Economic Systems Develop• Cotton Is King in the South• Eli Whitney’s cotton gin allows

farmers to grow cotton for profit• Great demand for cotton in

Britain, growing demand in North

• Poor non-slaveholding farmers go west to cultivate cotton

• Plantation system established in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama

• Slavery Becomes Entrenched• Cotton hugely profitable; by

1820s, demand for slaves increases

• Increase in cotton production parallels increase in slave population

The Thirteen ColoniesThe Thirteen Colonies

• Georgia• South Carolina• North Carolina• Virginia• Maryland• Delaware• New York• Massachusetts• New Jersey• Pennsylvania• Rhode Island• New Hampshire• Connecticut

Triangular Trade

American Colonies

Europe and West Africa

West Indies

p.76

Look at picture on p.76. Imagine yourself on that boat. What do you think the conditions are like?

Be able to identify The “Middle Passage”

Middle passage

Enlightenment

• Emphasized the use of ________ and the scientific method in order to gain knowledge.

• Benjamin Franklin- example of enlightenment thinker.

The Great Awakening

• A revival of religious feeling in the American colonies during the 1730’s and 1750’s.

• Jonathan Edwards- example of Great Awakening preacher.

Proclamation of 1763

• To avoid any more conflict with Native Americans, the British government banned all settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.

• The problem was that Britain could not enforce the request with settlers continuing to move west.

Pennsylvania

• Penn’s father died and the King Charles II owed his father money…Penn asked for the money in land in America

• The Quakers were a Protestant sect whose religious and social beliefs that were radical for the time period.

• The Quakers believed that God’s inner light burned inside everyone.

• They held services without formal ministers, dressed plainly, refused to refer to persons of rank, opposed war, and refused to serve militarily

The Patriots Declare Independence

Common Sense• In the months after the Olive

Branch Petition one man writes a propaganda pamphlet

• Thomas Paine’s pamphlet (essay) Common Sense attacks king

• Completely anonymous• Argues independence will

allow free trade and foreign aid • Independence can give equal

social, economic opportunities to all (American Destiny!!)

• Almost 500,000 copies of pamphlet sold; convinces many colonists

The British Surrender at Yorktown

• French army lands in Newport, Rhode Island in 1780

• Lafayette’s plan: French, Americans attack British at Yorktown

• French navy defeats British, blockades Chesapeake Bay

• American, French siege Yorktown, shell British for three weeks

• Cornwallis surrenders October 1781

Declaring Independence• Declaration, based on John Locke’s ideas, lists complaints,

rights:- people have natural rights to life, liberty, property (unalienable rights)- people consent to obey a government that protects rights- people can resist or overthrow government-“All men are created equal” means free citizens are political equals

-July 2, 1776 delegates voted that the American colonies were FREE!!!-July 4, 1776 delegates adopt declaration the same day George Washington was beat in 1754 in French-Indian War

-closing statement “We mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes, and our Sacred Honor”

The Bill of Rights Leads to Ratification

People Demand a Bill of Rights

• Antifederalists demand written guarantee of people’s rights

• Federalists promise bill of rights if states ratify Constitution

Nationalists Strengthen the Government

Shay's Rebellion• 1786–87 armed farmers

demand closing of courts to avoid losing farms

• Shays’s Rebellion state militia defeats farmers led by Daniel Shays

• Many leaders fear rebellion will spread through country

• George Washington calls for stronger national government

Conflict Leads to Compromise

Big States Versus Small States• Delegates recognize need to strengthen central government - decide to form new government• Madison’s Virginia Plan: bicameral legislature based on population• William Paterson’s New Jersey Plan: single house, one vote per

state• Roger Sherman, delegate from Connecticut, proposes Great

Compromise:- Senate has equal representation, elected by state legislatures- House of Representatives, based on population, elected by people

Western Lands:

Who Gets Them?• By 1779, 12 states

approve Articles of Confederation

• Maryland approves when western land claims given to U.S.

• Articles of Confederation go into effect March 1781

Governing the Western Lands

• Land Ordinance of 1785 creates plan for surveying western lands

• Northwest Ordinance of 1787—plan for creating territories, statehood

The War Hawks Demand War

British and French Rivalries

• British blockade or seal French ports to prevent ships from entering

• Britain, France seize American ships, confiscate cargoes

Grievances Against Britain• Impressment—seizing

Americans, drafting them into British navy

• Chesapeake incident further angers Americans (three Americans killed by British)

• Jefferson convinces Congress to declare embargo, or ban on exports

• Embargo, meant to hurt Europe, also hurts U.S.- Congress lifts it, except with Britain, France

*U. S. trying to remain neutral

The American SystemErie Canal and Other Internal Improvements• Railroads not yet in common use; first steam

engine built 1825• Many states build turnpikes, toll roads pay for

themselves• Federal government funds highways to connect

different regions• 1838, National Road extends from Cumberland,

MD to Vandalia, IL• Erie Canal links Hudson River to Lake Erie:

Atlantic to Great Lakes• Other states build over 3,000 miles of canals

by 1837

U.S. Response to Events in Europe

Reactions to the French Revolution

• Federalists pro-British; Democratic-Republicans pro-French

• Washington declares neutrality, will not support either side

• Edmond Genêt, French diplomat, violates diplomatic protocol

Nationalism andForeign Policy

The Monroe Doctrine

• Spain, Portugal claim old colonies; Russia has trading posts in CA

• Monroe Doctrine (1823) warns Europe not to interfere in Americas - U.S. will not interfere with Europe

A New Kind of Revolution

• By 1801, inventor Eli Whitney pioneers use of interchangeable parts

• Interchangeable parts are identical pieces used to assemble products

• Factory system: power-driven machinery, workers with different tasks

• Mass production is production of goods in large quantities • Industrial Revolution —social, economic reorganization:

- machines replace hand tools- large-scale factory production develops- result of manufacturing changes

The Frontier Draws SettlersAmerican Mission• Before 1840, few Americans go

to Louisiana Territory; many do after

• Manifest destiny—belief that U.S. destined and ordained by GOD to expand to Pacific Ocean

Attitudes Toward the Frontier• Many settlers try fresh start in

West after panic of 1837• Land for farming, speculation

important for building prosperity• Merchants seeking new markets

follow farmers, miners• Oregon Territory harbors expand

trade with Asia; serve Pacific fleet

• Living space• Spread the virtues of

Democracy

Women Mobilize for ReformWorking for Temperance• Many women in temperance movement—prohibit

drinking alcohol• Widespread use of alcohol in early 19th century• American Temperance Society founded 1826;

6,000 local groups by 1833Education for Women• Until 1820s, few opportunities for girls past elementary

school• Academic schools for women become available:

- 1821, Emma Willard opens Troy Female Seminary- 1837, Mary Lyon founds Mount Holyoke Female Seminary- 1837, Oberlin College admits 4 women; first coeducational college

• African-American girls have few opportunities to get good education

The Age of Jackson

Indian Removal Act of 1830• Whites want to displace or assimilate Native

Americans• Jackson: only solution is to move Native

Americans off their land- thinks assimilation cannot work - too many troops needed to keep whites out of native lands

• Congress passes Indian Removal Act of 1830- funds treaties that force Native Americans west

• Jackson pressures some tribes to move, forcibly removes others

Life Under Slavery

Urban Slavery• Demand in southern cities for skilled black slaves• Enslaved blacks can hire themselves out as artisans• Slave owners hire out their workers to factory owners• Treatment of slaves in cities less cruel than on

plantationsNat Turner’s Rebellion• Nat Turner, preacher, leads slave rebellion;

about 60 whites killed (Video)• Turner, followers, innocent are captured, tried and hung -200 blacks killed in retaliation all over the South

Calhoun’s View• Strong state’s

rights

• South was his highest priority

• Blamed the sectional conflict of the nation on the abolitionists of the North

Compromise of 1850• California admitted as a free state• New Mexico and Utah territories

created – residents would practice POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY

• Federal government assumed $10 million of Texas’ war debt, in return for New Mexico

• Ban on slave trade in Washington D.C.• New Fugitive Slave Law

Calhoun vs. Webster

Calhoun’s View• Strong state’s

rights

• South was his highest priority

• Blamed the sectional conflict of the nation on the abolitionists of the North

Webster’s View• Slavery should not

be extended into the territories

• Countered Clay’s secession ideas with a call for national unity

• Called for a stricter fugitive slave law to pacify the South

Wilmot Proviso (1846)• David Wilmot added an amendment to the

military bill concerning the Mexican Cession

• He stated, “neither slavery or involuntary servitude shall ever exist in and lands that may be gained as a result of the war with Mexico

• Would close California, New Mexico, and Utah to slavery forever

Pottawatomie Massacre

• In retaliation for Lawrence

• John Brown and five followers go to pro-slavery Pottawatomie Creek and pull five men from their beds

• Brown cuts off their heads with a broad sword

Lincoln’s Belief on Slavery

• Did not like slavery but did not think the government could do anything about it.

• Therefore, he opposed the expansion of slavery but not its existence.

Advantages of the SOUTH

1. “King Cotton” on the world market

2. First rate Generals

Lee, Stuart, Jackson, Forrest

3. Strong military tradition

4. Motivated soldiers to defend the homeland

Effect of the Emancipation Proclamation

• Turned the war into a war of ________.

• Did not free ANY slaves!

Johnson’s Plan

1. State would declare secession illegal

2. States would swear allegiance to the Union

3. States would ratify the 13th amendment

** Aimed to punish Confederate Leaders

Education• 90% of freed African-Americans over the

age of 20 were illiterate in 1870• Through the Freedman’s Bureau and local

churches, African-Americans started schools

• African-American universities such as Hampton (Virginia) were formed at this time

Impeachment of Johnson

• Johnson had angered many individuals in the Democratic as well as the Republican party

• Accused of violating the Tenure of Office Act

• House brought 11 charges against Johnson

• The Senate did not find Johnson guilty