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Expansion cards

Unit objectives Define the common drive interfaces,

and install a drive controller Describe video adapters and

standards, and install a video adapter Define sound cards, and install a

sound card Describe modem standards, and

install a modem Identify the symptoms, probable

causes, and potential solutions to expansion card-related problems

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Topic A

Topic A: Drive adapters Topic B: Video cards Topic C: Sound cards Topic D: Internal modems Topic E: Expansion card

troubleshooting

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Controllers and interfaces

Controller Interface

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PC drive interfaces

SCSI IDE IEEE 1394 (FireWire, i.Link) USB 1.1 and 2.0

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ATA

ATA – up to 8.3 MBps EIDE – proprietary extensions ATA-2/3 – up to 16.6 MBps ATAPI – tape and CD-ROM support ATA/ATAPI-4 – up to 33 MBps ATA/ATAPI-5 – up to 66 MBps ATA/ATAPI-6 – up to 100 MBps ATA/ATAPI-7 – up to 133 MBps SATA – up to 300 MBps

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PIO modes

PIO mode 0 = 3.3 MBps PIO mode 1 = 5.2 MBps PIO mode 2 = 8.3 MBps PIO mode 3 = 11.1 MBps PIO mode 4 = 16.7 MBps

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DMA modes

Single word 0 = 2.1 MBps Single word 1 = 4.2 MBps Single word 2 = 8.3 MBps Multi word 0 = 4.2 MBps Multi word 1 = 13.3 MBps Multi word 2 = 16.7 MBps

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UltraDMA modes

UDMA mode 0 = 16.7 MBps UDMA mode 1 = 25 MBps UDMA mode 2 = 33.3 MBps UDMA mode 3 = 44.4 MBps UDMA mode 4 = 66.7 MBps UDMA mode 5 = 100 MBps UDMA mode 6 = 133 MBps

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ATA motherboard connectors

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Standard IDE cable

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80-pin ATA cable

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SATA data cable

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Large drive support

Original Interrupt 13 limit = 504 MB LBA and ECHS—up to 8.4 GB

(through sector translation) Interrupt 13h extensions—up to 128

GB (through BIOS changes) ATA interface limit = up to 137 GB Large LBA—up to 144 petabytes

(144,000,000 GB) (through bits/sector and maximum sectors chages)

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Drive identification

ATA supports two drives per controller– One drive is master– Other drive is slave

Older drives– Set jumper or DIP switch– Connect to cable in correct location

Cable select

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Drive identification

Motherboard

Slave

Master

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Primary and secondary

Secondary IDE

Primary IDE

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Activity A-1

Distinguishing between drive controllers

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SCSI

Standard Bus width BandwidthSCSI 8 bits 5 MBps

Fast SCSI 8 bits 10 MBps

Wide SCSI 16 bits 20 MBps

Ultra SCSI 8 bits 20 MBps

Ultra Wide SCSI 16 bits 40 MBps

Ultra2/LVD 8 bits 40 MBps

Ultra2 Wide 16 bits 80 MBps

Ultra3 16 bits 160 MBps

Ultra-320 16 bits 320 MBps

Serial SCSI 1 bit 80-375 MBps

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SCSI device IDs

Each device must have unique ID 0-7 or 0-15 Higher IDs = Higher priority

– Host Bus Adapter would be 7 or 15

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Termination

Terminators = resistors Block signal reflections Terminate both ends of the bus Terminator blocks or switches Passive terminators Active terminators

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SCSI ID and termination

SCSI ID

Terminationswitch

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Differential SCSI

Single Ended (SE)—signal voltages compared to ground

Differential SCSI– Data lines are paired– Signals are electrical opposites– Signal is read as comparison between

wires in the pair

High voltage differential (HVD) (± 5V)

Low voltage differential (LVD) (± 3.3V)

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Other interfaces

ST506/ST412 ESDI USB IEEE 1394 (FireWire)

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Activity A-2

Installing a drive controller

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Topic B

Topic A: Drive adapters Topic B: Video cards Topic C: Sound cards Topic D: Internal modems Topic E: Expansion card

troubleshooting

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Video adapters

Produce signals displayed by the monitor

Text, images, video Black & white and color

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Creating an image

Phosphorescent coating Electron beam Refresh (scanning) rate Interlacing Resolution Pixel depth (colors)

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Maximum colors

Pixel depth

Maximum colors

Bytes per pixel

Descriptive name

1 2 1/8th Monochrome

4 16 1/2 Standard VGA

8 256 1 256-color “Super VGA”

16 65,536 2 High color

24 16,777,216 3 True color

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Video standardsStandard Text

resolutionGraphics resolution

Text matrix

Max colors

Max refresh

MDA 80x25 n/a 9x14 2 50 Hz

HGC 80x25 720x348 9x14 2 50 Hz

CGA 80x25 640x200

160x200

8x8 16

4

60 Hz

EGA 80x25 640x350 8x8 16 60 Hz

VGA EGA

Emulation

640x480 EGA

Emulation

16

256

60 Hz

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SuperVGA

No official standard Various proprietary schemes VESA BIOS Extensions (VBE)

– 640x400 at 8 bits per pixel– 1600x1200 at 16 bits per pixel

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15-pin VGA/SVGA connector

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VGA/SVGA socket

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DVI connector types

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DVI-I connector

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Video drivers

Software interface between OS and video adapter

Effect performance and operation Updated drivers

– Performance improvements– Error fixes– New features

Use manufacturer’s driver; not Windows

Download from manufacturer’s Web site

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Video adapter slot types

Low-end built into motherboard High-end three types of slots

– PCI– PCIe– AGP

PC slowest; work well for two-monitor system

AGP specialized for video PCIe designed to replace AGP

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An AGP video card

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PCIe video card

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Activity B-1

Installing a video adapter

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Topic C

Topic A: Drive adapters Topic B: Video cards Topic C: Sound cards Topic D: Internal modems Topic E: Expansion card

troubleshooting

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PC sound

Motherboard speaker– Beeps and clicks

Creative Labs SoundBlaster– Music, plus beeps and clicks– Digitizing input music– SoundBlaster Pro considered the base

standard

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Sound card components

Digital signal processor Analog to digital converter Digital to analog converter Jacks and ports

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A sound card

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Sound card connectors

Line inMicrophone

Speaker

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Speakers

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Activity C-1

Installing a sound card

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Topic D

Topic A: Drive adapters Topic B: Video cards Topic C: Sound cards Topic D: Internal modems Topic E: Expansion card

troubleshooting

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Modems

Send data signals over phone lines Modulation Demodulation Forms

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Riser cards

AMR– Audio (sound) and modem cards

CNR– Communication (modem) and network

cards

ACR– Modem, sound, and network cards– Proprietary design to ASUS

Simplified expansion card reduces price

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Softmodems

Implements features in software rather than hardware

WinModem – Windows-based Less expensive Easily upgradeable Specific to operating system (and

perhaps version) Slower than hardware-based modems

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System resources

Port IRQ I/O address

COM1 4 03F8-03FF

COM2 3 02F8-02FF

COM3 4 03E8-03EF

COM4 3 02E8-02EF

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Activity D-1

Installing an internal modem

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RJ-11 connectors

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Modem connections

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AT commands

ATDT number ATDP number ATH ATA , (comma) *70 ATZ0 A/ AT&F

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HyperTerminal

Send AT commands to your modem Configure echo characters Start, All Programs, Accessories,

Communications, HyperTerminal

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Asynchronous and synchronous

Mark beginning and end of data Asynchronous

– No clock– Relies solely on a pattern of bits

Synchronous– Timer clock– Sends bit pattern once– Relies on timing

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Speed standardsStandard Maximum speed

V.32 4,800 bps (async)

9,600 bps (sync)

V.32 bis 14,400 bps

V.32 terbo 19,200 bps

V.34 28,800 bps

V.34 bix 33,600 bps

V.90 56,000 bps download

33,600 bps upload

V.92 56,000 bps download

48,800 bps upload

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MNP classes

MNP class Efficiency Throughput

1 70% 39,200 bps

2 84% 47,040 bps

3 108% 60,480 bps

4 120% 67,200 bps

5 200% 112,000 bps

6 200% 112,000 bps

7 300% 168,000 bps

8 300% 168,000 bps

9 300% 168,000 bps

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Activity D-2

Testing your modem

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Topic E

Topic A: Drive adapters Topic B: Video cards Topic C: Sound cards Topic D: Internal modems Topic E: Expansion card

troubleshooting

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Drive controller symptoms

IDE drive not recognized SCSI drive not recognized System with IDE drive won’t boot, with

or without BIOS error message System with SCSI drive won’t boot,

with or without BIOS error message IDE drive inaccessible or performs

badly Full size of drive not available

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Video card symptoms

No video at all Video scrolls, flips, wavers, is too

large, lines double up, and so forth Video flickers Video is blurry Image artifacts are displayed across

the screen System freezes during a video

change, such as an image scrolling or changing

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Sound card symptoms

No sound Sound is very low Sound is distorted No audio captured No audio from CD

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Internal modem symptoms

Modem picks up line and dials, but doesn’t connect

Modem reports no dial tone detected Connection drops frequently Modem connects, but only at low

speeds Modem doesn’t work at all Configuration related error messages

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Activity E-1

Troubleshooting expansion card-related problems

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Unit summary

Defined the common drive interfaces, and installed a drive controller

Described video adapters and standards, and installed a video adapter

Defined sound cards, and installed a sound card

Described modem standards, and installed a modem

Resolved expansion card-related problems