papaya.

Microbiology (24 Lectures) Unit IV— Nature and extent of microbial world- Archaebacteria, Bacteria and Protists. Virus- Nature of virus, replication of virus, purification of plant viruses. Lysogenic and lytic cycle in bacteriophages. Nutrition of micro-organisms- Effect of environmental factors on microbial growth. Methods of study of soil micro-organisms. Rhizosphere, mycorrhizal associationand their application in forestry and agriculture, PGPRs. Unit V— Microbial fermentation; Microbial food spoilage and food poisoning (cereals and sugar products, fruits and vegetables). Food preservation- (Aseptic healing, high temperature, boiling, steam under pressure, pasteurization; low temperature- freezing); Role of microbes in

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industries with reference to production of alcohol, organic acids- acetic acid and citric acid, antibiotics, MEOR.

Suggested References (Mycology & Plant Pathology):

1. Tarr, S.A.J . 1987. Principles of Plant Pathology. Academic Press 2. Mehrotra, R.S. 1991. Plant Pathology. Tata Megrew – Hill PublishingCompany Ltd. 3. Agrios, G.N. 1999. Plant Pathology. Academic Press 4. Chandanwala, K. 1986. Introduction to Plant Pathology. AmmolPublishers and

Distributors. 5. Alexopolous C, J & Mirus, C. W (1983) Introductory Mycology, Wiley Eastern.

Suggested References (Microbiology):

1. Mishra, R. R. 1996. Soil Microbiology. CBS Publ. 2. Nester, E. W., Roberts, C. E. & Nester, M. T. 1995. Microbiology: A Human Perspective.

Wm. C. Brown Publisher. 1. Tate, R. L. 1995. Soil Microbiology. John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2. Pelczar M J, Adams, M R, Char, E C S, Krieg Noel R (2000), Microbiology, Tata McGraw

Hill. 3. Purohit S S (1997), Microbiology: Fundamentals & Applications, Agrobotanical. 4. Dubey, R C, Maheshwari, D K (2004) Microbiology, S Chand. 5. Prescott (2002) Microbiology, Mc Graw Hill. 6. C Varma Rao, Immunology. 7. L. E Casida, Industrial Microbiology. 8. M R Adams, M O Mass (2000) Food Microbiology, New Age International Publ.


PTERIDOPHYTES, GYMNOSPERMS AND ANGIOSPERM ANATOMY

CREDITS: 3+1+0

Pteridophytes (24 Lectures)

Unit I— Theories of origin and interrelationship of pteridophytes; Classification and Economic importance of vascular cryptogams; Diversity of life cycle pattern of pteridophytes, Apospory and apogamy, heterospory and seed habit, Evolutionary trends in Pteridophytes, Evolution of Sorus, Ecology & distribution of ferns of N. E India with special reference to Assam.

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Diversity of Pteridophytes: Morphological, anatomical and reproductive diversity of Leptosporangiate and Eusporangiate groups. Evolution of gametophytes and sporophytes in heterosporus pteridophytes; Evolution of sex in pteridophytes. Unit II— Fossil Pteridophytes: Morphology, anatomy and reproductive characteristics and affinities of major fossil groups- Psilophytales; Lepidodendrales; Zosterophyllales; Sphenophyllales; Calamitales; Cladoxylales and Coenopteridales. Gymnosperms (12 Lectures) Unit III— Geological Time-scale and correlated predominant Gymnosperm flora; Salient structural features and affinities of fossil gymnosperms, Pro-Gymnosperms; Pteridospermales; Bennettitales; Pentoxylales; Cordaitales. Unit IV— Diversity – Morphology, Anatomy and Reproduction of living gymnosperms, Cycadales; Ginkgoales; Taxales; Coniferales; Ephedrales; Gnetales.

Angiosperm Anatomy (12 Lectures) Unit V—

Cell Wall and its development, chemistry of cell wall; shoot development- shoot apical meristem, lateral and intercalary meristem- organisation, ultrastructure and histochemistry; Nodal Anatomy- different patterns of nodal anatomy, phylogenetic considerations; cambium, vascular cambium, cork cambium, factors influencing the activity of vascular cambium; anomalous secondary growth; seedling anatomy; leaf anatomy, wood anatomy; floral anatomy.

Suggested References (Pteridophytes):.

1. Agashe S.N.(1995). Paleobotany. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. 2. Arnold A.C. (2005). An Introduction to Paleobotany. Agrobios (India). Jodhpur. 3. Eames E.J. (1983). Morphology of Vascular Plants. Standard University Press. 4. Gangulee and Kar(2006). College Botany. New Central Book Agency. 5. Rashid A.(1999). An Introduction to Pteridophyta. Vikas Pubishing House Pvt.

Ltd. New Delhi.

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6. Sharma O.P.(1990). Textbook of Pteridophyta. MacMillan India Ltd. Dehi. 7. Smith G.M.(1955). Cryptogamic Botany Vol II. McGraw Hill. 8. Sporne K.R.(1986). The morphology of Pteridophytes. Hutchinson University Library,

London 9. Stewart W.N. and Rothwell G.W.(2005). Paleobotany and the Evolution of

Plants. 2ndEdn. Cambridge University Press. 10. Vashista B.R., Sinha A.K., Kumar A.(2008). Botany for degree students – Pteridophyta,

S.Chands Publication 11. Sundar Rajan S.(1999). Introduction to Pteridophyta. New Age International Publishers,

New Delhi. 12. Surange K.R.(1966). Indian Fossil Pteridophytes. CSIR., New Delhi. 13. Parihar N.S.(1976). Biology and Morphology of Pteridophytes. Central Book Depot.

Suggested Readings (Gymnosperms):

1. Maheswari, P. and Vasil, V. Genetum CSIR ( Monographs) 2. Sporne, K.R. 1965. The Morphology of Gymnosperms'; Hutchinson Company Limited; 3. Greguss, P. 1955. Identification of Living Gymnosperms on the basis of the Xylotomy -

Budapest; 4. Biswas, C and Johri,B.M. 1997.The Gymnosperms, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi; 5. Sharma, O.P. 1996. Gymnosperms, Pragati Prakashan, Meerut. 6. Vashishta, P.C. 1999. Gymnosperms, S. Chand & Company Ltd. New Delhi. 7. Chamberlain, C.J. 1935. Gymnosperms structure and evolution, University of Chicago

Press; 8. Coulter, J.M. and Chamberlain, C.J. Morphology of Gymnosperms, Central Book Depot,

Allahabad; 9. Bhatnagar, S.P. and Moitra A. 1996. Gymnosperms. New Age International Private

Limited, NewDelhi; 10. Singh, H. 1978. Embryology of Gymnosperms. Encyclopedia of Plant Anatomy,

Gebrudev Bortraeger, Berli. Suggested References (Angiosperm Anatomy):

1. Easau, K. 1983. Plant Anatomy – Wiley Eastern Limited. 2. Fahn, A. 1977. Plant Anatomy, Pergamon Press. 3. Cutter, E. G. & Edward, E. 1978. Plant Anatomy: Experiment and Interprettations Part I

and II. 4. Mauseth, J. D. 1988. Plant Anatomy – The Nenjamin Cumming Publishing Co. 5. Forester, A. S. 1960. Practical Plant Anatomy. D. Van Nostrand Company Inc. 6. Roberts, L. W. 1976. Cytodifferentiation in Plants - Cambridge University Press,

Cambridge.

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A. PRACTICALS OF PHYCOLOGY, MYCOLOGY, LICHENS, PLANT PATHOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY

CREDITS: 0+0+2

1. Phycology:- a) Collection, preservation and preparation of algal herbarium (5 numbers). b) Collection and study of the types mentioned below and their identification

upto the generic level: Chlorophyta- Hydrodyctyon, Ulva, Cephaleuros, Draparnaldiopsis, Desmids (Closterium, Cosmarium), Nitella.

Xanthophyta- Botrydium. Phaeophyta- Ectocarpus, Dictyota. Rhodophyta- Batrachospermum, Gracilaria, Polysiphonia.

2. Mycology:- Critical study of the following types by preparing suitable micropreparations – Phytophthora, Mucor, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Saccharomyces, Xylaria, Peziza, Puccinia, Polyporus, Lycoperdon, Fusarium, Alternaria,. Isolation of Fungi from soil and water by culture plate technique.Make suitable micropreparation band identify the diseases mentioned with due emphasis on symptoms and causative organisms. Isolation of pathogens from diseased tissues (leaf, stem, fruits) by serial dilution method.

3. Lichens:- a) Collect and identify the lichen specimens and make labelled sketches of

specimens. b) Study the external and internal structures of the types mentioned.

4. Plant Pathology:-

a) Study of morphological characters and reproductive structures of fungal species. Measurement of fungal spores and mycelium and camera Lucida drawings

b) Study of diseased specimens of plant with reference to symptomology. c) Introduction to Mycological techniques:

I. Methods of Sterilization II. Preparation of Media

III. Isolation of Pathogenic fungi from diseased materials.

5. Microbiology:- a) Preparation and sterilisation of culture media and inoculation.

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b) Differential staining of Bacteria using Gram’s stain. c) Isolation of Rhizobium from root nodules.

d) Isolation of microbes from soil and air by serial dilution, pour-plate and spread-plate method.

e) Streak out bacterial culture on agar plates and isolation of colonies.

B.PRACTICALS OF BRYOLOGY, PTERIDOLOGY, GYMNOSPERMS AND ANGIOSPERM ANATOMY CREDITS: 0+0+2

1. Bryology:-

a) Study of Bryophytes in their natural habitats. b) Detailed study of the structure of gametophytes and sporophytes of the

following genera of bryophytes by suitable micropreparation: Riccia, Targionia, Marchantia, Lunularia, Porella, Anthoceros, Notothylas, Sphagnum, Pogonatum.

c) Students are expected to submit a report of field trip to bryophyte’s natural habitats to familiarize with the diversity of Bryophytes.

2. Pteridology:-

a) Study of major groups of fossil Pteridophytes. b) Study of available Living members of Pteridophytes. c) Study of soral characters of ferns available in N.E. region. d) Study of epidermal morphology of some important ferns. e) Field study of ecology and distribution of pteridophytes of N.E. region.

3. Gymnosperms:-

Comparative study of the vegetative, reproductive parts and

Anatomy of the following: Zamia, Araucaria, Cupressus, Cedrus, , Ginkgo and Taxus, Ephedra.

4. Angiosperm Anatomy:-

a) Study the epidermal morphology, anomalous secondary growth, abnormal

activity of cambium in selected familiar plants of Angiosperms. b) Study of different types of wood. c) Anatomical studies of photosynthetic parts. d) Krantz tissue anatomy of C4 plants.

FIELD STUDIES: Collection of specimen and preparation of field report by studying within the

NE states.

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SEMESTER II

PAPER: BOT 801C

MORPHOLOGY AND ANGIOSPERM TAXONOMY CREDITS: 3+1+0

Unit I— (12 Lectures) Morphology of Angiosperms- A critical study of the current ideas on the origin of angiosperms, origin and evolution of inflorescence and flower, co-evolution of flower vis-à-vis pollinators, special type of inflorescence, origin and evolution of stamens, origin and evolution of carpels, different types; types of ovary, evolution of placentation types, inferior ovary- foliar and axial concepts.

Unit II— (12 Lectures) Historical development of plant taxonomy, systems of classification- artificial, natural and phylogenetic; phenatic and phylogenetic systems, cladestics in taxonomy; taxonomic hierarchy- concept of taxa, species, genus and family, infraspecific categories, use of computer in taxonomy; recent trends of plant taxonomy.

Unit III— (12 Lectures) Plant nomenclature- history of nomenclature, detailed study of salient features and major provisions of International Code of Botanical Nomenclature including effective and valid publication, rule of priority and its limitations, typification, rejection of names and names of hybrid; a brief account of biocode.

Unit IV— (12 Lectures) Plant collection, exploration, importance of botanic garden and herbaria in taxono0mic studies, important botanic garden and herbaria in the world and India, activities of Botanical Survey of India, Indian flora- its past and present position with particular reference to N. E. India; phylogeny and floral evolution of selected families (mostly Indian distribution) of the following orders- Magnolials, Ranunculales, Malvales, Lamiales, Asterales, Orchidales, Zingiberales and Poales.

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Suggested References (Morphology & Angiosperm Taxonomy): 1. Singh, Gurcharan: Plant systematics. Oxford IBH 2. Mondal, A.K.: Advanched Plant Taxonomy. Central Book Agency, Kolkata. 3. Sivarajan, V.V. and Robinson: Introduction to the principles of plant taxonomy. Oxforb IBH. 4. Greuter. W. et al. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. St. Louis Code. Koeltz

Scientific Books, Konigstein. 5. Jain, S.K. and Rao, R.R. A Hand Book of Field and Herbarium Methods. Today and Tomorrow

Publications, New Delhi. 6. Naik, V.N. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi. 7. Mabberley, D.J. The Plant Book. Cambridge University Press, London. 8. Hutchinson, J. Genera of flowering plants.Cambridge University Press, London. 9. Good, R. The geography of flowering plants. Longman, London. 10. David, P.H. and Heywood, P.H. Principles of Angiosperms taxonomy. Oliver and Boys, London. 11. Cronquist, A. Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants. New York Botanic Gardens,

Bronx, New York. 12. Takhtajan, A. Origin and dispersal of Flowering Plants. 13. Eames, A.J. Morphology of angiosperms. 14. Mitra, J.N. Taxonomy of Angiosperms.

SEMESTER II PAPER: BOT 802C

PLANT ECOLOGY, ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND PHYTOGEOGRAPHY

CREDITS: 3+1+0

Unit I— (6 Lectures) Introduction: Scope and concept of plant ecology; relation of plant ecology with other disciplines. Principles of ecology; Light, water and fire as ecological factors. Origin, development and formation of soil. Soil profile. Unit II— (6 Lectures)

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Ecosystem ecology: Structure and function of ecosystems; Energy flow and mineral cycling (C,N,P,) Primary production and Methods of measurement of primary productivity ;Development and evolution of ecosystems. Unit III— (6 Lectures) Population Ecology: Concept; characteristics of population (Density, Natality, Morality,Dispersion, Population size, Age structure); population growth curves; population regulation; Life history strategies (r and K selection); population interactions. Unit IV— (6 Lectures) Community Ecology: Nature and concept of biotic community, Characteristics of communities (Analytical and Synthetic); Community structure and attributes; Classification of communities; Levels of species diversity; Ecotones and Edge effect; Concept of ecological niche. Unit V— (6 Lectures) Ecological Succession: Types; mechanisms; Changes involved in succession; Concept of climax. UnitVI— (6 Lectures) Applied Ecology: Environmental pollution(Green house gases, ozone hole, sea level rise);Biodiversity and its conservation; Biodiversity hotspots, ecological restoration; environmental problems of N.E. India. Unit VII— (6 Lectures) Ecosystem Services: Introduction to ecosystem services; The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Categories; Ecosystem functions and ecosystem services; Valuation of ecosystem services; Payment for ecosystem services. Unit VIII—

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(6 Lectures) Phytogeography: Definition, principles and objectives of phytogeography; Descriptive and Dynamic phytogeography: Continuous and discontinuous plant distribution in India; Routes and barriers to plant migration. Centers of origin (Primary and secondary centers’); Endemism-Types; Endemism in Indian flora; Age and Area hypothesis. Phytogeographical regions of India(D. Chatterjee (1962); The Biodiversity significance of NE region.

Suggested Readings (Plant Ecology): 1. Freeman, B. (ed.), 1995. - Environmental Ecology- The ecological effects of pollution,

disturbance, and other stresses. Academic press 2. Michael, P. 1990. - Ecological methods for field and laboratory investigations. Tata McGraw

Hill, New. 3. Misra, R. 1968. - Ecology Work Book. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi. 4. Mukherjee, B. 1996. - Environmental biology. Tata McGraw Hill Publ., New Delhi 5. Odum, E.P. (1983), Basic Ecology, Sanders, Philadelphia 6. Robert Ricklefs (2001). The Ecology of Nature. Fifth Edition. W.H. Freeman and Company 7. Smith, R.L. (1996), Ecology and Field Biology, Harper Collins, New York. 8. Townsend, C.R., Begon, M. and Harper, J.L. 2003. Essentials of Ecology. Second Edition.

Blackwell Publishing, Oxford Suggested Readings (Phytogeography): 1. Bharucha, F.R. - A textbook of plant geography. Oxford Uni Press. 2. Cain, S.A. 1944. - Foundation of Plant Geography. Harper, New York. 3. Furley, P.A. et al. 1983.-Geography of the Biosphere: an introduction to the nature, distribution, and evolution of the world’s life zones. Butterworths, London. 4. Good, R. 1974. - The geography of flowering plants. Longman’s Publ. 5. Walter 1987. - Vegetation of the earth. Springer Verlag, New York.


PHARMACOGNOSY, APPLIED BOTANY AND ETHNOBOTANY

CREDITS: 3+1+0

Pharmacognosy

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Unit I— (8 Lectures) Scope, Nature and Importance of Phamacognosy; Phamacognosy as a Tool for Identification of Crude Durgs and Processed Medicine. Introduction to the Techniques for Quality Control, Monitoring and Regulation. Sources of information pertaining to identification and standardization of herbs and herbal products . Standard Techniques for collection and processing, packaging and maintenance of herbs and herbal produces Classification of Crude Drugs. Types of Adulterations and Substitution of Drugs. Sources of Contamination of Herbal Drugs- Aflatoxins, Heavy Metals, Pesticides. Unit II— (8 Lectures) Quality Control Methods for Herbal Drugs:

a) Macroscopic and Microscopic Examination b) Chromatography c) Water Content d) Spectroscopy e) Ash Value f) Volatile Oil Determination g) DNA Analysis.

Unit III— (8 Lectures) Secondary Metabolites: Biosynthesis of Secondary Metabolites with special reference to Phenolics .Phamacognosy of the following plants: -

a) Taxus b) Podophyllum c) Panax and d) Swertia

Phytoconstituents important to Therapy:

a) Alkaloids b) Flavonoids c) Cardiac Glycosides

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d) Steroids e) Tannins f) Volatile oils and Resins.

Toxicity of commonly used Medicinal Plants: Side effects, Cautions and Contraindications. Applied Botany Unit IV— (8 Lectures) Nursery management, Gardening –. Indoor & Outdoor gardening. Applications of tissue culture. Economic impact of transgenic crops. Role of Hormonal regulation in dormancy and germination of crop plants. Social forestry for rural development; A Socio-Economic perspective. Aquaculture. Origin, Cultivation and processing of following crops: Tea, Rubber, Jute, Sugarcane.

Ethnobotany – Unit V— (8 Lectures) Introduction, Concept, History and Evolution, Scope and Objectives. Ethnobotany as an interdisciplinary science. The relevance of ethnobotany in the present context: Life style, Material Culture and Indigenous Technology. Ethnic groups and Ethnobotany: Major and minor ethnic groups and their life styles and Medico-ethnobotanical resources in India with special reference to NE states. Socio-economy and other aspects of Ethnobotany with reference to:

a) Food, b) Intoxicants and Beverages, c) Ropes and Binding Materials d) Resins and Oils e) Poisons as baits f) Cosmetics g) Ornamentals h) Fodder i) Medicinal and Aromatic properties.

Unit VI— (8 Lectures)

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Plants and “Tribal” Medicine: Significance of the following plants in “Tribo” medical practices (along with a brief note on their habitat and morphology: Concepts of Bio-Medicine and Indigenous Medicinal Practices.

Suggested References (Pharmacognosy):

1. Bruneton, J. (1999). Pharmacognosy: Phytochemistry of Medicinal Plants. Lavoisier Publishing.

2. Dewick, P.M. (2002). Medicinal natural products: a biosynthetic approach. Wiely. 3. Charlwood and Banthorpe (1991). Methods in Plant Biochemistry. Academic Press. 4. Trease and Evans, (2002). Pharmacognosy. W. B. Saunders Company. 5. Trease, G. E. and Evans, W. C. (1967). A Textbook of Pharmacognosy. The

Williams & Wilkins. 6. Marsh and Chadwick (1990). Bioactive compounds from Plants. Wiley. 7. Mills, S. and Bone, K. (1999). Principles and Practice of phytotherapy. Churchill

Livingstone. 8. Mukherjee P.K. (2002). Quality control of Herbal Drugs – An approach to Evaluation of

Botanicals, Business Horizons, New Delhi, 1st Edition. 9. Kokate, C.K., A.P. Purohit & S.P. Gokhale, 2000. Pharmacognosy, Nirali

Prakasan.

Suggested Readings (Ethnobotany):

1. Sivarajan V.V. and Indira Balachandran. 1994. “Ayurvedic drugs and their plant sources”, Oxford – IBH, Bangalore.

2. Cotton C.M. 1997. Ethnobotany – Principles and applications. John Wiley and sons – Chichester.

3. Faulks, P.J. 1958. An introduction to Ethnobotany, Moredale Pub. Ltd., London. 4. Jain S.K., (ed.) 1981 Glimpses of Indian Ethnobotany, Oxford and I B.H., New

Delhi. 5. Jain S.K., (ed.) 1989. Methods and approaches in ethnobotany. Society of

ethnobotanists, Lucknow, India. 6. Jain S.K., 1990. Contributions of Indian ethnobotany. Scientific publishers, Jodhpur. 7. Jain S.K., 1995 Manual of Ethnobotany, Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur. 8. Martin, G.J.. 1996, Ethnobotany, A methods manual, Chapman & Hall, London. 9. Rama Rao, N and A.N. Henry (1996). The Ethnobotany of Eastern Ghats in

Andhra Pradesh, India. Botanical Survey of India, Howrah. 10. Schultes, R.E. 1995, Ethnobotany, Chapman and Hall.

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A. PRACTICALS MORPHOLOGY, ANGIOSPERM TAXONOMY, APPLIED BOTANY AND ETHNOBOTANY

CREDITS: 0+0+2

Morphology & Angiosperm Taxonomy:- Morphology

1. Study of different types of stomata and epidermal hairs in relation to their morphological peculiarities.

2. Morphology of different types of inflorescence. 3. Morphological study of primitive and advanced flowers. 4. Morphology of different types of ovary and placentation types.

Angiosperms 5. Taxonomic study of angiospermic plants with analytical drawings, botanical description

and identification up to the rank of species. 6. Collection and preparation of herbarium specimens to be submitted along with field

note book so as to get acquainted with herbarium techniques. At least 20 herbarium specimens of common plants to be prepared and submitted.

7. Handling of floras, manuals and herbarium for identification of plants. 8. Field studies.

Applied Botany & Ethnobotany:-

9. Field trips within and nearby areas, compilation of field notes and identification, field notes, visual and digital records and preparation of herbarium, specially of the following categories (1 each) – oils, medicines for asthma, skin diseases, diarrhoea, family planning, and snake bite.

10. Anatomical study of stem, roots and leaves of plants important plants: a) Aloe vera), b) Rowlfia spp., c) Asparagus racemosus, d) Vitex negundo, e) Tea, f) Jute.

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B.PRACTICALS OF PLANT ECOLOGY & PHYTOGEOGRAPHY, ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND

PHARMACOGNOSY CREDITS: 0+0+2

Plant Ecology:-

1. Determination of abundance, density, and frequency of plant community by quadrat method.

2. Determination of the minimum size of the quadrats necessary to study herbaceous communities by ‘species area curve’ method.

3. Determination of the minimum number of quadrats necessary to study herbaceous communities .

4. Determination of community coefficient of two sites by quadrat method. 5. To determine the basal area of a plant species in the study area. 6. Determination of phytomass, 7. Study of phytoplankton. 8. Study of seed dispersal of plant species.

Phytogeography:-

9. Students should be able to identify the distribution of different vegetation types of India with particular reference to N.E. India in maps.

Pharmacognosy:-

10. Analysis of local crude drugs: Swertia chirata and Picrorhiza kurroa. 11. Determination of Capsaicin in Chilly. 12. Determination of Lycopene in Tomato. 13. Determination of Curcumin in Turmeric. 14. Determination of Alkaloids by TLC. 15. Determination of Diosgenin from Dioscorea . 16. Pharmacological screening of Anti-diabetic Agents. 17. Determination of volatile oils in Crude Drugs. 18. Determination of anti-oxidant activity from local plants. 19. Detection of Aflatoxins by TLC. 20. Determination of Tannins from Crude Drugs.

FIELD STUDIES: Collection of specimen and preparation of field report within Greater Guwahati, Assam.

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SEMESTER III PAPER: BOT 901C

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY

CREDITS: 3+1+0

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY (24 Lectures)

Unit I— 1. Introduction: Present status of plant physiology in India. 2. Plant Water Relation: Properties of water, regulation of water supply, water potential in

plant, Aquaporins and facilitated water transport, Theories on stomatal regulation. 3. Overview of Solute Transport: Diffusion, Nerst equation, Uniport, Symport, Antiport

channels, ATP drivenactive transport (Phloem loading and unloading) 4. Mineral Nutrition: Criteria of essentiality, detection of mineral elements by chemical

analysis, 5. Photosynthesis: Photosynthetic pigments, absorption and transformation of radiant

energy, Light harvesting complexes, ETS, different pathways of CO 2 fixation, Photorespiration, factors effecting Photosynthesis.

6. Respiration: Electron transport system and ATP synthesis, glycolysis, chemiosmotic regulation of ATP synthesis, gluconeogenesis.

7. Nitrogen metabolism: Mechanism of N2 fixation, Nitrate and ammonium assimilation, Nitrogen uptake GS/GOGAT, NOD factor, root nodulation.

8. Plant growth regulators: Biosynthesis, action and mechanism of : Auxins Gibberellins, (GA), Cytokinins, Ethylene, Abscicsic Acid.

9. Seed Germination and dormancy, Flowering and Fruit ripening: Metabolic changes during seed germination, flowering initiation, maturity and fruiting, fruit ripening.

BIOCHEMISTRY (24 Lectures)

Unit II—

1. Enzymology: General classification, mechanism of enzyme, Isozymes and factors affecting enzyme activity.

2. Carbohydrates: General classification, Synthesis and breakdown of carbohydrates (starch, glycogen, pectin, Glucose) .

3. Amino acids and proteins: General classification, Structure, synthesis and properties of amino acids and proteins.

4. Nucleic Acid and their metabolism: DNA, RNA, Purines, Pyrimidines, their biosynthesis and metabolism.

5. Secondary metabolites: General classification of Major pathways.

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6. Lipid metabolism: General classification of Lipid. Suggested References (Plant Physiology & Biochemistry):-

1. Buchanan B.B, Gruissem W. and Jones R.L (2000). Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of

Plants. American Society of Plant Physiologistsm Maryland, USA. 2. Dennis D.T., Turpin, D.H. Lefebvre D.D. and LayzellD.B. (eds) (1997). Plant Metabolism

(Second Edition) Longman, Essex, England 3. Galstone A.W.(1989). Life processes in Plants. Scientific American Library, Springer

Verlag, New York, USA. 4. Salibury F.B. and Ross C.W(1992). Plant physiology (Fourth Edition) Wadsworth

Publishing Company, California,USA. 5. Singhal G.S., Renger G., Sopory, S.K. Irrgang K.D and Govindjee(1999). Concept in

Photobiology; Photosynthesis and Photomorphogenesis. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.

6. Verma S.K. and Verma Mohit(2007). A.T.B of Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, S.Chand Publications.

7. Leninger A.C.(1987). Principles of Biochmistry, CBS Publishers and Distributers (Indian Reprint).


CYTOLOGY, GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING CREDITS: 3+1+0

Eukaryotic Cell: (6 Lectures)

Organelles and macromolecular complexes of eukaryotic cells ,cytoskeleton, the extracellular matrix, the structure, function, and biosynthesis of cellular membranes; cell growth.

Eukaryotic chromosome: (8 Lectures) Structural and functional of eukaryotic Chromosome ; Euchromatin and heterochromatin; Synaptonemal complex; Karyotype and its evolutionary significance ;Chromosome banding; Special types of chromosome. Gene and Inheritance pattern :

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(14 Lectures) Gene and its structure ,Nuclear, Extranuclear , Quantitative and Sex linked inheritance , Multiple alleles , Genetics of Sex ; Non- disjunction, One gene at a time Crosses & Genetic diseases. Crosses with more than one gene at a time; Recombination; Linkage; Genetic mapping.

Mutation: (6 Lectures)

Physical and chemical mutagens , their mechanism of action , Numerical , structural

chromosomal mutation; point mutation.

Plant Breeding: (14 Lectures)

Plant type concept( Rice, Wheat, Maize, Legumes & Pulses), Genotype X environmental interaction & stability nature, Breeding for abiotic stress ( drought, salinity, mineral toxicity,heat),and Biotic stress (disease, insect resiatance), Utilization of wild crop for crop improvement, Cytoplasmic- genetic male sterility system in hybrid seed production, Genome analysis and evolution of polyploidy crop.

Suggested References (Genetics and Plant Breeding):

1. Genetics- Monroe W. Strickberger, PHI learning Pvt. Ltd. 2. Genetics- Susan Elrod & William Stansfield, Tata McGraw Hill. 3. Principles of Genetics- Robert H. Tamarin, Tata McGraw Hill. 4. Molecular Biology of the Gene- Watson et. Al. 5. Introduction to Plant Breeding- R. C. Chaudhury, Oxford Publishing House. 6. Plant Breeding Principles and Methods- B. D.Singh, Kalyani Publishers. 7. Genetics- P. K. Gupta, Rastogi Publications.


MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

CREDITS: 3+1+0

Unit I:- (10 Lectures) DNA: DNA structure , forms and function, DNA Replication (semi-conservative model of DNA replication, direction of,DNA replication, formation of leading and lagging strands,

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necessity of DNA topoisomerase , polymerases & DNA ligase). Unit II:- (8 Lectures) RNA: RNA Structure , functions and types ; Biosynthesis of genetic and non genetic RNA . Unit III:- (10 Lectures)

Protein : Genetic code , decoding system translational mechinary , post translational modification of Protein , Non covalent interaction and folding of polypeptide chain.

Unit IV:- (10 Lectures) Tissue Culture : Classification of Tissue culture Technique, protoplast fusion & Somatic hybridization , Somaclonal variation in crop improvement ,Nucleic acid hybridization, Plant regeneration and transfer to soil. Unit V: (10 Lectures) DNA technology: Basic technique and its application, Genetically modified plants , Chimeric DNA, DNA probes and Genomic/ cDNA libraries ,chloroplast engineering, and transplastomic plants . Suggested References:

1. Elements of Biotechnology- P.K Gupta, Rastogi Publication. 2. Biotechnology and Genomics- P.K Gupta, Rastogi Publications. 3. Lab Manual On Biotechnology- P. M. Swamy, Rastogi Publications.


A. PRACTICALS OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY CREDITS: 0+0+2

1. Determination of water potential in different plant tissue. 2. Determination of chlorophyll a & chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll from different

types of plant tissue by solvent method. 3. Determination of chlorophyll a/ b ratio from different types of plant tissue (i.e. C3 C4

plant)

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4. Determination of reducing Sugar in plant species 5. Estimation of seed protein depending on solubility. 6. Estimation of total titrable acidity. 7. Spot Identification of proline, sulpher-containing Amino Acids and Amino Acids with

aromatic rings 8. Extraction of amylase activity from plant samples 9. Determination of Isoelectric Point of Protein. 10. Buffers and pH: Preparation of phosphate buffer and citrate buffer, operation of pH

meter to measure the phosphate buffer and citrate buffer. 11. Study of enzyme kinetics for effect of time/ enzyme concentration/ pH. 12. Paper chromatographic technique to separate sugars, aminoacids, chloroplast pigments 13. Determination of absorption spectra of chlorophyll a and b with spectrophotometer.

B. GENETICS, PLANT BREEDING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

CREDITS: 0+0+2

1. Preparation of fixatives, stains and their uses. 2. Study of Mitosis of at least 5 locally available plant species. 3. Study of Meiosis of at least 5 locally available plant species. 4. Study of some problems based on gene interactions, Cytoplasmic Inheritance, linkage &

crossing over. 5. Study of some genetic disorder (Photograph) like Dawn Syndrome, Turner syndrome,

Edward syndrome, Patau syndrome in human being. 6. Preparation of Karyotypes and working out the ideogram. 7. Preparation of Tissue Culture Media (MS Media) and micropropagation of some

important plants. 8. Study of ploidy level in plants developed by micropropagation. 9. Study of the techniques of emasculation, selfing and crossing in some self-pollinated

and cross-pollinated plants. 10. Preparation of fixatives, stains and their uses. 11. Study of Mitosis of at least 5 locally available plant species. 12. Study of Meiosis of at least 5 locally available plant species. 13. Study of some problems based on gene interactions, Cytoplasmic Inheritance, linkage &

crossing over. 14. Study of some genetic disorder (Photograph) like Dawn Syndrome, Turner syndrome,

Edward syndrome, Patau syndrome in human being. 15. Preparation of Karyotypes and working out the ideogram. 16. Preparation of tissue culture media (MS media) and micropropagation of some

important plants. 17. Study of ploidy level in plants developed by micropropagation.

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18. Study of the techniques of emasculation, selfing and crossing in some self-pollinated and cross-pollinated plants.

VISIT TO NATIONAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES/ INSTITUTIONS AND SUBMISSION OF REPORT.

SEMESTER IV

PAPER: BOT 1001C

REPRODUCTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL BOTANY CREDITS: 3+1+0

Unit I— (12 Lectures) Asexual reproduction: Vegetative apomixes. Adventive embryony. apospory, parthenogenesis.

Sexual reproduction: Microsporogenesis - male gameteophyte - Pollen viability and germination.

Pollination biology: primary and secondary attractants of pollination - ultra structuraland histochemical details of style and stigma - significance of pollen-pistil interactions. Economic importance of pollen - Pollen analysis of honey.

Megasporogenesis: megasporogenesis and development and types of female gametophyte (embryosacs), double fertilization and its significance.

Fertilization-barriers to fertilization- genetics of incompatibility - methods to overcome incompatibility.

Unit II-- (12 Lectures) Development of dicot embryo,

Structure, development and types of endosperm,

Fruit: development and maturation of fruit, types and parts of fruits, fruit dispersal strategies,

Seed: types of seed, germination of seed types and nature and dispersal of seeds, factors affecting germination.

Unit III— (12 Lectures) Role of in vitro tissue culture in plant biotechnology, another culture, ovary culture, somatic hybridisation and production of cybrids, embryo culture and rescue, clonal propagation, cryopreservation and germplasm storage, somatic embryogenesis, artificial seeds, somaclonal variations.

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Unit IV— (12 Lectures) An overview of plant development: Shoot and Root development, leaf development and phyllotaxy, transition to flowering, floral meristem and floral development, homoetic genes in plants, senescence, programmed cell death and hypersensitive response in plants.

Suggested References:

1. Bhojwani, S.S and Bhatnagar, S.P. 2000. The Embryology of Angiosperms, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

2. Bouman F., 1978. Ovule initiation, ovule development and seed coat astructure in angiosperms. Today and Tomarrow Publishers, New Delhi.

3. Davis C.L., 1965. Systematic embryology of Angiosperms. John Wiley. 4. Eames A.J., 1960. Morphology of Angiosperms. Mc Graw Hill.Hill. 5. Johanson D., 1950. Plant Embryology. Waltham, Massachusetts. 6. John B.D. (Ed.), 1984. Embryology of Angiosperms. Springer Verlag. 7. Johri, B.M. 1984. 1984. Embryology of Angiosperms. Springer Verlag. Berlin. 8. Maheswari P., 1950. An introduction to the Embryology of Angiosperms. Mc Graw 9. Maheswari, P. 1980. Recent Advances in the Embryology of Angiosperms. 10. Pandey, A.K. 1997. Introduction to Embryology of Amngiosperms. CBS Publishers

and Distributors, New Delhi. 11. Pandey, S.N. and Chadha, A. 2000. Embryology. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New

Delhi 12. Raghavan V., 1976. Experimental embryogenesis in plants. Academic Press. 13. Wardlaw C.W., 1976. Embryogenesis in Plants. Methusen, London.

SEMESTER IV

SPECIAL PAPERS CREDITS: 3+1+0

BOT 1101C: Angiosperm Taxonomy - I

1. Aim, objectives and principles of taxonomy; Historical development of classificatory systems; Artificial, natural and phylogenetic system of classification; concept of phenatic, phyletic,

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cladestic and APG; Alpha and Omega taxonomy; Taxonomic structure – taxonomic hierarchy, concept of species, genus, family and infraspecific categories. (12 Lectures)

2. Concept of Characters – Qualitative and quantitative characters Good and bad characters, analytical and synthetic characters, conservative characters co-relation of characters, isolation and speciation of characters; sources of taxonomic evidences- Morphology, Anatomy, Palynology, Ecology, Embryology, Cytology and genetics; Recent trends in taxonomy- Chemotaxonomy, Biosystematics, Numerical taxonomy, Computers and taxonomy- Documentation and data processing. (12 Lectures) 3. Plant identification – Botanical keys, their construction and use; ICBN- application of ICBN in naming a new taxon, typification, rule of priority, effective and valid publication, retention, choice and rejection of names, nominaconservenda, St. Louis Code (Brief Outline), Biocode (brief account); Molecular plant taxonomy- techniques in molecular taxonomy, software in molecular taxonomy, scope and importance of molecular taxonomy. (12 Lectures)

4. Taxonomic literature- General reference classical literature, Icons; Important state, regional and all India floras, Journals of taxonomy, Literature on economic plants of India; Presentation of data- Manual and flora, Monograph and revision, Preparation of flora, rich and poor floras. (12 Lectures)

BOT 1102C: Angiosperm Taxonomy – II

1. A critical study of the current ideas on the origin of angiosperms with special reference to

their ancestral stock, time and place of origin, concept of primitive angiosperms; Patterns of geographical distribution, endemism, alien species; centres of taxonomic research in India; Botanical Survey of India- it’s organization, activities and publications. (12 Lectures)

2. Herbaria- their importance in taxonomic research, kinds of herbaria, important herbaria in the world and in India; Botanic garden- Functions of botanic gardens, role of botanic gardens in conservation of bio diversity, teaching and research, plant introduction and domestication, important botanic gardens in world and India. (12 Lectures)

3. Flora and forest types of North East India, endemic and exotic elements in North East flora, rare and endangered plants of India with special reference to NE India and their conservation; Evolutionary rends in Angiosperms, cradle of flowering plants. (12 Lectures)

4. Phylogeny and floral evolution of following angiospermic orders : Magnoliales, Ranunculales, Malvales,Fabales, Lamiales, Asterales, Orchidales, Poales, Zingiberales (following Takhtajan, 1997). (12 Lectures)

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Suggested References: 1. Singh, Gurcharan: Plant systematics. Oxford IBH 2. Mondal, A.K.: Advanched Plant Taxonomy. Central Book Agency, Kolkata. 3. Sivarajan, V.V. and Robinson: Introduction to the principles of plant taxonomy. Oxforb IBH. 4. Greuter. W. et al. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. St. Louis Code. Koeltz

Scientific Books, Konigstein. 5. Jain, S.K. and Rao, R.R. A Hand Book of Field and Herbarium Methods. Today and Tomorrow

Publications, New Delhi. 6. Naik, V.N. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi. 7. Mabberley, D.J. The Plant Book. Cambridge University Press, London. 8. Hutchinson, J. Genera of flowering plants.Cambridge University Press, London. 9. Good, R. The geography of flowering plants. Longman, London. 10. David, P.H. and Heywood, P.H. Principles of Angiosperms taxonomy. Oliver and Boys, London. 11. Cronquist, A. Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants. New York Botanic Gardens,

Bronx, New York. 12. Takhtajan, A. Origin and dispersal of Flowering Plants. 13. Hutchinson, J. Evolution and Phylogeny of flowering plants; Academic Press, London & New

York. 14. Hutchinson, J. The families of flowering plants: Oxford University Press.

BOT 1103C: ADVANCED PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY - I

1. Water relations (4 Lectures): Properties of water, regulation of water supply, Aquaporins and facilitated water transport, Soil plant atmosphere continuum (SPAC), Theories on stomatal physiology, Signal transdution in guard cell.

2. Transport and nutrition in plants (4 Lectures) – a) Oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial respiratory complexes, order and

organization of electron carriers, Physico-chemical aspect of solute transport, diffusion and facilitated diffusion, electrochemical gradient, passive and active transport, Nerst equation, Donnas’s equilibrium.

b) Mineral Nutrition: Essential and Beneficial elements. Role and deficiency effects of essential nutrient elements.

3. Nitrogen metabolism(4 Lectures): Nitrogen fixation; Nitrogenase enzyme, substrates for nitrogenase, reaction mechanism, Nitrate assimilation - Structural features of nitrate and nitrite reductase, incorporation of ammonia into organic compounds, regulation of nitrate assimilation.

4. Photosynthesis(4 Lectures) – Photosynthetic pigments, photosystems I and II, their location; photosynthetic electron transport system and generation of NADPH & ATP (cyclic and non-

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cyclic photo-phosphorylations), complexes associated with thylakoid membranes; light harvesting complexes, carbon pathway in C3 , C4 and C2 pathways, significance of Photorespiration and its importance, physiological and molecular aspects of photosynthesis , Bacterial photosynthesis.

5. Respiration(4 Lectures) - Different types of respiration-Glycolysis-energy conversion stages, regulation of glycolysis, and outline of EMP, TCA cycle, PPP, Cyanide resistance pathway, Gluconeogenesis, ATP synthesis.- Mitochondrial electron transport system coupled with oxidative phosphorylation, High energy compounds: Synthesis and utilization, Inhibitors of electron transport system.

6. Photobiology(4 Lectures): Structure, function and mechanisms of action of phytochromes, Plant morphogenesis-Physiology of flowering, Florigen concept, circadian rhythms, Photoperiodism and its regulation. Vernalization, fruit ripening.

7. Sensory physiology(4 Lectures): Biochemical and biophysical mechanisms of sense of touch, electric, light, explosion, sleeping and rhythms. Stimuli that trigger rapid movements; movements based on mechanical forces; mobility triggered by sense of touch, taste and electricity.

8. Toxins of plant origin(4 Lectures) – Mycotoxins, lathyrogens, nitriles, protease inhibitors, protein toxins.

9. Stress physiology in plants(4 Lectures) – Types of stress, biotic and abiotic stress, (HSP, LEA). environmental stresses, salinity, water stress, heat, chilling, anaerobiosis, pathogenesis, heavy metals, radiations and their impact on plant growth and metabolism, stress management. Oxidative stress- reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Stress management in plants.

10. Defence system in plants (4 Lectures) a) Antioxidative defence system in plants – Reactive oxygen species and their

generation, enzymic and non-enzymic components of antioxidative defense mechanism.

b) Chemical defence : Biochemical mechanisms of plants’ chemical war against other plants and animals. Plant responses to herbivory; constitutive defence mechanisms; induced phytochemical responses; biochemical mechanisms of allelopathty.

11. Tree Physiology(4 Lectures) – Leaf canopies, Radiation environment, Effect of irradiance in

plants; Tree and water relations, Apical dominance, abscission, dormancy (bud and seed), seed germination- metabolic changes during seed germination, and Senescence.

12. Practical application(4 Lectures) :- a) Industrial Application of enzymes. b) Different practical applications of PGR’s in Agriculture, floriculture and

horticulture. c) Role of In vitro culture in plant propagation and production of stress tolerant

plants.

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BOT 1104C: ADVANCED PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY - II

1. Energy Dynamics (6 Lectures): - Structure of atoms, molecules and chemical bonds,

Principles of thermodynamics, free energy, Redox potentials, Dissociation and associations constants, Activation energy, Binding energy.

2. Enzymology (6 Lectures) : - General classification of Allosteric mechanism, Isozymes, Factors affecting enzyme activity, Enzyme Kinetics, Michaelis – Menton equation, Competitive, uncompetitive and non competitive inhibition.

3. Carbohydrates (6 Lectures) : - General classification, Synthesis and breakdown of carbohydrates (starch, glycogen, pectin, Glucose)

4. Amino acids and proteins (6 Lectures): - General classification of amino acids and proteins, Structure, synthesis and properties of amino acids, protein structure (Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary), Ramchandran plot.

5. Nitrogen metabolism (6 Lectures): - Nitrate and ammonium assimilation, Nitrogen uptake, NOD factor, root nodulation and nitrogen fixation.

6. Nucleic Acid and their metabolism (6 Lectures):- DNA, RNA, Purines, Pyrimidines, their biosynthesis and metabolism.

7. Secondary metabolites (6 Lectures): -General classification of Major pathways, Phenolics(Lignins, tannins) Flavonoids, terpenoids steroids , Alkaloids, pigments (Carotenoids, Anthocynins)

8. Lipid metabolism (6 Lectures): - General classification of Phospho, Spingo, Glyco Lipid biosynthesis and oxidation.


1. Buchanan B.B, Gruissem W. and Jones R.L (2000). Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants. American Society of Plant Physiologistsm Maryland, USA.

2. Dennis D.T., Turpin, D.H. Lefebvre D.D. and LayzellD.B. (eds) (1997). Plant Metabolism (Second Edition) Longman, Essex, England

3. Galstone A.W.(1989). Life processes in Plants. Scientific American Library, Springer Verlag, New York, USA.

4. Moore T.C.(1989). Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant Hormones Springer –Verlag, New York, USA.

5. Nobel P.S.(1999). Physiochemical and Environmental Plant Physiology (Second Edition) Academic Press, San Diego, USA.

6. Salibury F.B. and Ross C.W(1992). Plant physiology (Fourth Edition) Wadsworth Publishing Company, California,USA.

7. Singhal G.S., Renger G., Sopory, S.K. Irrgang K.D and Govindjee(1999). Concept in Photobiology; Photosynthesis and Photomorphogenesis. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.

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8. Taiz L. and Zeiger E.(2010). Plant Physiology (Fourth Edition). Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishes, Massachusetts, USA.

9. Thomas B. and Vince-Prue D.(1997). Photoperiodism in Plants (Second Edition) Academic Press, San Diego, USA.

10. Verma S.K. and Verma Mohit(2007). A.T.B of Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology,S.Chand Publications.

11. Leninger A.C.(1987). Principles of Biochmistry, CBS Publishers and Distributers (Indian Reprint)

12. Hapse and Acharya(1999). Treatise on Agroelectronics and Agriphysics. VSI. BOT 1105C: CELL BIOLOGY, GENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – I Unit I – (12 Lectures) Cell structure, function and regulation :The nucleus, Protein sorting ,transport and role of plasma membrane; Bioenergetics and metabolism, , cell signelling, cell cycle , control of cell cycle and exponential growth. Unit II – (12 Lectures) Genome organization : organization of nuclear and organeller genome ;transposable elements (yeast, Maize and Drosophilla), DNA packaging ; Genome evolution. Unit III— (12 Lectures) Recombination & Mutation and DNA repair: Recombination in Bacteria , fungi and Virus ; Mutation at Biochemical and molecular level ; DNA damage & repair. Unit IV – (12 Lectures) Genetics material in population: Gene frequencies and equilibrium, changes in gene frequencies, Genetic structure of population, speciation and control of human evolution ( biological evolution & limitation, deleterious gene and eugenics).

BOT 1106C: CELL BIOLOGY, GENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY - II

1. DNA replication and Recombination (8 lectures): Replication of eukaryotic linear DNA , singled-stranded circular, double- stranded circular and double-stranded linear DNA (viral) ; Homologous and site specific recombination; somatic recombination.

2. Transcription and post transcriptional mechanisms(8 lectures): Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Ribosome, Assaciation and dissociation of Ribosomal subunits, Eukaryotic transcription, RNA

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splicing , folding and processing ; mRNA Stability and localization ,Translation and post translational modification.& Protein degradation.

3. Gene regulation and Expression (8 lectures): The Operon ( Lac ,Trp, ara ) , Mutation in Lac Operon ; Eukaryotic transcriptional and Translational Regulation, Regulatory RNA.

4. Plant Genomics (8 lectures): Molecular Map , Its development, preparation and uses , DNA Sequencing and uses , Whole genome sequences in plants ( Arabidopsis, Oryza, Zea mays) , functional genomics ( Comparative genomics, In silico discovery of genes , Management of data for functional genomics , gene expression and transcript profiling).

An alternative Approaches to Molecular Biology(16 Lectures): Replication of large DNA genomes, small DNA genomes, and RNA genomes differs. Transcription of prokaryotes and eukaryotes with an emphasis on splicing in eukaryotes.

Translation of prokaryotes and eukaryotes, with an emphasis on polycistronic messages in prokaryotes. Suggested References:

1. Genetics- Monroe W. Strickberger, PHI learning Pvt. Ltd. 2. Genetics- Susan Elrod & William Stansfield, Tata McGraw Hill. 3. Prnciples of Genetics- Robert H. Tamarin, Tata McGraw Hill. 4. Molecular Biology- David Freielder, Narosa Publishing House. 5. Microbial genetics- David Freielder, Narosa Publishing House. 6. Lewin’s Genes- Jocelyn E. Krebs,Elliott S.Goldstein & Stephen T. Kilpatrick, Jones and

Bartlett Publishers. 7. Genetics- K.B. Ahluwalia, Wiley Eastern Limited. 8. Genetics- P. K. Gupta, Rastogi Publications. 9. Biotechnology and Genomics- P.K Gupta, Rastogi Publications.

BOT 1107C: MYCOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY - I

Unit I – (12 Lectures)

1. Biodiversity of fungi – general account 2. Important ecological fungal groups. 3. Principles of Taxonomy: Morphological basis and Holomorph concept 4. ICBN rules

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Unit II – (12 Lectures) Substrate Relationship in fungi

1. Fungi in Soil: Occurrence, distribution, seasonal variation, impact of physic – chemical factors, soil borne diseases and their control, techniques of Isolation, Culturing maintenances of soil fungi. General account of Rhizosphere and Rhizoplane and root exudates.

2. Fungi in Aquatic Environment: Occurrence, distribution, Seasonal variation,Impact of Physico – chemical factors, water-borne diseases and their control technique of isolation, culturing, activity and impact of pollutants.

Unit III – (12 Lectures)

1. Fungi in Air: Air sampling techniques, Culturing of fungi, Isolation, pure culture and maintenances, identification of fungal spores, distribution, seasonal variation, influences of Meteorological factors, fungal air-borne disease and their control.

2. Fungi in Seed: Occurrence, distribution, seasonal variation, impact of physic-chemical factors, techniques of Isolation, Culturing, Maintenance, Seed Germination, Seed-borne diseases, Bio-deterioration of Seed and their control.

3. Fungi on Leaf Surfaces: Phyllosphere, phylloplane and leaf leachates. (General Account)

UNIT IV— (12 Lectures) Fungal Biotechnology, Biodeterioration of refined and processed materials, fuels, lubricants, plastics, rubber, glass, paints, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and metals by fungi, Keratonophilic fungi – Distribution, Isolation and its economic importasnce, Mycotoxicoses (General Account), Fungi as pollution indicators and their role in detoxification.

BOT 1108C: MYCOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY - II

Unit I – (11 Lectures) Principle of plant pathology, Transmission and dissemination of plant diseases, Pathogenesis, Host-Parasite interaction, Disease resistance, Epidemiology, Simple and Compound diseases and Disease forecasting.

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UNIT II – (11 Lectures) Post-harvest fungal diseases of fruits and vegetables and their management. Biochemical changes in fruits and vegetables due to post harvest fungal infections, mycotoxins and health hazards, Biological control of plant diseases.

. UNIT III— (11 Lectures) Diseases of Cereals, Pulses and Oil Seeds:

a) Cereals: Rice: Blast disease, sheath blight. Wheat: Loose and Karnal bunt, Rye :Ergot

b) Pulses and Oil Seeds Pigeon pea : Wilt , Chick pea : Blight

c) Oil seeds : Rust of groundnut, sunflower, linseed Coconut : Bud rot

Unit IV— (11 Lectures) Diseases of fruits, vegetables, cash and plantation crop

a) Fruits: Grapes: Downy and Powdery mildews, Mango:

Anthracnose,Citrus : Canker Gummosis, root and dry rot, Banana: Bunchy top

b) Vegetables: Cucurbits : Powdery mildews, Tomato and Brinjal : Leaf

spots, Cabbage and Crucifers : Club root, Chilli : Die-back

c) Cash crops: Sugarcane: Whip smut, Cotton; Wilt and Black arm, Tobacco : Damping off and black shank, Mosaic, Turmeric : Leaf spot

d) Plantation crops: Coffee: Rust Tea: Blister blight; Rubber; Stem rot

UNIT V – (4 Lectures) Mycorrhiza and Wood rotting fungi Suggested References:

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1. Tarr, S.A.J . 1987. Principles of Plant Pathology. Academic Press. 2. Mehrotra, R.S. 1991. Plant Pathology. Tata Megrew – Hill PublishingCompany Ltd. 3. Agrios, G.N. 1999. Plant Pathology. Academic Press. 4. Chandanwala, K. 1986. Introduction to Plant Pathology. AmmolPublishers and Distributors 5. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 1999. Vol. 37, APS Press. 6. Dennis Allsopp and Seal, K.J. 1986. Introduction to Biodeterioration. E Edward Arnold

(Publishers) Ltd. 7. Frisvad, J.C. Bridge, P.D. and Arora, D.K. 1998. Chemical fungal taxonomy Marcel and Dekker

Inc. 8. Horsfall, J.G. & Cowelling, E.B. 1978. Plant Diseases – An Advance Treatise Vol. II and IV.

Academic Press. 9. Plant Biotechnology. Tata Mcgraw –Hill Publishsing Company Ltd. 10. Mahadevan, A. 1991. Post infectional defense mechanisms. Today andTomorrow’s Printers and

publishers. 11. Miles, P.G. and Chang, S.T. 1997. Mushroom Biology. World Scientific Publ.Company 12. Natish, S. Chopra, V.L. & Ramachandra, S. 1994. Biotechnology in Agriculture. Oxford and IBH

Publishing Company. 13. Roberts, S. Fritz & Elien. I. Simms. 1992. Plant Resistance to Herbivors and Pathogens (Ecology,

Evolutin and Genetics), University of ChicagoPress. 14. Rudra P. Singh, Uma S. Singh & Keiisuke Kohmoto (eds.) 1995.Pathogenesis and host specificity

in plant diseases. Vol. III PergamonPress. 15. Scheffer, R.P. 199. The nature of disease in plants. Cambridge University Press.

BOT 1109C: MICROBIOLOGY - I

Nature and habitat of micro-organisms; microbial diversity in various ecosystems. Soil structure and composition- Distribution of microbes in soil, cultivation and identification of soil microbes, N2 fixation, organic matter decomposition. (12 Lectures) Methods in microbiology- Isolation and cultivation of microbes from environment- serial dilution and pour-plate method, spread-plate method, streak-plate method, cultural characteristics of different microbes in different media. Biochemical tests for bacterial identification- Carbohydrate fermentation, Triple sugar, Iron-Agar test, IMVIC test, Hydrogen-sulphide test. (12 Lectures) Introduction to Immunology – cells of immune systems, types of immunity, properties of antigens and antibodies. Types of antibody diversity, monoclonal antibodies. Different classes of immunoglobulins, immune disorders, vaccine and chemotherapy. (12 Lectures) Microbiology of air- Phylloplane microflora and their interactions, allergic disorder of air microflora. Air sampling techniques- collection, composition of air spores. (12 Lectures)

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BOT 1110C: MICROBIOLOGY – II

APPLIED (24 lectures)

Microbiology of stressed environments- (domestic wastes, extreme natural environment, oil stressed environment, pesticide and microbes, heavy metal air pollutants) Biodegradation of water and pollutants, bioremediation. Water Microbiology – Types of water, microbial components of water, water pollution, water treatment, bacteriological analysis of water.Role and importance of aquatic microbial ecosystems. INDUSTRIAL(24 lectures)

Introduction to Industrial Microbiology. Types of fermentation process, microbial biomass, microbial enzymes, microbial metabolites and transformation process. Selection and strain improvement strategies, recombinant DNA technology. Types of fermentation- Solid state fermentation and submerged fermentation, batch and continuous fermentation. Production

a) Antibiotic – Penicillin, Streptomycin. b) Amino Acid – Lysine, Glutamic Acid. c) Enzyme – Amylase, Cellulase. d) Organic Acid – Lactic acid, Acetic acid, Citric acid. e) Biofuel – Bio-ethanol, bio-butanol. f) Biopolymer – PHB, PLA. g) Alcoholic Beverage – Wine, Beer. h) Special Cells – SCP, Baker’s Yeast.

Methods of cell immobilization, application of cells and enzymes.


1. Mishra, R. R. 1996. SoilMicrobiology. CBS Publ.

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2. Nester, E. W., Roberts, C. E. & Nester, M. T. 1995. Microbiology: A Human Perspective. Wm. C. Brown Publisher.

3. Tate, R. L. 1995. Soil Microbiology. John Wiley & Sons Inc. 4. Pelczar M J, Adams, M R, Char, E C S, Krieg Noel R (2000), Microbiology, Tata McGraw Hill. 5. Purohit S S (1997), Microbiology: Fundamentals & Applications, Agrobotanical. 6. Dubey, R C, Maheshwari, D K (2004) Microbiology, S Chand. 7. Prescott (2002) Microbiology, Mc Graw Hill. 8. C Varma Rao, Immunology. 9. L. E Casida, Industrial Microbiology. 10. M R Adams, M O Mass (2000) Food Microbiology, New Age International Publ. 11. Salle A J, Fundamentals of Bacteriology, Asia TMH. 12. Sudesh Jood, Neelam K Paul (2000), Food Preservation, Agrotech Publishing Agency. 13. William C Frazier (2000) Food Microbiology, John Wiley & Sons. 14. Peter E Stranbury, Allan Whittaker, Principles of Fermentation Technology. 15. S C Prescott, Cecil Jordon Dunn, Industrial Microbiology. 16. Rita Singh, S K Ghosh, Industrial Biotechnology.

BOT 1111C: ECOLOGY -I

1. Introduction (12 Lectures): Importance and Scope of ecology, levels of organization, spatial and temporal scales, Interaction of ecological factors in the environment, Environmental issues in India. Tolerance range and limiting factors, adaptations, ecotypes and ecads.

2. Population ecology (12 Lectures) : Concept; characteristics of a population; population growth curves; population regulation -by abiotic factors – nutrients, moisture, food availability ;by biotic factors – competition, predation, density ; life history strategies (r and K selection); concept of metapopulation – demes and dispersal, interdemic extinctions, age structured population.

3. Community organization and development (12 Lectures): Nature of communities; community structure and attributes; levels of species diversity and its measurement; edges and ecotones. vegetation characteristics (analytical and synthetic characters), methods of analysis; concept of habitat and niche; niche width and overlap; fundamental and realized niche; ecological succession: concept and changes in ecosystem properties during succession.

4. Ecosystem organization (12 Lectures): Structure and functions; primary production (global pattern and controlling factors); energy dynamics—trophic levels, energy flow pathways and ecological efficiencies; decomposition (mechanism, substrate quality and climatic factors); global biogeochemical cycles of C, N, P, & S.

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BOT 1112C: ECOLOGY –II

1. Environmental pollution (12 Lectures): Water Pollution: Sources and kinds, impact of pollution on aquatic ecosystems, eutrophication of water bodies; Air Pollution: Sources and kinds, impact of air pollution on plants; acid rain, causes and effects; Soil Pollution: Sources and kinds, impact on plants and ecosystems.

2. Ecosystem stability and ecological management (12 Lectures): Concept (resistance and resilience);ecological perturbations(Both natural and anthropogenic) and their impacts on plants and ecosystems; ecology of plant invasion;EIA; ecological restoration; sustainable development; sustainability indicators.

3. Conservation biology (12 Lectures): Principles of conservation; Problems of conservation- causes of extinction; red list categories; hot spots, key stone species, flag ship species; umbrella species; strategies of conservation; insitu and exsitu conservation – gene bank, cryopreservation, protected areas, wild life sanctuaries, national parks and bioreserves; role of Botanic Gardens in conservation.

4. Environmental Issues and Problems of North East India (12 Lectures): Forest ecology and forest types of India; changes in Forest Composition and Cover; issues and problems associated with shifting cultivation and industrialization; Environmental Impact of coal mining, quarrying of sand from hills and rivers; Extraction of petroleum and natural gas; issues relating to conservation of Ramsar sites of north-east India: Loktak lake, Deepar beel; Traditional System of Forest Management; Common Property Resources and Tribal Economy; State Forest Policies and Autonomous District Council Forest Policies.


1. Abbasi, S.A. 1998. - Environmental pollution and its control. Cogent International, Pondicherry. 2. Brady, N.C. 1990. - The natural properties of soils. Prentice-Hall of India pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. 3. B.K.Tiwari, S.K.Barik and R.S.Tripathi 1999 Sacred Forests of Meghalaya, Shillong: Regional

Centre,NAEB. 4. Freeman, B. (ed.), 1995. - Environmental Ecology- The ecological effects of pollution,

disturbance, and other stresses. Academic press. 5. Glasson, J., Therivel, R. & Chadwick, A. 1995. - Introduction to environment impact assessment.

UCL Press Ltd., London. 6. Heywood, V.H. & Wyse Jackson, R.S. (eds.), 1991. - Tropical Botanical Gardens- their role in

conservation and development. Academic Press, San Diego. 7. Lucas, G. & Synge, H. 1986. - IUCN Plant Red Data Book. 8. Michael, P. 1990. - Ecological methods for field and laboratory investigations. Tata McGraw Hill,

New. 9. Misra, R. 1968. - Ecology Work Book. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi. 10. Moldan, B & Billharz, S. 1997. - Sustainable indicators. John Wiley Sons, New York.

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11. Mukherjee, B. 1996. - Environmental biology. Tata McGraw Hill Publ., New Delhi. 12. Nayar, M.P. 1996. - Hot spots of endemic plants of India, Nepal, and Bhutan. TBGRI,

Trivandrum. 13. Nayar, M.P. & Sastry, A.R.K. 1987, 1989, 1990. - Red Data Book of Indian Plants (3 vols.). 14. Odum, E.P. (1983), Basic Ecology, Sanders, Philadelphia. 15. Ramakrishnan, P.S. 2000. Ecology and Sustainable Development. National Book Trust, India. 16. Robert Ricklefs (2001). The Ecology of Nature. Fifth Edition. W.H. Freeman and Company. 17. Ryding, S.O. 1994. - Environment management handbook. Lewis Publ. Ltd., New Delhi. 18. Singh,J.S., Singh,S.P. and Gupta, S.R. 2006. Ecology, Environment and Resource Conservation,

Anamaya Publishers, New Delhi. 19. Smith, R.L. (1996), Ecology and Field Biology, Harper Collins, New York. 20. Smith, R. - Ecology, and field Biology. Harper collins, New York. Treshow, M., 1985. - Air

pollution and plant life. Wiley Interscience. 21. Townsend, C.R., Begon, M. and Harper, J.L. 2003. Essentials of Ecology. Second Edition.

Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. 22. Walter, K.S. & Gillett, H.J. 1998. - IUCN Red List of threatened plants. The World Conservation

Union, Cambridge.

SEMESTER IV

PAPER: BOT 1003C

PRACTICALS OF REPRODUCTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL BOTANY CREDITS: 0+0+1

1. Study of anther development of Datura. 2. Study of pollen types using acetolysed and non-acetolysed pollen. 3. Pollen germination using hanging drop technique. 4. Tests for pollen viability using stains and in vitro pollen germination. 5. Estimating percentage of pollen germination and pollen viability in vitro. 6. Study of nuclear and cellular endosperm and suspensor through dissections and staining.

SEMESTER IV

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PAPER: BOT 1004C

PRACTICALS OF SPECIAL PAPER A & B CREDITS: 0+0+3

1. ANGIOSPERM TAXONOMY a) Floristic study of certain small area in and around Guwahati, making collection of

their own and from these analytical drawings should be made. Describe the specimen using botanical terms and keying out the prominent characters for identification up to the rank of species for the preparation of a flora.

Or Basing on collection of locally available angiospermic plants, students may be assigned to study any one of the following branches in relation to angiosperm taxonomy- (a) External morphology, (b) Anatomy, (c) Cytology, (d) Palynology (e) Chemotaxonomy.

Or Comparative morphological studies of angiospermic plants belonging to any genus or family of local distribution.

b) Handling of floras, manuals, icons and index kewensis.

2. ADVANCED PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY Advanced Physiology :-

a) Determination of water and osmotic potential in different plant tissue. b) Determination of chlorophyll a , b and total chlorophyll by Amon’s method. c) Determination of chlorophyll a/ b ratio in C3 , C4 and CAM plant)

d) Determination of reducing/total sugar by Somogies method. e) Determination of reducing/total sugar by Nelson - Somogies method. f) Estimation of Total Carbohydrates by Anthrone method. g) Estimation of fats/oil in different oily seeds. h) Estimation of Nitrogen by Kjedahl’s method. i) Estimation of proteins by Lowry’s method. j) Separation of soluble proteins by Gel Electophoresis.

Biochemical Techniques :- a) Chromatography:

Paper chromatographic(single and two dimentional) technique to separate sugars, amino acids, chloroplast pigments ,

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Thin layer chromatographic technique to separate chloroplast sugars.

b) Spectrophotometry: Determination of absorption spectra of chlorophyll a and b with spectrophotometer. Determination of Km value, effect of time/ temperature/enzyme concentration/ PH on

Peroxydase Amylase Catalase

c) In vivo assay for nitrate reductase in leaf tissues.

d) Extraction of proteins from plant tissue and their quantitative (Bradford’s) and qualitative (SDS, PAGE gel) analysis.

e) Comparative assessment of methods for protein quantification.

3. CELL BIOLOGY, GENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

1. Studies of natural and induced chromosomal abnormalities in plant species. 2. Study of variation of chromosome number in plant species. 3. To find out the evolutionary status of plants by karyotype analysis. 4. Estimation of total DNA content in plant species. 5. Studies of soluble seed protein by SDS PAGE. 6. Construction of restriction map from data provided. 7. Study of some important GMO crops. 8. Working out genetical problems.

4. MYCOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY

1. Study of morphology and reproductive structure of fungi available in N.E.Region. 2. Isolation and identification of Plant pathogenic fungi from diseased plants. 3. Collection of soil, litter, water, leaf and seed from various sources for the isolation of

fungi. 4. Techniques of isolation of fungi Dilution method, soil plate method, agar plate method

and blotter method from soil, litter and seed. 5. Isolation and identification of rhizosphere and rhizoplane fungi. 6. Isolation and identification of phyllosphere and phylloplane fungi.

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7. Isolation and identification of fungi from aquatic environment. 8. Air sampling techniques of fungal spores and their identification and culturing. 9. Study of pesticide degradation by fungi using HPLC (demonstration). 10. Pathogenicity tests and establishment of Koch’s Postulate. 11. Extraction and estimation of sugar and amino acid from diseased materials. 12. Anatomical study of wood infected by fungi. 13. Morphology and staining of bacteria. 14. Study of plant diseases in field, Collection / Photograph of fungal specimen and diseased materials.

15. Practical Record

5. MICROBIOLOGY

1. Screening of microbes for production of organic acids and enzymes. 2. Preparation and maintenance of stock cultures. 3. Preparation of fungal spores and enumeration by Haemocytometer. 4. Preparation of bacterial inoculums by measuring bacterial O.D and enumeration of

bacterial cells by serial dilution and pour-plate method. 5. Solid state and submerged fermentation for amylase production and suitable assay

method. 6. Optimisation of process parameters. 7. Laboratory level production of metabolites – wine and vinegar. 8. Immobilization of yeast cells.

6. ECOLOGY

1. Determination of light intensity(by Lux Meter),relative humidity, wind speed, Maximum and minimum temp during different times of the day, working of the rain gauge.

2. To study the physical characteristics (temperature, colour and texture) of soil. 3. To study the chemical characteristics of soil by rapid field test. 4. To determine the water holding capacity of soil collected from different locations. 5. To compare protected and unprotected grasslands using community coefficients

(similarity index). 6. To study the species composition of an area for analyzing biological spectrum and

comparison with Raunkiaer’s normal biological spectrum. 7. Determination of Importance Value Index (IVI) of the plant species in the community by

quadrat method 8. Study of different stages of succession in plant communities. 9. To record the abiotic components i.e. pH, temperature, turbidity and light intensity of

water in a pond ecosystem.

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10. Estimation of primary productivity of an aquatic ecosystem. 11. Determinationof D.O. and hardness of polluted and unpolluted water samples. 12. Sampling of some common pollutants. 13. To study the reproductive capacity of different plant species. 14. Study of allelopathic effects. 15. Morpho-anatomical variation of plant species as effected by environmental changes.

ELECTIVE PAPERS

PAPER: BOT 1201E: TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES IN BIOLOGY CREDITS: 2+1+0

Unit 1 – (11 Lectures) Microscopy & Microscopic Techniques: Light, Phase-Contrast, Fluorescence, Electron, Confocal Microscopy; Flow Cytometry; Micrometry. Spectroscopic Techniques: Visible, UR, IR Spectrophotometry, flourimetry, circular dichroism, NMR & ESR Spectroscopy, atomic absorption and mass spectrometry. Unit 2 – (11 Lectures) Chromatographic Techniques: Paper, Thin Layer & Column Chromatography, Gel Filtration. Ion exchange and affinity chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography, gas chromatography. Electrophoretic Techniques: Supports, electrophoresis under native, dissociating and denaturing conditions, isoelectric focusing, staining, activity staining. Unit 3 – (10 Lectures) Dissection, Maceration, Squash, Peeling and whole mount – Pre-treatment and procedures. Serial Sectioning – Double / Multiple Staining. Histochemical Techniques – Localisation of specific compounds / reactions / activities in tissues. Cytochemical Techniques - Localisation of specific compounds / reactions / activities in cells. Suggested References (Tools and Techniques in Biology):

1. Wilson, K. & Walkar, J (Eds) (2000) Practical Biochemistry: Principles & Techniques, Cambridge University Press.

2. Bradshaw, L. J (1992) Laboratory Microbiology, Harcourt Brace, San Deigo, California. 3. Edwin, G. W. (1997) Analytical Instrumentation Handbook, Marcel Dekker.

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4. Kanika Sarma (2005) - Manual of Microbiology: Tools & Techniques, Ane Books. 5. P. K. Bajpai (2006) – Biological Instrumentation & Methodology, S. Chand & Co. Ltd.

PAPER: BOT 1202E: BIOINFORMATICS CREDIT: 0+0+1

Bioinformatics: (16 Lectures) Structural , Functional and comparative genomics, Classification of proteomics, Protein identification , protein microarrays, significance of proteomics, Biological databases (protein and nucleic acid) sequence analysis, phylogenetic analysis, Microarrays technology and its application, application of bioinformatics in Environment, biotechnology, molecular biology, agriculture, drug designing. Suggested References: 1. Introduction to Bioinformatics, (Atwood, T. K. and Parry-Smith, D. J). 2. An introduction to Computational Biochemistry. (C. Stain Tsai, A. John Wiley and Sons ) 3. Bioinformatics; Methods and applications; Genomics, Proteomics and Drug Discovery;

(Rastogi, S. C. and Mendiratta and Rastogi . P. 4. A Text Book of Bioinformatics ( Sharma.V, Munjal.A and Shanker.A) 5. Bioinformatics – Sequence and Genome analysis.( D.W. Mount) 6. Bioinformatics, Westhead, D. R, Parish, J. H. And Twyman, R. M., BIOS Scientific Publishers Limited, Oxford, 2003.

PAPER: BOT 1203E: BIOSTATISTICS AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN BIOLOGY CREDITS: 2+1+0

BIOSTATISTICS: Unit I— (8 Lectures) Introduction to Biostatistics:- Definition and meaning, biological data, population and sample, Primary and Secondary data, qualitative and quantitative data, frequency distribution, graphical representation of data. Measures of central tendency: Mean median and mode. Measures of dispersion and variability: Variance and standard deviation and coefficient of variation.

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Probability distribution: Binomial, Poisson and Normal. Correlation and Regression: Correlation (simple and multiple) and Linear regression. Testing of hypothesis and goodness of fit: Null hypothesis, Level of significance, Student’s t-test, Paired t-test, Chi-square test and F-test. Unit II— (4 Lectures) Experimental designs:- Principles of design – replication, randomization and local control, Designs in biological experiments: Completely randomized design (CRD), randomized block design (RBD), Latin square design (LSD) and Factorial design. COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN BIOLOGY Unit I— (6 Lectures) Computer Basics: Types of computers – Mainframe , Super , Desktop , Notebook. The anatomy of a computer – Foundations of modern information technology – Digital versus analog , Binary numbers (Bits and Bytes); CPU (types of processors) – Memory- RAM and ROM – Input and output devices- inputting text , Graphics- Foundations of modern output- Display screens –type of printers- secondary storage devices –floppy , hard disc, optical disk. Unit II— (4 Lectures) Types of operating systems; Introduction to MS DOS; Operating System- file management. Utilities- internal and external commands – introduction to windows operating system Unit III— (2 Lectures) Office automation tools; MS Word, MS Excel and MS Powerpoint – Application in biological science . Unit IV— (4 Lectures) The world wide web (www)- browsing the web –locating information and retrieval –web media –networks- and application –FAX , Voice , Information services , person to person communications (Internet , E-mail , teleconferencing etc)-exchanging files. Unit V— (4 Lectures) Introduction to Computational Biology; Application of computational and statistical tools in Biology – Bioinformatics, Biodiversity-informatics and Numerical Taxonomy.

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Suggested References (Biostatistics):

1. Elements of Biostatics, Satguru Prasad. 2. Biometry, Robert R. Sokal & James F. Rohlf. 3. Biostatistical Analysis, J. H. Zar. 4. Statistical Methods in Biology, N. T. J. Bailey. 5. Zar, J.H. (1984). Biostatistical analysis. Prentic-Hall International. 6. Bizhop, O.N. (1980). Statistics of Biology. Longman press. 7. Panse, V.G. and Sukhatme, P.V. 2000. Statistical methods for agricultural workers. ICAR,

New Delhi 8. Hoshmand, A.R. (1998). Statistical methods for environmental and agricultural sciences.

CRC press, New york. 9. Parker R. E. (1979). Introductory statistics for Biology. Edward Arnold. 10. Silverton J. W. (1982). Introductory statistics for Biology. Edward Arnold.

Suggested References (Computer Applications in Biology):

1. Fundamentals of Computers. V. Rajaraman, Prentice Hall India Pvt., Limited. 2. An Introduction to Biodiversity Informatics. World Scientific 3. Fundamental Concepts of Bioinformatics. Dan E. Krane. Pearson Education.

PAPER: BOT 1204E: BIOPHYSICS CREDITS: 0+0+1

Scope and development of Biophysics; pH and details of buffer solution, laws of thermodynamics, concept of free energy, redox potential and bioenergetics (only high energy compound); X-ray crystallography XRD), LASER and its biological applications, basic concept of NMR and ultra sound; Isotopes- types, their importance in biological studies; fluorescence and its applications, measure of radioactivity. (16 Lectures)


1. Introduction to Biophysics – Pranab Kr Banerjee, S. Chand & Company, New Delhi. 2. Biphysics – Bailek, Willy. 3. Biophysics & Biophysical Chemistry – D. Das, Academic Publishers. 4. Introduction to Molecular Biophysics – Tuszynsk, Crc Press. 5. Free Energy Transduction & Biochemical Cycle Kinetics – Hill, Dover Publications. 6. Biophysics – Ronald Glaser, Springer. 7. Encyclopaedia of Biophysics – Roberts, Gordon, Springer. 8. Biophysics – F. K. Publications.

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PAPER: BOT 1205E : BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION

CREDITS: 2+1+0

1. Concepts and convention on biodiversity, types of biodiversity, Earth summit; levels,

threats and value of biodervisity; agrobiodervisity- outlines, Vavilov centres of crop plants. (10 Lectures)

2. Hot spots of India- WesternGhats, North Eastern Himalayas, Indo-Burma region with particular reference to North East India; Endemism, megadiversity nations, extinction of species. (10 Lectures)

3. Conservation of biodiversity- principles of conservation, ICN threat categories, Red data book, threatened and endangered plants of India; Role of organisations in the conservation of biodervisity- ICN, WCED, UNEP, WWF, NBPGR, NBD. (12 Lectures)


1. Tropical Rain Forest Ecology, Diversity & Conservation (Oxford Biology) – Jaboury Ghazoul & Douglas Sheil.

2. The Conservation of Plant Biodiversity – Otto Herzberg Frankel, Antony H D Brown, J J Burdon.

3. Diversity, Conservation & Utilization in a Diverse World – Gbolagade Akeem et.al, In Tech Publishers.

4. Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity & Diversity – Michael E Soule. 5. Agrobiodiversity Conservation –N. Maxted et.al.

PAPER: BOT 1206E: RIGHTS AND ISSUES IN BIOLOGY CREDITS: 1+0+0

Unit I— (16 lectures) Intellectual Property Rights: Management of IPR; Benefits and problems from IPR; International harmonization of patent laws; protection of biotechnological inventions; plant breeder’s right. Suggested References:

1. Singh, B. D. 2006. Biotechnology, Expanding Horizon. Kalyani Publishers. 2. Ghosh, P. K. 1997. Transgenic Plants and Biosafety Concerns in India. Current Sci. 72: 172-

179. 3. Hambleton, P., Bennet, A. M., Leaver, G and Benbough, J. E. 1992. Biosafety monitoring

devices for biotechnology processes. Trends Biotechnol. 10:192-199.

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4. Tolin, S. A and Vidaver, A. K. 1989. Guidelines and Regulations for research with genetically modified organisms: A view from academe. Annu. Rev. Phytopath. 27: 551-581.

PAPER: BOT 1007E: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CREDITS: 2+1+0

Unit 1— (1O Lectures) Environment as Science- Introduction; Types of Environment: Physical and cultural. Environmental Science- Meaning and definition, nature and scope, methods and importance of study. Unit 2— (10 Lectures) General Account of Environment- Atmosphere: Composition & Structure. Hydrosphere: Realms of water in ocean, in atmosphere, on land, underground water, water in biosphere. Lithosphere: Basic nature of soil; Properties of soil; Soil Erosion- Causes, Effects and Control Measures. Forest- Classification of forests for management; Social Forestry; Community Forestry; Indian Forestry Policy and Conservation. Unit 3— (12 Lectures) Environmental Pollution- Air Pollution: Definition, Sources of Air Pollution, Air Pollutants (CO, CO2, SO2, Hydrocarbons); Management measures for preventing and controlling air pollution. Water Pollution- Sources of water and its quality, algal blooms, eutrophication, management measures for controlling water pollution. Land and Noise Pollution- Prevention and control of Noise Pollution, Management of solid waste disposal. Suggested References:

1. E. Kurge: ISO 14001 Certification – Environmental Management System, Prentice Hall, 1995. 2. Kulkarni, V S, Khanna P, Environmental Aspects of Power Generation & Productivity, Vol 32 (4),

1992. 3. Ecology of Urban India – Singh.

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4. R. K. Trivedy – Handbook of Environmental Laws, Guidelines, Compliance & Standards. 5. Bhaskar, A. K, Environmental Laws.

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