Analyze how the invention of the cotton gin impacted the Deep South. Developed July 2017

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Cotton Gin DBQ

Historical Question Analyze the effect the invention of the cotton gin had on the Deep South.

Introduction to DBQ The cotton gin was invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. The cotton gin assisted in making cotton one of the most important cash crops. This DBQ will focus on the way the invention of the cotton gin impacted the Deep South.

Historical Thinking Skill: Historical Thinking Skills are used by historians to study events from the past. These skills give a framework for students to think historically. You will find as you work through these skills that they mirror many ELA standards, and will support Text Dependent Analysis. The Historical Thinking Skill addressed in this DBQ is causation. Causation is explaining the causes and effects on geography, people, conflict and consensus centered around the impact of significant events. Students will analyze various documents in this DBQ to see the causation in how the invention of the cotton gin affected the Deep South. Visit this web site to learn more about historical thinking skills. DOK Level 3 Strategic Thinking: Requires higher cognitive demands. Students explain/justify thinking and provide supporting evidence for reasoning or conclusions drawn. These tasks usually require reasoning, complexity, developing a plan or sequence of steps, and have more than one possible response or solution. 4 Extended Thinking: Requires complex reasoning and time to research, plan, problem solve, and think. Tasks involve investigation or application to the real world, and include non-routine manipulations or connections within and across disciplines, content areas, and multiple sources. Students select one approach among many alternatives. Tasks usually occur over an extended period of time. Materials

● Copies of all documents for students ● Graphic organizer ● Anchor Chart Paper ● Markers ● Computer/Promethean ● Video clip on how the cotton gin works ● Cause and Effect graphic organizer for each student ● Interactive Notebook for each student ● Vocabulary Cards for each student

Key Vocabulary

Analyze how the invention of the cotton gin impacted the Deep South. Developed July 2017

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Profits Cotton gin Expanded Dependent Final Project Activity Examples:

● Students could evaluate additional photographs of the period. ● Students could write a journal entry from the perspective of a slave who has just been

sold to work on a cotton plantation. ● Students could work in small groups to explore documents. Students will work in groups

to write a letter to Eli Whitney from the perspective of a planter explaining his thoughts on the merits of the cotton gin after using it on his plantation.

● Students will complete graphic organizer/create an illustration showing how cotton was processed before and after the invention of the cotton gin. Students will write a paragraph explaining which way they think was easier, before or after the cotton gin was invented, and explain why.

Fourth Grade SC Social Studies Standard/Indicator Addressed Standard 3: Demonstrate an understanding of the expansion and growth of South Carolina and the United States between 1800–1850. 4.3.CX Contextualize South Carolina’s role in the development of sectionalism during the antebellum period. Inquiry-Based 4.I.3.1 Develop a plan of action for collecting relevant information from primary and secondary sources. 4.I.3.2 Organize and categorize important information; collaborate to validate or revise thinking; report relevant findings. 4.I.4.1 Draw logical conclusions from relationships and patterns discovered during the inquiry process. Reading Informational Meaning and Context: 4.RI.MC.5.1 Ask and answer literal and inferential questions to determine meaning; refer explicitly to the text to support inferences and conclusions. 4.LCS.8 Interpret and analyze the author’s use of words, phrases, text features, conventions, and structures, and how their relationships shape meaning and tone in print and multimedia texts. Writing: Write informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas and information clearly and accurately through the effective selection, organization, and analysis of content. Range and Complexity: 3.RC.12.3 Read and respond according to task and purpose to become self-directed, critical readers and thinkers. Teacher’s Guide:

Analyze how the invention of the cotton gin impacted the Deep South. Developed July 2017

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This DBQ will assist students in understanding how the invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793 had a profound effect on the Southern states. Students have already been introduced to how slaves were brought to South Carolina from Barbados and how planters in South Carolina used slave labor specifically when planting, cultivating and harvesting cash crops such as cotton. As the students become familiar with the documents, they should understand that the cotton gin allowed planters the ability to increase cotton production, which in turn, led to an increase in profits for southern plantation owners. This increase in cotton production also led to the increase in slave labor and the expansion of slavery. As the cultivation of cotton grew, cotton became increasingly important to the economy of South Carolina. Students will need to know (a) the origins of slavery in South Carolina, which was introduced by the Early English settlers who brought the institution with them from Barbados, (b) the geography of South Carolina, including the climate, soil conditions, and topography supported agriculture, specifically the production of rice, indigo and cotton, (c) Slavery became an integral part of society in the state and was supported by the social class system of South Carolina. The elite class who controlled the government encouraged the practice of slavery in order to support their lifestyle, economic situation, and social and political position.

Background information from the SC Social Studies Support Document

Following the Revolutionary War, Northern states began to pass laws that would gradually free their slaves; however, the plantation-owning political elite in South Carolina did not support such measures. The invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793 had a profound effect on the institution of slavery in the Southern states. By making it easier to pick the seeds from the cotton, the cotton gin made cotton a profitable cash crop for South Carolina planters. Some students mistakenly think that because the cotton gin improved the efficiency of harvesting cotton, less slave labor was required. It is important that students understand that the cotton gin led to the expansion of slavery, not a decrease. The cotton gin allowed planters the ability to increase cotton production, requiring more slave labor to plant, cultivate, and harvest the cotton, which in turn led to an increase in profits for southern plantation owners. Planters bought additional slaves and were less likely to free any of their slaves, continuing the cycle of exploitation of African Americans. As the cultivation of cotton grew, cotton became increasingly important to the economy of South Carolina. South Carolinians became evermore dependent on African slave labor. Many smaller independent farmers, because of increased profits due to the cotton gin, also became slave owners. Like the larger plantations, they too became dependent on the slaves to keep up the increased production of cotton on their farms. More slaves equaled more money, regardless of the size of the farm. As a result of the increased production of cotton, cotton farmers sought more land farther west and the institution of slavery spread.

Accommodation/Modification possibilities: ● Arrange peer tutor/partnerships during/after the lesson ● Use Google Translate for ESL student ● Provide materials in large print/font for books and charts ● Provide audio and/or tape recorder for literature books ● Provide video clip on how the cotton gin works

Analyze how the invention of the cotton gin impacted the Deep South. Developed July 2017

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● Extend time allowance for students ● For any other accommodations or modifications needed per student, review IEP, Gifted

Plans, 504 Plans, or ESL plans as currently written Literature that could be integrated to support this DBQ:

Author: KidCaps an Imprint of Bookcaps Publisher: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (July 25, 2012)

Author: KidCaps an Imprint of Bookcaps

Publisher: Capstone Press; 1st edition (January 1, 2007)

Author: Tracy J. Garcia

Publisher: PowerKids Press (January 15, 2013)

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Source A

Newspaper clipping retrieved from <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn92065563/1838-01-20/ed-1/seg-4>.

Source A Question:

1. Read the clipping from the newspaper article. Write a letter to Eli Whitney from the perspective of a planter explaining your thoughts on how well the cotton gin worked after using it on your plantation.

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Source B

Cotton Gin Patent retrieved from www.archives.gov/education/lessons/cotton-gin-patent.

Diagram showing how the cotton gin works to remove seeds from cotton retrieved from kids.britannica.com/kids/article/cotton-gin/624936.

Source B Question

1. Look at the patent and diagram of the cotton gin. Pretend you are explaining to a friend how the cotton gin works. Explain in your own words how the cotton gin works.

Analyze how the invention of the cotton gin impacted the Deep South. Developed July 2017

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Source C

Slave using cotton gin retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/cotton-gin.

Slaves cleaning cotton retrieved from http://www.heritage-history.com/?c=read&author=perry&book=inventors&story=whitney.

Source C Questions

1. Look at the two pictures. Explain how the invention of the cotton gin changed how cotton was processed.

2. Compare the life of a slave before and after the cotton gin was invented. Explain how life changed for a slave.

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Source D

Rise of Slavery retrieved from https://americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/1183586 https://americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/1183586.

Source D Question

1. Analyze the picture above. Explain how the invention of the cotton gin affected slavery?

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Source E

Cotton Production Chart retrieved from The American Journey Book

Source E Question

1. The chart above shows cotton production in America between 1800 and 1860. Based on the chart, what is one effect that the cotton gin had on cotton production?

Analyze how the invention of the cotton gin impacted the Deep South. Developed July 2017

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Source F

Obituary of Eli Whitney retrieved from http://teachingushistory.org/tTrove/whitneyobit.html

Analyze how the invention of the cotton gin impacted the Deep South. Developed July 2017

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Child-Friendly obituary retrieved from http://teachingushistory.org/tTrove/whitneyobit.html

Source F Questions

1. Analyze Eli Whitney’s obituary with your group. Complete the graphic organizer for the following questions: (A) Who was Eli Whitney? (B) What did he invent? (C) What difference did the invention make in the South? (D) What do you think happened because of that?

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Resources

Britannica Kids. Cotton Gin. Retrieved from

http://kids.britannica.com/kids/article/cottongin/624936.

Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. (1838, January 20). Camden Commercial

Courier. Retrieved from heep://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sc92065563/1838-01

20/ed-1/seg4.

Cotton production. Retrieved from Joyce Appleby et al., The American Journey, Glencoe/McGraw Hill, 1998.

Eli Whitney's Patent for the Cotton Gin. National Archives and Records Administration.

National Archives and Record Administration [Web]. (n.d.). Retrieved from

www.loc.gov/teachers/usingprimarysources/apa.html#articles.

Eli Whitney The Inventor of the Cotton Gin. Heritage History/Homeschool History Curriculum/

Four American Inventors by Frances Perry. [Web]. (n.d.). Retrieved from

www.heritagehistory.com.

Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., [Web]. (n.d.). 2017 August 01

Historical Thinking Concepts. The Historical Thinking Project. Retrieved July 17, 2017 from http://historicalthinking.ca/historical-thinking-concepts .

Joyce Appleby et al. (2004). Cotton Production in America. The American Journey,

Glencoe/McGraw Hill.

Obituary for Eli Whitney. Niles Weekly Register. 25 January 1825. Retrieved from

http://teachingushistory.org/tTrove/whitneyobit.html.

Slavery (Visual). (2017). Retrieved from

https://americanhistory.abcclio.com/Search/Display/1183586.

South Carolina Department of Education. (2012). South Carolina support documents for social studies [PDF document]. Retrieved from http://ed.sc.gov/instruction/standardslearning/social-studies/resources/.

The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. (2016, July 28). Cotton Gin. Encyclopedia Britannica,

Inc. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/cotton-gin.

Webb, N. (2002, March 28). Depth-of-knowledge levels of four content areas. Retrieved from

Analyze how the invention of the cotton gin impacted the Deep South. Developed July 2017

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http://www.hed.state.nm.us/uploads/files/ABE/Policies/depth_of_knowledge_guide_for all_subject_areas.pdf.