UPADM-GP 2415Public Policy and Planning in New York City

Fall 2017 Class Information: Wednesday 4:55-6:35 p.m., Bobst LL138

Professor Mitchell L. MossEmail:moss.mitchell@gmail.comOffice Hours: Tuesday 3:00-5:00 p.m. or by appointment

Course DescriptionThis course explores the complex ecosystem of public officials, civic organizations, advocates, and community groups involved in the processes by which New York City provides vital public goods and services. The public sector in New York City shapes the pattern of physical and economic development in the city: the buildings, parks, public spaces, streets, sidewalks, bridges, transit systems and tunnels which people depend on. The course will examine the structure of municipal government, the financing of basic public services and the way in which public policies influence urban activity. The course will also analyze the impact of immigration on the city’s economic life, neighborhoods, and religious and cultural institutions.

During the semester, we will examine the roles of the mayor and other elected officials, as well as the ways in which state and regional governments work (or fail to work) together in providing services, planning development projects and setting policy. In doing so, we’ll analyze challenges in public safety, access to mass transit, disaster resilience, education and environmental quality.

Course ObjectivesOver this course, you will:

● Define the economic, political, technological and demographic forces that influence New York City’s approach to urban policy and planning

● Identify the institutions and processes that carry a planning project from its initial proposal through its completed implementation

● Recognize planning’s potential as a means to modify the distribution of resources across the city’s residents, and reduce inequities in access to opportunity, as well to reinforce or diminish participation at the local level

● Apply this knowledge to think critically about public policy debates (e.g. school governance, disaster preparedness, congestion pricing, etc.) and generate your own evaluations of proposed solutions

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● Demonstrate your command of lecture concepts through well-structured and engaging writing reinforced by data charts, maps and other visuals, and through meaningful contributions to class discussions

Required ReadingsStudents will be expected to have read through the required readings assigned for a given week prior to lecture. While all other required readings will be accessible online (either via NYU Classes or the provided URL), students must rent or purchase the following two texts (both available at the NYU Bookstore):

1. Caro, R. (1974). The power broker: Robert Moses and the fall of New York. New York, NY: Knopf.

2. Hamill, P. (2004). Downtown: My Manhattan. New York: Little, Brown.Immediately below each week’s required reading list is a set of recommended readings that I encourage you to read, but doing so is optional. For those students looking for additional resources on NYC that beyond the scope of this course, I’ve included a longer list of recommendations at the end of this syllabus.

Web ResourcesThe following are news publications, magazines, journals, blogs, and other providers of content focused on New York City and/or New York State politics, policy (budget, education, economic, housing and transportation, to name a few), or (history of) capital planning.

● Capitol Confidential (Times Union blog): blog.timesunion.com/capitol● Center for an Urban Future: nycfuture.org● Chalkbeat NY: chalkbeat.org/ny● Citizens Budget Commission: cbcny.org ● City & State NY: cityandstateny.com● Curbed NY: curbed.com● Daily Intelligencer (New York Magazine blog):

nymag.com/daily/intelligencer● Daily Politics (NY Daily News blog): nydailynews.com/blogs/dailypolitics ● Department of City Planning: nyc.gov/planning● Empire Center for Public Policy: empirecenter.org ● Fiscal Policy Institute: fiscalpolicy.org ● Gotham Gazette, gothamgazette.com● Manhattan Institute: manhattan-institute.org● Mayor’s Office of Management and Budget:

www1.nyc.gov/site/omb/index.page ● Museum of the City of New York - The Greatest Grid:

thegreatestgrid.mcny.org ● New York Post: nypost.com● New York Times N.Y.: nytimes.com/section/nyregion ● Next City: nextcity.org ● NYC Independent Budget Office: ibo.nyc.ny.us

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● NY Daily News - History of NYC: interactive.nydailynews.com/project/archive/amazing-history-nyc

● NYU Furman Center for Real Estate & Urban Policy: furmancenter.org ● NYU Marron Institute of Urban Management: marroninstitute.nyu.edu ● NYU Rudin Center for Transportation Policy & Management:

wagner.nyu.edu/rudincenter ● NYS Office of the Comptroller: osc.state.ny.us● Observer Politics: observer.com/politics● Politico: politico.com● The New School’s Center for New York City Affairs: centernyc.org

NYU ClassesStudents will use NYU Classes in this course to:

● View the most updated version of the course syllabus● Read course announcements● Access any assigned readings for which a URL has not been provided on the

syllabus● Submit assignments

Academic Integrity Academic integrity is a vital component of Wagner and NYU. Each student is required to sign and abide by Wagner’s Academic Code. Plagiarism of any form will not be tolerated since you have all signed an Academic Oath and are bound by the academic code of the school. Every student is expected to maintain academic integrity and is expected to report violations to me. If you are unsure about what is expected of you should ask.

Henry and Lucy Moses Center for Students with Disabilities at NYUAcademic accommodations are available for students with disabilities. Please visit the Moses Center for Students with Disabilities (CSD) website at www.nyu.edu/csd and click on the Reasonable Accommodations and How to Register tab or call or e-mail CSD at (212-998-4980 or mosescsd@nyu.edu) for information. Students who are requesting academic accommodations are strongly advised to reach out to the Moses Center as early as possible in the semester for assistance.

NYU’s Calendar Policy on Religious HolidaysNYU’s Calendar Policy on Religious Holidays states that members of any religious group may, without penalty, absent themselves from classes when required in compliance with their religious obligations. Please notify me in advance of religious holidays that might coincide with exams to schedule mutually acceptable alternatives.

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Assignments and EvaluationYour final grade for this course will be calculated as follows:

Class Participation 10%

Your grade will reflect your level of engagement in class discussions and the quality of your contributions.

Midterm Exam 25% These will be take-home assignments in which you will compose short answer responses to a set of prompts relating to the course topics covered insofar. Formulate your answers using all relevant course materials, write with brevity and purpose, and be sure to properly cite all your sources.*

Final Exam 25%

Research Paper 40%

Due at the end of the semester, this will be a longer essay for which you will select a development project (whether proposed, ongoing, or completed) in New York City. After describing the project in terms purpose, scope, and costs, you will: profile the local neighborhood; explain the original issue that the project intended to solve; identify the project’s principal advocates, its main opponents, and conflicts arising between the two groups, as well as how they were solved (if at all); summarize the processes by which the project sought to include members of the local community in the planning process and to address issues of environmental sustainability; and offer your own predictions as to any long-term impacts that the project or related policy change might have. Through this assignment, you will:

● build on your general knowledge of planning theory and practice;

● gain more specialized expertise on planning processes in your chosen project’s domain; and

● develop your technical skills; polishing your writing, citing sources, locating and interpreting data sets, presenting your findings in easily digestible ways, integrating charts, maps, and visuals into your presentation, etc.*

*I will post more detailed instructions in regards to content, format, and submission for these written assignments on NYU Classes further into the semester.

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Overview of the Semester

Week Date Topic Deliverable

1 September 6How New York Differs from Other Cities: Demographic and Economic Trends and ‘NYC Values’

2 September 13

Structure of Municipal Government: The City Charter, the Mayor and the City Council

3 September 20 New York City vs. New York State

4 September 27 NYC Budget and Finances

5 October 4 Diversity and Political Representation

6 October 11 Economic Development Case Studies

7 October 18 Telecommunications, Media and Planning for the Future

8 October 25 Planning, Preservation and Public Space

9 November 1 Electoral Politics: How a Mayor Makes a Difference

Submit Midterm Exam to NYU Classes by [time]

10 November 8 Politics of Public Safety

11 November 15 Politics of Transportation

– November 22 NO CLASS

12 November 29 Taxis, Uber and Congestion Pricing

13 December 6Politics of Sanitation, with guest speaker Kathryn Garcia, NYC Department of Sanitation Commissioner

14 December 13 September 11th and Disaster Recovery

– December NO CLASS Submit Final

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xxExam to NYU Classes by [time]

– December xx NO CLASS

Submit Research Paper to NYU Classes by [time]

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WEEK 1: How New York Differs from Other Cities: Demographic and Economic Trends and ‘NYC Values’

As you read, consider how the text informs discussion on the following questions:● New York differs from other U.S. cities for its population size, density and

its diversity of industries and inhabitants. New York’s location, historic legacy as a port, strong appetite public services, capacity and willingness to tax itself, and relationship to the surrounding region all reinforce its distinctiveness among major metropolitan regions.

○ How has NYC’s substantial immigrant population influenced the city in terms of the factors listed above (e.g., economic development, global trade, political ideology)?

○ Alternatively, how have economic, political, geographic, and cultural factors influenced the flows of new immigrants to NYC?

● Glaeser (2009) maintains that NYC’s most important competitive advantage isn’t limited to any one broad domain of urban life (i.e., that advantage concerns not just economic factors, nor only social ones, nor is merely political, etc.). Instead, he posits, the city’s strong ability to adapt – when, say, new technological innovations shake up the existing economic order – is its greatest asset of all.

○ How has NYC been a “reinventive city”?○ What trends or factors do you anticipate will necessitate NYC to

reinvent itself in the future?

Required:1. Smith, N. (2017, June 16). Immigrants don’t steal from Americans’

paychecks. Bloomberg View. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2017-06-16/immigrants-don-t-steal-from-americans-paychecks

2. Davidson, J. (2017). Magnetic city: A walking companion to New York. New York, NY: Spiegel & Grau. Available on NYU Classes.

>> Read introduction (pp. xi-xiv).3. Hamill, P. (2004). Downtown: My Manhattan. New York, NY: Little, Brown.

>> Read pp. 1-180.4. Lobo, A. P., & Salvo, J. J. (2013). The newest New Yorkers: Characteristics of

the city's foreign-born population. New York, NY: New York City Department of City Planning. Available at: http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/nny2013/nny_2013.pdf

>> Read chapters 2 and 3 (pp. 9-94). 5. Parrott, J. A. (2017, July 19). More jobs, rising wages, broader advances:

Seven indicators of New York’s economic health. The New School Center for

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New York City Affairs. Retrieved from http://www.centernyc.org/seven-indicators/

6. White, E. B. (1949). Here is New York. New York, NY: Harper & Bros. Available at: http://grammar.about.com/od/shortpassagesforanalysis/a/ebwnycpass07.htm

7. Glaeser, E. L. (2009). The reinventive city. City Journal (Special Issue 2009). Retrieved from http://www.city-journal.org/2009/nytom_reinventive-city.html

Recommended: 1. Glazer, N., & Moynihan, D. P. (1963). Beyond the melting pot: The Negroes,

Puerto Ricans, Jews, Italians, and Irish of New York City. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press. Available at: https://archive.org/details/beyondmeltingpot1963glaz

>> Read introduction (pp. 1-23). 2. Salvo, J. J., Lobo, A. P., & Maurer, E. (2013, December). New York City

population projections by age/sex & borough, 2010-2040. New York, NY: New York City Department of City Planning. Available at: https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/projections_report_2010_2040.pdf

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WEEK 2: Structure of Municipal Government: The City Charter, the Mayor and the City Council

● Why does New York City have a charter?● Why did NYC revise its charter in 1989? ● What are the sources of the mayor’s power as defined by the charter?● What are the responsibilities of the city council, comptroller, and public

advocate?

Required: 1. City of New York. (2004, July). New York City Charter. New York, NY:

Author. Available at: http://www.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/section%201133_citycharter.pdf

>> Read the following sections: ● Introduction (pp. 1-2)● 1 - Mayor (pp. 3-19)● 2 - Council (pp. 21-49)

2. Berg, B. (2007). New York City politics: Governing Gotham. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Available at ProQuest Ebook Central: https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.library.nyu.edu/lib/nyulibrary-ebooks/detail.action?docID=340807

>> Read chapters 3, 7, and 8 (pp. 58-87, 180-243)3. Dearstyne, B. (2015, August 13). The mayor and the governor: A history of

tension and cooperation. Gotham Gazette. Retrieved from http://www.gothamgazette.com/index.php/opinion/5846-the-mayorand-the-governor-a-history-of-tension-and-cooperation=

4. Fine, E., & Caras, J. (2013). Twenty-five years of the council-mayor governance of New York City: A history of the council's powers, the separation of powers, and issues for future resolution. New York Law School Law Review, 58, 119-136. Available at: http://www.nylslawreview.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/2013/10/Fine-and-Caras.pdf

5. Schwarz Jr., F. A., & Lane, E. (1998). The policy and politics of charter making: The story of New York City’s 1989 Charter. New York Law School Law Review, 42, 723-1015. Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1820&context=faculty_scholarship.

>> Read pp. 743-750, 809-830, and 853-870. 6. Surico, J. (2015, August 14). Does Staten Island get its fair share? Gotham

Gazette. Retrieved from http://www.gothamgazette.com/index.php/government/5849-does-staten-island-get-its-fairshare

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Recommended: 1. Barry, F. S. (2009). The scandal of reform: The grand failures of New York’s

political crusaders and the death of nonpartisanship. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Available at ProQuest Ebook Central: https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.library.nyu.edu/lib/nyulibrary-ebooks/detail.action?docID=997521

>> Read chapters 10 and 11 (pp. 142-182).

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WEEK 3: New York City vs. New York State

● What is a public authority?○ How did Robert Moses use public authorities to finance his projects?

● What is the mission of the Port Authority of NY and NJ and how is it governed?

○ How do Port Authority transportation facilities influence NYC?

Required: 1. Caro, R. (1974). The power broker: Robert Moses and the fall of New York.

New York, NY: Knopf.>> Read chapters 20-44 (pp. 615-1016).

2. New York State Senate. (n.d.). Branches of government in New York State. Retrieved from http://www.nysenate.gov/branches-government

3. Moss, M. (1998). New York vs. New Jersey: A new perspective. Portfolio, 1(2). Available on NYU Classes.

4. Creelan, J. M., & Moulton, L. M. (2004). The New York State legislative process: An evaluation and blueprint for reform. New York, NY: Brennan Center for Justice. Available at: http://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/d/albanyreform_finalreport.pdf

>> Read the executive summary (pp. vii-xiv). 5. Moss, M., & O’Neill, H. (2014, March). A Port Authority that works. New

York, NY: Rudin Center, Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, New York University. Available at: https://wagner.nyu.edu/files/rudincenter/2014/04/PortAuthorityFINAL_Web.pdf

6. Nahmias, L. (2016, February 23). Cuomo says fight between state and city over homelessness is natural. Politico. Retrieved from http://www.politico.com/states/new-york/city-hall/story/2016/02/cuomo-says-fight-between-state-and-city-over-homelessness-is-natural-031516

7. Barron, S. (2015). The Port Authority Leviathan. City Journal (Winter 2015). Available at: https://www.city-journal.org/html/port-authority-leviathan-14172.html

Recommended: 1. Dague, J. (2015). Righting the ship: A course toward fiscal sustainability for

the region’s maritime ports. New York, NY: Citizens Budget Commission. Available at: http://www.cbcny.org/sites/default/files/REPORT_PORTCOMMERCE_01132014.pdf

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2. DiNapoli, T. (2014, December). Public authorities by the numbers. Albany, NY: Office of the State Comptroller. Available at: http://osc.state.ny.us/reports/pubauth/PA_by_the_numbers_12_2014.pdf

3. Doig, J. (2001). Empire on the Hudson: Entrepreneurial vision and political power at the Port of New York Authority. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

>> Read epilogue, “Triumphs and travails of an aging empire” (pp. 373-402).

4. Henderson, K. M. (2006). Other governments: The public authorities. In R. F. Pecorella & J. M. Stonecash (Eds.), Governing New York State (5th ed., pp. 225-241). Albany: State University of New York Press. Available at Project Muse: http://muse.jhu.edu.proxy.library.nyu.edu/book/5034

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WEEK 4: NYC Budget and Finances

● How does NYC raise its revenue? ● How are city spending priorities determined? ● In what ways do community organization and advocacy groups influence

the city budget?

Required: 1. De Blasio, B., & Fuleihan, D. (2016). The City of New York Preliminary

Budget Fiscal Year 2017: Financial Plan Summary. New York, NY: New York City Office of Management and Budget. Available at: http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/omb/downloads/pdf/sum1_16.pdf

2. Posillico, F., & Ventura, A. M. (2016, February 1). Has the amount of federal aid to New York City changed over the past five years? New York, NY: New York City Independent Budget Office. Available at: https://ibo.nyc.ny.us/cgi-park2/2016/02/has-the-amount-of-federal-aid-to-new-york-city-changed-over-the-past-five-years/

3. New York City Independent Budget Office. (2013). Understanding New York City’s budget: A guide. New York, NY: Author. Available at: http://www.ibo.nyc.ny.us/iboreports/understandingthebudget.pdf

4. DiNapoli, T., & Bleiwas, K. (2015. August). Review of the Financial Plan of the City of New York. Albany, NY: Office of the State Comptroller. Available at: http://www.osc.state.ny.us/osdc/rpt3-2016.pdf

5. Bardin, R., & Dardia, M. (2015, August 4). The cost of more cops: A full accounting. New York, NY: Citizens Budget Commission. Available at: https://cbcny.org/research/cost-more-cops-full-accounting

Recommended :1. Citizens Budget Commission. (2017, May 31). Budget navigator for New

York State and New York City finances. Retrieved from https://cbcny.org/research/budget-navigator

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WEEK 5: Diversity and Political Representation

● How have federal immigration policies influenced political and cultural systems, economic activity, and neighborhood revitalization in New York City?

● How have NYC policies and institutions encouraged immigration in the city?

Required: 1. Falcón, A. (2017, May 17). Latinos and New York City: Government

employee update. NiLP Report on Latino Politics and Policy. Retrieved from http://campaign.r20.constantcontact.com/render?m=1101040629095&ca=f3e5a6e9-399b-41ef-9afd-b030dfe12471

2. Lobo, A., & Salvo, J. (2013, December). The newest New Yorkers. New York, NY: New York City Department of City Planning. Available at: https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/nny2013/nny_2013.pdf

3. Anderson, E. (2000). Beyond the melting pot reconsidered. International Migration Review, 34(1), 262-270. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2676023

4. Waters, M. C., & Kasinitz, P. (2013). Immigrants in New York City: Reaping the benefits of continuous immigration. Daedalus, 142(3), 92-106. Available at: http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/DAED_a_00221

5. Asian American Federation. (2013). 2013 New York City council districts and Asian communities. New York, NY: Author. Available at: http://www.aafny.org/cic/briefs/NYCcouncil2013.pdf

6. Morales, E. (2013, December). The changing face of Latino politics in New York. North American Congress on Latin America. Retrieved from https://nacla.org/article/changing-face-latino-politics-new-york

7. Mollenkopf, J. (2014). The Rise of immigrant influence in New York City politics. In N. Foner (Ed.), New York and Amsterdam: Immigration and the new urban landscape (pp. 203-227). New York, NY: New York University Press. Available on NYU Classes.

Recommended: 1. Foner, N. (2007). How exceptional is New York? Migration and

multiculturalism in the Empire City. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 30(6), 999-1023. doi:10.1080/01419870701599440. Available at: https://macaulay.cuny.edu/eportfolios/peoplingnyc2012wednesday/files/2012/01/Foner-how-exceptional-new-york.pdf

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2. Soodalter, R. (2011, October 26). The day New York tried to secede. HistoryNet. Retrieved from http://www.historynet.com/the-day-new-york-tried-to-secede.htm

3. Kasinitz, P., Mollenkopf, J., & Waters, M. C. (20o2). Becoming American/becoming New Yorkers: Immigrant incorporation in a majority minority city. International Migration Review, 36(4), 1020-1036. Retrieved from https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/3293008

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WEEK 6: Economic Development Case Studies

● How did New York City’s Olympic bid catalyze development planning across the city?

● What other events or forces have contributed to the city’s economic success?

Required: 1. McNickle, C. (2017). Bloomberg: A billionaire’s ambition. New York, NY:

Skyhorse. Available on NYU Classes.>> Read chapter 6, “The Entrepreneurial City,” and chapter 7, “Healthy Economy, Healthy City”

2. Bram, J., & Ploenzke, M. (2015, July 6). Will Silicon Alley be the next Silicon Valley? Liberty Street Economics. Retrieved from http://libertystreeteconomics.newyorkfed.org/2015/07/will-siliconalley-be-the-next-silicon-valley.html#.VdcwoflVhBe

3. Moss, M. L. (2007). From beaver pelts to derivatives: Why New York City thrives. Rothman’s Magazine (Autumn 2007/Winter 2008), 6-10. Available at: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/579a1817c534a55fb9b42a6d/t/579f92f5ebbd1a69c022e6cb/1470075640115/From+Beaver+Pelts+to+Derivatives.pdf

4. Moss, M. L. (2011, November). How New York City won the Olympics. New York, NY: Rudin Center, Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, New York University. Available at: http://wagner.nyu.edu/files/faculty/publications/Olympics_in_NYC_2012_REPORT_110711.pdf

5. Cox, H. (2017, August 17). West side storey: Manhattan’s $25bn Hudson Yards project. Financial Times. Retrieved from https://www.ft.com/content/642a68ec-7dbf-11e7-ab01-a13271d1ee9c

6. Moss, M. L. (2016, March 29). Brooklyn has fully conquered New York. Observer. Retrieved from http://observer.com/2016/03/brooklyn-has-conquered-new-york/

Recommended: 1. Angotti, T. (2008). New York for sale: Community planning confronts global

real estate. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press. Available at: https://mitpress.mit.edu/sites/default/files/titles/content/9780262515931_sch_0001.pdf

2. O'Grady, J., & Bowles, J. (2009, September). Building New York City's innovation economy. New York, NY: Center for an Urban Future. Available at: https://nycfuture.org/pdf/Building_New_York_Citys_Innovation_Economy.pdf

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3. Forman, A. (2015, June). Creative New York. New York, NY: Center for an Urban Future. Available at: https://nycfuture.org/pdf/Creative-New-York-2015.pdf

4. O'Neill, H., & Moss, M. L. (1991, November). Reinventing New York: Competing in the next century's global economy. New York, NY: Urban Research Center, Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, New York University. Available on NYU Classes.

5. Porter, M. E., Ketels, C. H. M., & Ramirez-Vallejo, J. (2013, July). New York City: Bloomberg’s strategy for economic development. Harvard Business School Case 714-404. Available for purchase at: https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=45078. Available on NYU Classes.

NYU Plan 2031 1. New York University. (n.d.). NYU space planning: The core plan. Retrieved

from http://www.nyu.edu/community/nyu-in-nyc/core-plan-commitments/nyu-space-planning--the-core-plan.html

2. Community Board No. 2. (n.d.). Join CB2 in reviewing the NYU expansion proposal. Retrieved from http://www.nyc.gov/html/mancb2/html/nyu_2031/nyu_2031.shtml

3. Tcholakian, D. (2015, June 30). NYU Expansion project clears final legal hurdle and will proceed. DNAinfo. Retrieved from https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20150630/greenwich-village/nyu-expansion-project-clears-final-legal-hurdle-will-proceed

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WEEK 7: Telecommunications, Media and Planning for the Future

● How do urban policy issues get on the municipal agenda? ● How have information technologies changed the way in which the public

learns and participates in decision making?● How have advanced telecommunications transformed the location of urban

activity?

1. Moss, M., & Ludwig, S. (year). The structure of the media. In J. H. Mollenkopf & M. Castells (Eds.), Dual city: Restructuring New York (pp. 245-266). New York, NY: Russell Sage. Available on NYU Classes.

2. Thrift, N. (2004). ‘Cities Without Modernity, Cities With Magic’. In S. Graham (Ed.), The cybercities reader (pp. 98-110). New York, NY: Routledge. Available on NYU Classes.

3. Moss, M. L., & Townsend, A. M. (2000). How telecommunications systems are transforming urban spaces. In J. O. Wheeler, Y. Aoyama, & B. Warf (Eds.), Cities in the telecommunications age: The fracturing of geographies (pp. 31-41). New York: Routledge. Available on NYU Classes.

4. Mingle, K. (Producer). (2017, January 24). The revolutionary post. In R. Mars (Host), 99% Invisible [Audio podcast] (Episode 244). Retrieved from https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/the-revolutionary-post/

5. Rich, W. C. (2007). Crime coverage, mayoral images, and signaling. In David Dinkins and New York City politics: Race, images, and the media (pp. 145-164). New York: State University of New York Press. Available at ProQuest Ebook Central: https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.library.nyu.edu/lib/nyulibrary-ebooks/detail.action?docID=3407433

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WEEK 8: Planning, Preservation and Public Space

● What are the responsibilities of the City Planning Commission and the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission?

● How has development been affected by preservation values and regulations in NYC?

● Who is responsible for the management and maintenance of public open space in New York City?

● How has the city sought to guide the development of its waterfront to shift from industrial and port-related uses to residential and recreational purposes?

Required: 1. Caro, R. (1974). The power broker: Robert Moses and the fall of New York.

New York, NY: Knopf. >> Chapters to be assigned.

2. Moss, M. (1980). Staging a Renaissance on the waterfront. New York Affairs, 6, 3-19. Available at: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/228599785_Staging_a_Renaissance_on_the_Waterfront

3. Hammack, D. M. (1988). Comprehensive planning before the comprehensive plan: A new look at the nineteenth-century American city. In D. Schaffer (Ed.), Two centuries of American planning (pp. 139-167). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Available on NYU Classes.

4. Rosenberg, E. (2014, January 16). How NYC's decade of rezoning changed the City of Industry. Curbed NY. Retrieved from https://ny.curbed.com/2014/1/16/10154488/how-nycs-decade-of-rezoning-changed-the-city-of-industry

5. Baics, G. & Meisterlin, L. (2016). Zoning before zoning: Land use and density in mid-nineteenth-century New York City. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 106(5), 1152-1175. https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2016.1177442. Available on NYU Classes.

6. Scobey, D. M. (2002). Empire city: The making and meaning of the New York City landscape. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. Available on NYU Classes.

>> Read chapters 1-4 (pp. 15-157).7. Spann, E. K. (1988). The greatest grid: The New York Plan of 1811. In D.

Schaffer (Ed.), Two centuries of American planning (pp. 11-39). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Available at: https://corlears-hook-studio-ii.wikispaces.com/file/view/the+greatest+grid+the+new+york+plan+of+1811.pdf

8. Jackson, K. T. (2007). Robert Moses and the rise of New York: The Power Broker in perspective. In H. Ballon & K. T. Jackson (Eds.), Robert Moses and

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the modern city: The transformation of New York (pp. 67-71). New York, NY: Norton. Available at: https://macaulay.cuny.edu/eportfolios/rodberg16/files/2016/01/Kenneth-Jackson-Robert-Moses-and-the-Rise-of-New-York.pdf

9. Savitch-Lew, A. (2017, August 9). NYC’s Planning Commission: Rubber stamps or checks and balances? City Limits. Retrieved from https://citylimits.org/2017/08/09/nycs-planning-commission-rubber-stamps-or-checks-and-balances/

Recommended: 1. Kurlansky, M. (2006). The big oyster: History on the half shell. New York,

NY: Random House. Available on NYU Classes.>> Read chapters 4, 5, and 7 (pp. 58-113, 143-171)

2. Harvard Graduate School of Design [Harvard GSD]. (2011, November 9). “High Line: The inside story of New York’s park in the sky” - Richard Hammond [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3x4e1dALkhc

3. Marcus, N. (2000). Zoning for the new century: A 50 year perspective: Record of a two-day conference for professionals, September 13 and 14, 1999. New York: Real Estate Board of New York. Available on NYU Classes.

>> Read second chapter, “Brief history of the zoning resolution”4. Flint, A. (2009). Wrestling with Moses: How Jane Jacobs took on New York's

master builder and transformed the American city. New York, NY: Random House. Available on NYU Classes.

>> Read chapter 3, “The battle of Washington Square Park” (pp. 61-94).

5. Spencer, L. (2017, August 10). New York’s hidden remnants of the golden age of steamships. Messy Nessy. Retrieved from http://www.messynessychic.com/2017/08/10/new-yorks-hidden-remnants-of-the-golden-age-of-steamships/

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WEEK 9: Electoral Politics: How a Mayor Makes a Difference

● How is New York City’s mayoral office different from those in other cities?○ Has a “strong mayor” form of municipal government been

advantageous for NYC?

Required: 1. Golway, T. (2017, August 11). Not a pothole in sight: De Blasio’s road to a

second term. Politico. Retrieved from http://www.politico.com/states/new-york/albany/story/2017/08/09/not-a-pothole-in-sight-de-blasios-road-to-a-second-term-113881

2. Cannato, V. J. (2001). The ungovernable city: John Lindsay and his struggle to save New York. New York, NY: Basic. Available on NYU Classes.

>> Read chapter 15, “Assessing the Lindsay Years” (pp. 525-554).3. Barakat, Z., Cott, E., Maing, S., McDonald, B., Orr, M., & Spangler, C.

(2013, September 26). Hers to lose [Video file]. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/video/nyregion/100000002461740/hers-to-lose.html?mcubz=1

4. Hamill, P. (2006). Personality with a point. In M. Goodwin (Ed.), New York comes back: The mayoralty of Edward I. Koch (pp. 37-41). New York, NY: Powerhouse. Available on NYU Classes.

5. Goldman, H. (2016, June 8). De Blasio, New York City Council agree on $82.1 billion budget. Bloomberg. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-06-08/de-blasio-new-york-city-council-agree-on-82-1-billion-budget

6. Goldman, H. (2016, February 5). De Blasio’s week marred by political strains, policy setbacks. Bloomberg Politics. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-02-05/de-blasio-s-week-marred-by-political-strains-policy-setbacks

7. Moss, M. (2013, October 1). A great mayor says goodbye. Observer. Retrieved from http://observer.com/2013/10/a-great-mayor-says-goodbye/

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WEEK 10: Politics of Public Safety

● How did NYC become safe? ○ Who (if anyone) should get credit for that?

■ What’s the controversy there?

Required: 1. McNickle, C. (2017). Bloomberg: A billionaire’s ambition. New York, NY:

Skyhorse. Available on NYU Classes. >> Read chapter 4.

2. Back to the Future in New York: The City Council embraces drinking and urinating in public. (2016, May 26). Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/back-to-the-future-in-new-york-1464300737

3. Bratton, W. J., & Kelling, G. L. (2015). Why we need broken windows policing. City Journal, (Winter 2015). Retrieved from https://www.city-journal.org/html/why-we-need-broken-windows-policing-13696.html

4. Mahler, J. (2006). Ladies and gentlemen, the Bronx is burning: 1977, baseball, politics, and the battle for the soul of a city. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Available on NYU Classes.

>> Read chapter 35-40 (pp. 206-234). 5. Attinger, J. (1990, September 17). The decline of New York. Time. Retrieved

from http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,971142,00.html

6. Corbett, G. (2007). Control. In R. Polner (Ed.), America’s mayor, America’s president?: The strange career of Rudy Giuliani (pp. xx-xx). New York, NY: Soft Skull Press. Available on NYU Classes.

7. Zimring, F. E. (2012). The city that became safe: New York's lessons for urban crime and its control. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Available on NYU Classes.

>> Read chapters 1-5 (pp. 3-152). 8. Kelling, G. (2009). How New York became safe: The full story. City Journal

(SpecialIssue 2009). Retrieved from http://www.city-journal.org/2009/nytom_ny-crime-decline.html

9. Auletta, K. (2015, September 7). Fixing broken windows. New Yorker. Retrieved from https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/09/07/fixing-broken-windows

10.Gopnik, A. (2018, February 12). The great crime decline. New Yorker. Retrieved from https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/02/12/the-great-crime-decline?mbid=nl_Daily%20020718%20Control&CNDID=23265820&spMailingID=12890870&spUs

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erID=MTMzMTgwNjExODg2S0&spJobID=1340640290&spReportId=MTM0MDY0MDI5MAS2

11.Baker, A. (2018, February 5). An ‘iceberg’ of unseen crimes: Many cyber offenses go unreported. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/05/nyregion/cyber-crimes-unreported.html

Stop-and-Frisk12.Mathias, C. (2015, June 3). Relax, stop-and-frisk reforms aren’t making New

York City dangerous again. Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/03/stop-and-frisk-shootings_n_7503496.html

13.Behind the decision on the stop-and-frisk policy. (2013, August 12). New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/08 / 12 / nyregion/10-years-of-stop- and-frisk.html

Recommended: 1. Barrett, W., & Collins, D. (2006). The grand illusion: The untold story of

Rudy Giuliani and 9/11. New York, NY: HarperCollins. Available on NYU Classes.

>> Read chapters 2 and 4 (pp. 27-78, 103-136). 2. Girgenti, R. (1993). A report to the Governor on the disturbances in Crown

Heights: An assessment of the city’s preparedness and response to civil disorder. Albany: New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services. Available at: https://www.policefoundation.org/publication/a-report-to-the-governor-on-the-disturbances-in-crown-heights/

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WEEK 11: Politics of Transportation

● What transportation systems are the responsibilities of the MTA and Port Authority and which transportations systems are under the control of NYC government?

● What makes the NYC subway system different from all other cities in the United States?

● How has the age of the subway system and increases in ridership affected the conditions for riders?

● What are the priorities for improving the mass transit system in New York City?

Required: 1. Dague, J. (2017, August 8). Improving the New York City subway system.

Testimony submitted to the NYC Council Committee on Transportation. New York, NY: Citizens Budget Commission. Available at: https://cbcny.org/research/improving-new-york-city-subway-system

2. Fitzsimmons, E., Fessenden, F., & Lai, K. K. R. (2017, June 28). Every New York City subway line is getting worse. Here’s why. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/06/28/nyregion/subway-delays-overcrowding.html?rref=collection%2Fbyline%2Femma-g.-fitzsimmons

3. Santora, M., & Fitzsimmons, E. (2017, July 21). Fight over New York subways is as much political as it is financial. New York Times. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/21/nyregion/subway-delays-mta-lhota.html?emc=eta1&_r=0

4. Gelinas, N. (2015, November). Fifteen stories under. City Journal. Retrieved from https://www.city-journal.org/html/fifteen-stories-under-14105.html

5. Silverman, A. (2017, July 27). The breaking point: Sorry state of the subway. CBS New York. Retrieved from http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2017/07/27/the-breaking-point-struggling-subway/

6. Murphy, J. (2017, August 30). New York’s subway system could be a force for equity and sustainability. Nation. Retrieved from https://www.thenation.com/article/new-yorks-subway-system-could-be-a-vast-progressive-force-for-good/

7. Transportation Workers Union. (n.d.). TWU Says, “Fifty-fifty is Fair.” Retrieved from http://www.twulocal100.org/story/twu-says-fifty-fifty-fair

8. Brecher, C., Dague, J., & Jain, R. (2014, October 23). Misplaced priorities in the MTA’s capital plan. New York, NY: Citizens Budget Commission. Available at: https://cbcny.org/research/misplaced-priorities-mtas-capital-plan

9. Moss, M. L., Kaufman, S., Levy, S., Smith, A., & Hernandez, J. (2017). Subway ridership 1975-2015. New York, NY: Rudin Center, Robert F.

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Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, New York University. Available at: https://wagner.nyu.edu/rudincenter/2017/04/new-report-subway-ridership-1975-2015

10.Moss, M. L., Kaufman, S., Levy, S., & Hernandez, J. (2016, August). L Train closure and mitigation. New York, NY: Rudin Center, Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, New York University. Available at: https://wagner.nyu.edu/files/rudincenter/2016/08/NYU-Rudin-L-Train.pdf

11.Rosenthal, B. M., Fitzsimmons, E. G., LaForgia, M. (2017, November 18). How politics and bad decisions starved New York’s subways. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/18/nyregion/new-york-subway-system-failure-delays.html

12.Rosenthal, B. M. (2017, December 28). The most expensive mile of subway track on earth. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/28/nyregion/new-york-subway-construction-costs.html

13.Goodman, J. D., & Grynbaum, M. M. (2016, February 4). Mayor de Blasio’s carriage-horse plan falters in city council. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/05/nyregion/horse-carriage-deal-new-york.html

14.Regional Plan Association. (2017, November). The Fourth Regional Plan: Making the region work for all of us. New York, NY: Author. Retrieved from http://www.rpa.org/publication/fourth-regional-plan

Recommended: 1. Permanent Citizens Advisory Committee to the MTA. (2012, May). The road

back: A historic review of the MTA capital program. New York, NY: Author. Available at: http://www.pcac.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/The-Road-Back.pdf

2. Eide, S. (2016). Let’s break up the Port Authority. City Journal (Summer 2016). Retrieved from http://www.cityjournal.org/html/let%E2%80%99s-break-port-authority-14609.html

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WEEK 12: Taxis, Uber and Congestion Pricing

● How have for-hire car services transformed mobility in New York City?● Has the growth of Uber and Lyft added to congestion in Manhattan?● How can the city generate revenues and limit congestion from for-hire car

services?● What political and economic factors have affected proposals for tolling

vehicles in the core of Manhattan and imposing surcharges on for-hire car services and taxis?

Required: 1. Moss, M. L., Schwartz, S., Rechler, S., Wylde, K., Rudin, B., … Bellone, S.

(2018, January). Fix NYC Advisory Panel Report. New York, NY: Fix NYC. Retrieved from http://hntb.com/HNTB/media/HNTBMediaLibrary/Home/Fix-NYC-Panel-Report.pdf

2. Badger, E. (2015, July 22). Uber triumphs as New York City officials abandon plans to limit transportation company. Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonkblog/wp/2015/07/22/uber-triumphs-as-new-yorkcity-officials-abandon-plans-to-limit-transportation-company/

3. Rivlin-Nadler, M. (2017, June 22). Proposed Citi Bike expansion would finally include all five boroughs. Village Voice. Retrieved from https://www.villagevoice.com/2017/06/22/proposed-citi-bike-expansion-would-finally-include-all-five-boroughs/

4. Rubinstein, D., & Nahmias, L. (2015, July 24). Uber rewrites the book on beating de Blasio. Politico. Retrieved from https://www.politico.com/states/new-york/albany/story/2015/07/uber-rewrites-the-book-on-beating-de-blasio-000000

Recommended: 1. Bialik, C., Flowers, A., Fischer-Baum, R., & Mehta, D. (2015, August 10).

Uber is serving New York's outer boroughs more than taxis are. FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved from http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/uber-is-serving-new-yorks-outer-boroughs-more-than-taxis-are

2. Walker, E. (2015, August 6). The Uber-ization of activism. New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/07/opinion/the-uber-ization-of-activism.html

3. Flegenheimer, M., & Fitzsimmons, E. G. (2015, July 16). City Hall and Uber clash in struggle over New York streets. New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/17/nyregion/city-halland-uber-clash-in-struggle-over-new-york-streets.html

4. Wright, C. (2015, August 11). Neighborhood car service companies adopt their own apps to fend off Uber. New York Times. Retrieved from

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http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/12/nyregion/neighborhood-carservice-companies-adopt-their-own-apps-to-fend-off-uber.html

5. Schaller Consulting. (2006, February). Necessity or choice? Why people drive in Manhattan. Report prepared for Transportation Alternatives. New York, NY: Schaller Consulting. Available at: https://www.transalt.org/sites/default/files/news/magazine/2006/winter/schaller_Feb2006.pdf

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WEEK 13: Politics of Sanitation, with guest speaker Kathryn Garcia, NYC Department of Sanitation Commissioner

● How does NYC currently dispose of its waste? ○ What are the city’s priorities for recycling and what factors have

limited municipal fees on plastic bags?● How could a snow storm help a mayor to boost his reputation?

○ How could it hurt?

Required: 1. Huber, D. (2017, August). Ten years after: Assessing progress on the city’s

solid waste management plan. New York, NY: New York City Independent Budget Office. Available at: http://www.ibo.nyc.ny.us/iboreports/ten-years-after-assessing-progress-on-the-citys-solid-waste-management-plan-2017.pdf

2. Wofford, T. (2015, January 26). A crippling storm may be good news – for NYC’s Bill de Blasio. Newsweek. Retrieved from http://www.newsweek.com/crippling-storm-may-be-good-news-bill-de-blasio-302153

3. Woolf, N. (2015, January 27). Overreaction or justified caution? New Yorkers question city’s storm response. Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jan/27/overreaction-prudence-winter-storm-juno-response-new-york

4. Golway, T. (2011, January 3). A Lindsay moment for Bloomberg, but not a Lindsay legacy. Politico. Retrieved from http://www.politico.com/states/new-york/city-hall/story/2011/01/a-lindsay-moment-for-bloomberg-but-not-a-lindsay-legacy-000000

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WEEK 14: September 11th and Disaster Recovery

● What were the long-term impacts of the 9/11 attacks on New York City?○ How did the municipal and state government plan for and invest in

new parks and housing downtown after the September 11 attack?○ How has the NYC Building Code been revised to reflect the threats

from terrorism and the risks of environmental disasters? ○ How has Superstorm Sandy influenced the city’s commitment to

planning for development in its floodplain zones?

Required: 1. Chen, D. W. (2018, January 7). In New York, drawing flood maps is a ‘game

of inches’. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/07/nyregion/new-york-city-flood-maps-fema.html

2. Sagalyn, L. B. (2016). Power at Ground Zero: Politics, money, and the remaking of Lower Manhattan. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Available at ProQuest Ebook Central: https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.library.nyu.edu/lib/nyulibrary-ebooks/detail.action?docID=4706432

>> Read chapters 2-6 (pp. 45-189).3. Brook, D. (2009, September 8). The architect of 9/11. Slate. Retrieved from

http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/dispatches/features/2009/the_architect_of_911/what_can_we_learn_about_mohamed_atta_from_his_work_as_a_student_of_urban_planning.html

4. Moss, M. L. (2005). The redevelopment of Lower Manhattan: The role of the city. In J. Mollenkopf (Ed.), The contentious city: The politics of recovery in New York City (pp. 95-111). New York, NY: Russell Sage. Available on NYU Classes.

5. Glanz, J. M., & Lipton, E. (2003). City in the sky: The rise and fall of the World Trade Center. New York, NY: Times Books. Available on NYU Classes.

>> Read chapter 5, “Steel balloons” (pp. 118-144).6. Coy, P., & Flavelle, C. (2017, August 31). Harvey wasn’t just bad weather. It

was bad city planning. Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-08-31/a-hard-rain-and-a-hard-lesson-for-houston

7. Murphy, J. (2015, October 14). Years after Hurricane Sandy, is New York prepared for the next great storm? The Nation. Retrieved from https://www.thenation.com/article/3-years-after-hurricane-sandy-is-new-york-prepared-for-the-next-great-storm/

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Recommended: 1. Anderson, K. (2011, September 11). Of 9/11 memorials, monuments, and the

WTC. The Volokh Conspiracy. Retrieved from http://volokh.com/2011/09/11/of-911-memorials-monuments-and-the-wtc/

2. Rice, A. (2011, August 4). The saving of Ground Zero. Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved from http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/magazine/the-saving-of-ground-zero-08032011.html

3. Dwyer, J., & Flynn, K. (2005). 102 minutes: The untold story of the fight to survive inside the Twin Towers. New York, NY: Times Press.

4. Goldberger, P. (2011, September 12). Shaping the void. New Yorker. Retrieved from http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/09/12/shaping-the-void

5. Huxtable, A. L. (2005, April 20). In the fray: Death of the dream for the Ground Zero site. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB111395250748411350

6. Mahler, J. (2006, September 10). The Bloomberg vista. New York Times Magazine. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/10/magazine/10bloomberg.html?pagewanted=all

7. Kerr, L. (2001, December 28). Bin Laden's special complaint with the World Trade Center. Slate. Retrieved from http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2001/12/the_mosque_to_commerce.html

8. Salvo, J. J., Lobo, A. P., & Alvarez, J. A. (2007, March). A pre- and post-9/11 look (2000-2005) at Lower Manhattan. Paper prepared for the March 2007 Population Association Meetings in New York City. New York, NY: Population Division, New York City Department of City Planning. Available at: https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/pre_post_911.pdf

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More Recommended Reading

● Barrett, W., Collins, D., & Lenzer, A. (2006). Grand illusion: The untold story of Rudy Giuliani and 9/11. New York, NY: HarperCollins.

● Brandow, M. (2008). New York's Poop Scoop Law: Dogs, the dirt, and due process. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press.

● Brash, J. (2011). Bloomberg's New York: Class and governance in the luxury city. Athens: University of Georgia Press.

● Chadwick, B. (2017). Law and disorder: The chaotic birth of the NYPD. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.

● Cook, K. (2014). Kitty Genovese: The murder, the bystanders, the crime that changed America. New York, NY: Norton.

● Doig, J. W. (2001). Empire on the Hudson: Entrepreneurial vision and political power at the Port of New York Authority. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

● Hammack, D. C. (1982). Power and society: Greater New York at the turn of the century. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

● Homberger, E. (2005). The historical atlas of New York City: A visual celebration of 400 years of New York City’s history. New York, NY: Holt.

● Hood, C. (2004). 722 miles: The building of the subways and how they transformed New York. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

● Hoving, T. (1993). Making the mummies dance: Inside the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.

● Kasinitz, P., Mollenkopf, J., & Waters, M. (2004). Becoming New Yorkers: Ethnographies of the second generation. New York, NY: Russell Sage.

● Kroessler, J. A. (2002). New York, year by year. New York, NY: New York University Press.

● Kurlansky, M. (2006). The big oyster: History on the half shell. New York, NY: Random House.

● McNickle, C. (2013). The Power of the mayor: David Dinkins, 1990-1993. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction.

● Moss, J. (2017). Vanishing New York: How a great city lost its soul. New York, NY: HarperCollins.

● Page, M. (1999). The creative destruction of Manhattan, 1900-1940. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

● Phillips-Fein, K. (2017). Fear city: New York’s fiscal crisis and the rise of austerity politics. New York, NY: Metropolitan Books.

● Revell, K. D. (2002). Building Gotham: Civic culture and public policy in New York City, 1898-1938. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

● Shorto, R. (2004). The island at the center of the world: The epic story of Dutch Manhattan, the forgotten colony that shaped America. New York, NY: Doubleday.

● Traub, J. (2004). The devil’s playground: A century of pleasure and profit in Times Square. New York, NY: Random House.

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● Williams, M. B. (2013). City of ambition: FDR, La Guardia, and the making of modern New York. New York, NY: Norton.

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